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Development of a Blueprint for the Charging Network Needed for Electrical Vehicles

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Development of a Blueprint for the Charging Network Needed for Electrical Vehicles Development of a blueprint for the charging network needed for Electrical Vehicles Antero Alku M.Sc. Iisakki Kosonen Dr.Sc. <day> October 2011 Version 0.1 Authors Institution Name e-mail Antero Alku antero.alku (at domain) alkutieto.fi <others> Revision History Version Date Notes Editor 0.1 1.10.2011 under work Antero Alku 0.2 Document Identification SIMBe WP Title WPm – <WP Name> Document Type, Security Deliverable – Public / Consortium Confidential File Name SIMBe_D32_UK_111003.docx Development of a blueprint for the charging network needed for Electrical Vehicles ii/vii Executive Summary Electric vehicles fuelling differs from the fuelling of the combustion engine car. Electric fuel is available anywhere electric grid is existing, but electricity fuelling is slow and required often when compared to fuelling of gasoline. Though EV’s battery may be fully charged during the night with low power charging pole similar to the poles used currently for engine heaters, the parallel charging of several vehicles require updating for the wiring of existing poles. More powerful poles are required in the destination places of the trips based on EV’s home location. In long term the total power of high power pole sets must be taken into account in dimensioning the electric grid. The availability of the charging is one important factor in shifting from gasoline to electric propulsion. As the city planning is the responsibility of the authorities, the availability of charging infrastructure is also dependent of the rules and plans of the authorities. This can be compared to the rules to dimension the availability of parking space that is set in the city plans. The current behaviour of car users show, that for daily use EV can be charged during the night at home. This is easily organized in suburbs where parking slot density is high and engine heater pole is already a common practice. In the city centre of Helsinki similar charging availability is not possible. Except some newly built areas, it is not possible to donate curb side parking slots for named EV’s. The number of slots is much less than the number of cars owned by residents in the city centre. But also, the car usage is lower as relatively good public transport service is available. Some slots can be reserved for these EV’s in the parking facilities in the city. It seems that selling electricity like gasoline will not be a business. This leads to the situation, where charging elsewhere than at home will happen with the temporary parking like when shopping or during running errands. The price of the electricity is minor compared to the parking fees or to the real cost of offering parking space like for the customers of a shopping mall. Therefore a share of the parking slots in these places are to be equipped with medium power (22 kW) charging poles. For delivery vehicles, taxis and other vehicles like car share vehicles medium and high power poles are required also at curb side in city centre and at delivery platforms. The maps of other poles than those at parking slots for homes are represented. Maps are based on the one per cent EV share of the vehicles as set in the SIMBe scenario of the development of penetration growth. For the future the maps may be extended by increasing the share of electrified poles at the parking facilities both at public and private facilities. Development of a blueprint for the charging network needed for Electrical Vehicles iii/vii Table of contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Scope .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Industrial challenges ................................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Overview of charging technology .................................................................................................... 1 2.1. Charging poles ............................................................................................................................ 1 2.2. Charging connection ................................................................................................................... 2 2.3. Charging time .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.4. Charging practice ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.5. Invoicing the charging ................................................................................................................. 4 3. Car use demand ................................................................................................................................. 5 3.1. Helsinki region definitions ........................................................................................................... 5 3.2. Helsinki region car use behavior ................................................................................................. 7 3.3. Parking in survey area .............................................................................................................. 11 3.4. Potential for EV use up to 2015 ................................................................................................ 14 3.5. EV policy choices up to 2015 .................................................................................................... 15 3.6. Long term development to 2050 ............................................................................................... 17 4. Charging blueprint ........................................................................................................................... 19 4.1. General background .................................................................................................................. 19 4.2. Planning guidelines ................................................................................................................... 20 4.3. Charging practices .................................................................................................................... 20 4.4. The one % map of 2015 ............................................................................................................ 21 4.4.1. General background ......................................................................................................... 21 4.4.2. 3,6 kW low power poles ................................................................................................... 21 4.4.3. 22 kW medium power poles ............................................................................................. 22 4.4.4. High power charging......................................................................................................... 27 4.5. The long term map of 2050 ....................................................................................................... 28 5. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Development of a blueprint for the charging network needed for Electrical Vehicles iv/vii 5.1. Limitations ................................................................................................................................. 28 5.2. Lack of battery swapping .......................................................................................................... 29 5.1. Further Research ...................................................................................................................... 29 6. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Summary of the statistics used .............................................................................................................. 31 References ................................................................................................................................................ 32 Appendixes ............................................................................................................................................... 33 Appendix 1, list of shopping malls in Helsinki region ............................................................................. 33 Appendix 2, list of public parking sites in Helsinki region ...................................................................... 34 Appendix 3, list of delivery slots in Helsinki region ................................................................................ 35 Appendix 4, list of taxi stations in Helsinki region .................................................................................. 36 Development of a blueprint for the charging network needed for Electrical Vehicles v/vii List of tables Table 1. Number of electric vehicles and their energy consumption from grid to vehicle at 2015 in capital city area. PHEV is a plug in hybrid vehicle and E-REV is a plug in electric vehicle with fuel operating range extender. Both these are assumed to be used with charged electricity for 13 000 of the annual 18 000 kilometers. .........................................................................................................................
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