DOCSLIB.ORG

Neanderthal-Denisovan-Aboriginal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neanderthal-Denisovan-Aboriginal B USI NE SS NAME Pleistocene coalition news VOLUME 5, ISSUE 4 JULY-AUGUST 2013 Inside - Challenging the tenets of mainstream scientific agendas - Anthropology, paleontology, biology—many things must be re-assessed PAGE 1 Most well-traveled One thing is certain, three fields of mainstream science have stepped beyond the bounds of normal science by habitually publishing unproven perspectives as though they Pleistocene creature were fact. With this in mind, many fossils, artifacts, and other items will even- Tom Baldwin tually need to be reassessed from a different mindset—an interdisciplinary mindset which, in general, is not taught in modern academia. PAGE 3 Ice Age animals in Page 3: Ice Age animals in Southwest U.S. rock art, Part 3 (It doesn’t matter SW US rock art, Prt 3 what a thousand experts say if they think as one mind colored by a single idea.) Click to read » Ray Urbaniak Page 5: Forgotten heroes of archaeology: George McJunkin (Amateurs have PAGE 4 played some of the most important roles in every science from physics and Member News and astronomy to mathematics and geology. Archaeology is no different. Learn other info about how a black cowboy changed the Early American game.) Click to read » Passing of Mauro Page 6: More on interpretation of animal petroglyphs Click to read » Francaviglia; Bischoff and Howard—Younger Page 7: Calico redux: artifacts or geofacts? (Start critical thinking.) Click to read » Dryas; Collecting rigor Page 10 : Debunking evolutionary propaganda, Part 3 (The whole series is just PAGE 5 the tip of the iceberg.) Click to read » Forgotten heroes Page 13 : Neanderthal-Denisovan-Aboriginal DNA connection (The picture of who of archaeology we are is changing as much now as 150 years ago.) Click to read » Virginia Steen-McIntyre Page 16: Tales of a fossil collector, Part 1 (Where does one find confidence to PAGE 6 challenge the system? This is one person’s story.) Click to read » More on interpreting animal petroglyphs Ed Swanzey PAGE 7 The Pleistocene’s most well-traveled creature Calico redux: arti- facts or geofacts By Tom Baldwin Yet while these megafauna a ‘subduction zone’ formed (a Chris Hardaker were wandering between con- large trench) where the Aus- I just was reading where tinents modern day dogma- tralian plate butted up against PAGE 10 they sequenced the genes tists in the archaeological the Asian continent and community tell us the most started to slide under it. Even Propaganda in col- of a 700,000-year-old horse. Seems they found it widely traveled of the Pleisto- at the peak of the Ice Ages lege textbooks,Prt3 frozen in some permafrost cene’s creatures failed to when sea levels dropped hun- John Feliks make that crossing. Homo dreds of feet, this trench was in the Yukon Territory of Canada. Prehistoric horses erectus (and/or a few of his so deep and wide that it PAGE 13 really got around. They were contemporaries) managed to stayed full of water. It formed Neanderthal- found from Europe to North leave his bones scattered a channel approximately 20 Denisovan DNA America. A lot of other large from Europe to Indonesia, miles wide that was an obsta- from China to South Africa, cle to life crossing from Asia and Australia animals: saber toothed cats, bison, buffalo, camels, from India to England, from to Australia. Vesna Tenodi wolves, mammoth, masto- Siberia to Spain. The first person to note that don, and the list goes on, PAGE 16 As the continent of Australia fresh water fish as well as managed to wander back and has pushed north over the small land animals found on Tales of a Fossil forth across the Bering Sea last millions of years it has islands to either side of the Collector, Prt 1 land bridge called Beringia. managed to maintain a sepa- barrier were different was an They called both Asia and John Feliks rate ecology. This is because North America home. > Cont. on page 2 VOLUME 5, ISSUE 4 PAGE 2 The Pleistocene’s most well-traveled creature (cont.) Englishman named Alfred not until a relatively few Vance Haynes, was con- Russell Wallace. Since he thousand years ago when fronted with one beautiful was the first to notice this, the Paleo-Indians did. In black graver, obviously man the dividing line has come to other words, the Wallace made and found about ten be called the Wallace Line in Line (twenty miles of open feet deep in one of the Mas- his honor. sea) couldn’t stop early man ter Pits at Calico. It was too “The ani- but Beringia did. finely made to be a geofact. Only two large creatures He couldn’t admit the artifact mals men- managed to cross the Wal- I find this difficult to under- was what it obviously was tioned lace Line stand and find myself asking and that it was found where and live a big “WHY?” Then I realize it was because that would in the on ei- it isn’t I who has to answer first turn American archaeology ther side that question. It is the Ar- on its ear. Nor could he ac- para- of it. chaeological Powers That Be. cuse a fellow archaeologist of graph The first They are the naysayers. Leakey’s stature of fraud. was Therefore, they are the ones What was he to do, he was above, ele- who have to show us why as trapped. So he came up with phants the Pleistocene’s most well the claim that the artifact well (Fig. 1), traveled creature, didn’t do must have been accidentally as and the what animals by the thou- kicked into the pit. Kicked Fig. 1. About 500,000 years ago, ele- second, sands were doing. into the pit! None are so blind many phants were the first large animals to Homo as those who will not see. oth- cross the Wallace Line and live on either erectus. In fact, there is ample evi- side of the line. They were followed by dence that Homo erectus did Given Homo erectus’ well- ers, Homo erectus. Both cross over. He left his tools were known penchant for travel accom- at the Calico Early Man Site and the fact that Beringia going back plished the feat about a half- in California’s Mojave Desert was a major highway with all and forth million years ago. And we (and at the Caltrans masto- kinds of large animals cross- are not talking some unlucky don kill site also in Califor- ing back and forth regularly between individual washed out to sea nia). He left them at Valse- Alaska and it is logical to assume that on a tree during a flood. quillo in Mexico. He left them Homo erectus did find his Siberia— Sufficient number of Homo other places too. This is as way to the Americas. Those the land erectus crossed to form vi- should be expected. If he who believe otherwise need able groups or tribes. This was here we should find evi- to come up with reasons why bridge be- took both daring and plan- dence of that presence. coming a not. Oh, and those reasons ning. Evidence is now surfac- should be better than arti- veritable ing that Homo erectus also What should not be expected is to hear scientists scream- facts being kicked into pits. megafauna found his way to Crete in the Mediterranean, an even ing “geofact” when pre- super- greater trip by water. sented with artifacts and tools from Calico, stones TOM BALDWIN is an award-winning highway.” author, educator, and amateur It is a safe bet to say that that if found anywhere in archaeologist living in Utah. He Homo erectus—with his hun- Asia, Europe, or Africa would has also worked as a successful ger for new land—was the be quickly embraced as man newspaper columnist. Baldwin most well traveled creature made. Yet they are forced to has been actively involved with of the Pleistocene. Nothing do just that because they the Friends of Calico else found its way into every already believe that early (maintaining the controver- corner of Asia, Africa, and man did not make the cross- sial Early Man Site in Barstow, California) since the early days Europe. ing and therefore could not when famed anthropologist Louis have made the things that The animals mentioned in Leakey was the site's excavation were found at Valsequillo— Director (Calico is the only site in the first paragraph above, as and are still being found in the Western Hemisphere which well as many others, were and around Calico. They was excavated by Leakey). Bald- going back and forth be- must turn a blind eye on win's recent book, The Evening tween Alaska and Siberia— items that nature could form and the Morning, is an entertain- ing fictional story based on the the land bridge becoming a only in a world where mon- true story of Calico. Apart from veritable megafauna super- keys on typewriters produce highway—yet we are led to being one of the core editors of the works of Shakespeare. Pleistocene Coalition News, Bald- believe by archaeological win has published five prior arti- authorities that early man It may be an apocryphal tale, cles focusing on Calico and early stopped and did not make but I’ve heard it told that one man in the Americas. that same crossing, at least of Calico’s greatest critics, PLEISTOCENE COALITION NEWS VOLUME 5, ISSUE 4 PAGE 3 Ice Age animals in Southwest U.S. rock art, part 3: A few miscellaneous comparisons By Ray Urbaniak Engineer, rock art photographer, researcher and preservationist Editor’s note: This article is condensed “In the same from a much longer submission.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Newsletter Volume 11 No 4/5 October 1977
    .l SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY NEWSLETTER VOLUME 11 NO 4/5 OCTOBER 1977 NORTHERN DATA-SHARING ~INGS OCTOBER 22 A panel discussion on "Archaeology in the Priva te Sector" and an open discussion on problems of site The SCA 1 s annual Northern California Data- Sharing classification and possible solutions to these session is scheduled for Sonoma State College on problems, will conclude the meetings about 5:00 P.M. Saturday, October 22 , 1977. Registrat~on will start at 8:30 A.M. in Stevenson Hall 1002, with meetings An inforinal gathering sponsored by the Sonoma beginning promptly at 9:00 A.M. State Anthropology Department, to which everyone is invited, will take place at the Valparaiso Recreation David Fredrickson, organizer of the sessions as Center following the day's activities. Northern Vice-President, has set up a tentative program for the morning session during which people from various colleges will speak on Current Projects EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING OCT . 21 and Substantive Results. The next SCA Executive Board meeting will again Arrangements will be made with a local be at David Fredrickson's house in Berkeley (1940 restaurant for lunch. In the afternoon. the session Parker St.), on F'riday night, October 21, from beginni~ at 2 P.M. , will include talks by Victoria 7:00 t o 10:00 P. M. preceding the Sonoma State Roberts lNa.tive American Heritage Commission): "The Data Sharir.g Meetings set fer October 22nd. Role of the Archaeologist in the Native American Community," and Arnold Cleveland (Big Valley Rancheria, Clear Lake): "MAHPA- Native American ~: SCENES FROM SCA ANNUAL MF.El'INGS, 1977 Historic Preservation Association,", to be followed A=iving, meeting and imbibing- SCA members at 3:00 by Ray Krause (Sonoma County Planning Dept.), and officers in San Diego.
    [Show full text]
  • Ice Age Animals in Southwest U.S. Rock Art, Part 2
    Pleistocene coalition news VOLUME 5, ISSUE 3 MAY- JUNE 2013 Inside - Challenging the tenets of mainstream scientific agendas - Main story: Continuing with Ray Urbaniak’s Asian or extinct animals in U.S. rock art PAGE 1 Page 4: Trekking from Central Asia to Utah. Click to read » Ice Age animals in Page 5: Calico needs scientific oversight. Click to read » SW US rock art, Prt 2 Ray Urbaniak Page 6: Member news & other information. Click to read » Page 7: Technical paper—Glacial maxima. Click to read » PAGE 4 Page 10 : Textbook evo propaganda 1. Click to read » Straight line travel Page 13: Neanderthal renaissance. Click to read » in the Pleistocene John Feliks Page 16: Textbook evo propaganda 2. Click to read » PAGE 5 Calico renamed Ice Age animals in and emasculated Virginia Steen-McIntyre Southwest U.S. rock art, part 2 PAGE 6 Member News & By Ray Urbaniak that the petroglyphs do not at mals as is commonly done it other information all resemble the tightly -coiled is my belief that the fossil Engineer, rock art photographer, horns of bighorn sheep but record may have holes in it Maggie Macnab, researcher and preservationist clearly show animals with that can be plugged with vari- Vesna Tenodi long sweeping horns over ous animals depicted in rock [Editor’s note: This article is condensed their backs. art if we from a much longer submission. are willing PAGE 7 In Part 1, I provided origi- In Part 2, I to look at nal photographs of South- offer other the evi- Technical paper: petroglyphs Glacial maxima west rock art petroglyphs dence from that support the idea of in Utah and an open- Alan Cannell humans having been in the Arizona minded which de- Americas much longer point of than traditionally taught, pict addi- view.
    [Show full text]
  • Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan Proposed Land
    DRECP Proposed LUPA and Final EIS CHAPTER III.8. CULTURAL RESOURCES III.8 CULTURAL RESOURCES This chapter presents the Affected Environment for the Land Use Plan Amendment (LUPA) Decision Area and the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan (DRECP) area for cultural resources. These areas overlap, and in the following programmatic discussion are referred to broadly as the “California Desert Region.” More than 32,000 cultural resources are known in the DRECP area in every existing environmental context ⎼ from mountain crests to dry lake beds ⎼ and include both surface and subsurface deposits. Cultural resources are categorized as buildings, sites, structures, objects, and districts (including cultural landscapes and Traditional Cultural Properties) under the federal National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). Historic properties are cultural resources included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), maintained by the Secretary of the Interior (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 60.4). See Section III.8.1.1 for more information on federal regulations and historic properties. This chapter discusses three types of cultural resources classified by their origins: prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic. Prehistoric cultural resources are associated with the human occupation of California prior to prolonged European contact. These resources may include sites and deposits, structures, artifacts, rock art, trails, and other traces of Native American human behavior. In California, the prehistoric period began over 12,000 years ago and extended through the eighteenth century until 1769, when the first Europeans settled in California. Ethnographic resources represent the heritage of a particular ethnic or cultural group, such as Native Americans or African, European, Latino, or Asian immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • TOEFL Ibt Reading Task 2 Source Material (PDF)
    George McJunkin was a quintessential scientific outsider. An African-American rancher born into slavery. McJunkin became an avid amateur scientist with wide-ranging interests, including astronomy, archaeology, and fossil bones (Douglas 1997). In 1908, while fixing a fence after a storm, McJunkin noticed bones eroding out of a gully near Folsom, New Mexico. It was only in 1926, however, four years after McJunkin died, that Jesse Figgins of the Denver Museum of Natural History began excavations at Folsom. In his first season excavating there, Figgins found a distinctive spearpoint together with bison fossils. This spearpoint was thin and finely worked, with a long channel, or flute, running from the base toward the tip (see Figure 6.1) Figgins's discovery was met with skepticism, but doubt evaporated in 1927 when another spearpoint was found lodged between the ribs of a bison skeleton. The discoveries at Folsom proved that humans had been in North America for at least 10,000 years. Finding a spearpoint embedded in the remains of a large animal also suggested that early occupants of the Americas were specialized big-game hunters. FIGURE 6.1 Folsom point with associated bones from Folsom, New Mexico In this chapter, we focus on the debates surrounding the initial human occupation of Australia and the Americas. The only hominins known from these continents are Homo sapiens. Migration routes into both Australia and the Americas led through East Asia, so it is important to review the current understanding of modern human origins in that area first. With this background, it is possible to move on to consider the timing of the occupation of Australia and the likely migration routes.
    [Show full text]
  • Calico Redux: Artifacts Or Geofacts?
    CALICO REDUX: ARTIFACTS OR GEOFACTS? CHRISTOPHER HARDAKER EARTHMEASURE RESEARCH On closer inspection, Calico does not appear to be a natural rock crushing geofactory. Nor is it the case that Calico is bereft of definite and repetitive artifact types. Most tool types are either unifacial (including notched specimens) or bifacial in nature, hundreds of them, and delicately notched perforators (reamers, gravers). There are dozens of artifact types and subtypes represented, and there are thousands of flakes and tool types without cortex and with multiple flake scars. After a review of the controversy, tabulated data are presented. This paper reports on the findings from an examination of over 70,000 fractured subsurface lithic specimens from SBCM 1500A, the Calico Early Man Site, located just east of Barstow, California. The fractured materials are chert, chalcedony, agate, jasper, and other siliceous varieties from medium to high quality. The specimens were collected during excavations from Master Pit 1 (MP1), Master Pit 2 (MP2), with a small fraction from other associated excavations, including Master Pit 3, Trench 1, and several pieces collected from Control Pit 1. Ninety-five percent of the pieces were collected during the 1960s and 1970s in 3-in. levels inside 5-ft.-by-5-ft. units. The classification system was established in the 1960s and 1970s with very few subsequent changes. Occasionally assisted by avocationalist and longtime member of the Friends of Calico, Chris Vedborg, the examinations took place in the Anthropology Laboratory at the San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM) where all specimens are stored. The classified contents of MP1 and MP2 are contained in roughly 60 standard museum boxes.
    [Show full text]
  • Geocronología Del Cuaternario Para Arqueólogos
    Curso de Doctorado Geocronología del Cuaternario para arqueólogos Dictado por: Lewis Andrew OWEN, PhD Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati Fecha: 13 al 17 de marzo de 2017 El lunes 13 inicia a las 16 hs. Lugar: Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Campus Universitario de Olavarría. Contenido Pagina Programa del curso 2 CV del docente 5 1 Doctorado en Arqueología Curso 1. Título: Geocronología del Cuaternario para arqueólogos 2. Docente a cargo: Lewis Andrew OWEN, PhD 3. Objetivos: Recientes avances en tecnologías geocronológicas del Cuaternario están ayudando a revolucionar nuestra comprensión del cambio paleoambiental y la evolución del paisaje mediante la definición de la planificación de eventos y la cuantificación de las tasas de cambio. Este curso tiene como objetivo examinar los principales principios, técnicas y aplicabilidad de los métodos siderales de datación, isotópica, radiogénica, química y biológica para contribuir a la formación de los arqueólogos que se ocupan de definir la temporalidad de los eventos y las tasas de cambio ambiental. Los estudios de casos iluminan el papel clave de la geocronología en la geomorfología y la arqueología. El curso consistirá en clases teóricas y prácticas donde se ayudará a los arqueólogos a evaluar la validez de los diferentes métodos de datación, así como el análisis y presentación de datos. 4. Contenidos: Unidades: 1. Introducción a la geocronología, estratigrafía y a la datación relativa 2. Datación por radiocarbono 3. La datación por luminiscencia 4. La datación cosmogénica 5. Tefrocronología y Datación por series de Uranio 5. Bibliografía Unidad 1: Introducción a la geocronología, la estratigrafía y la datación relativa Clase teórica.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources
    Draft DRECP and EIR/EIS CHAPTER III.8. CULTURAL RESOURCES III.8 CULTURAL RESOURCES This chapter presents the environmental setting/affected environment for the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan (DRECP) for cultural resources. More than 32,000 cultural resources are known in the Plan Area and occur in every existing environmental context, from mountain crests to dry lake beds, and include both surface and sub-surface deposits. Cultural resources are categorized as buildings, sites, structures, objects, and districts under both federal law (for the purposes of the National Environmental Policy Act [NEPA] and the National Historic Preservation Act [NHPA]) and under California state law (for the purposes of the California Environmental Quality Act [CEQA]). Historic properties are cultural resources included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) maintained by the Secretary of the Interior and per the NRHP eligibility criteria (36 Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] 60.4). See Section III.8.1.1 for more information on federal regulations and historic properties. Historical resources are cultural resources that meet the criteria for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) (14 California Code of Regulations [CCR] Section 4850) or that meet other criteria specified in CEQA (see Section III.8.1.2). See Section III.8.1.2 for more information on state regulations and historical resources. This chapter discusses three types of cultural resources classified by their origins: prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic. Prehistoric cultural resources are associated with the human occupation and use of Cali- fornia prior to prolonged European contact.
    [Show full text]
  • (Fourth Call) Applicant: Autry Museum of the American West Project
    Recordings at Risk Sample Proposal (Fourth Call) Applicant: Autry Museum of the American West Project: Digitizing a Century of Native Voice and Song at the Autry Museum Portions of this successful proposal have been provided for the benefit of future Recordings at Risk applicants. Members of CLIR’s independent review panel were particularly impressed by these aspects of the proposal: • Model plan for involving connected Native communities in the project and providing access to Native communities; • Solid command of the complex legal, ethical, and cultural issues of the materials; and, • Well-articulated scholarly and public value of the materials. Please direct any questions to program staff at [email protected] Application: 0000000224 Recordings at Risk Summary ID: 0000000224 Last submitted: Jun 29 2018 03:40 PM (EDT) Application Form Completed - Jun 29 2018 Form for "Application Form" Section 1: Project Summary Applicant Institution (Legal Name) Autry Museum of the American West Applicant Institution (Colloquial Name) The Autry Project Title (max. 50 words) Digitizing A Century of Native Voice and Song at the Autry Museum Project Summary (max. 150 words) The Autry proposes to digitize approximately 400 Native songs, field recordings, oral histories, lectures, and theatre productions from 1898-2007. The earliest items are field recordings of Blackfeet songs recorded in 1898 by Walter McClintock, a photographer assigned with a federal commission investigating national forests. The latest are videos of theatre productions by Native Voices at the Autry, the only Equity theatre company in the US dedicated to producing new works by Native American playwrights. Funding would support digitization, hiring an intern to create related metadata, and posting finding aids and inventory lists online.
    [Show full text]
  • In 1916, a Sheep Rancher Named William Spencer Discovered Bones
    n 1916, a sheep rancher named William Spencer discovered get professionals interested in looking at the site. Due to McJunkin’s Cody, and Mule Creek Junction in Wyoming) the Yuma category definition of these types in conjunction with the well-stratified bones and human artifacts in Moss Agate Arroyo outside efforts, professionals in 1927 confirmed the artifacts were associated was split into Eden, Cody, and Agate Basin complexes. Other sites deposits contributed data to important typological debates of the Iof Mule Creek Junction in east-central Wyoming. He with extinct bison from the Late Pleistocene 10,000 to 11,000 years outside of Wyoming, for example Scottsbluff in Nebraska, yielded 1950s and 1960s. picked some of these up and kept them. In 1919, a cowboy ago. This marked the beginning of Paleoindian archaeology in the similar single component finds that accounted for other varieties of But it is more than just a type-site. The significance of Hell Gap naturalist by the name of George McJunkin also discovered Americas. Ten years later Spencer’s site became the type site for the the overarching Yuma category. Today all three of these Wyoming extends far beyond its important contribution to establishing the bones in an arroyo with human artifacts outside of Folsom, New Agate Basin complex, one of the major North American Paleoindian sites are nationally recognized with listings of Agate Basin and Finley Paleoindian chronology. The site has provided and continues Mexico. He picked some of these up, kept them, and tried to complexes. This year we celebrate 100 years since Spencer’s discovery in the National Register of Historic Places and Horner as a National to provide a wealth of information on early North American at Agate Basin, as well as other significant Wyoming Paleoindian Historic Landmark.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORIC HOMESTEADS and RANCHES in NEW MEXICO: a HISTORIC CONTEXT R
    HISTORIC HOMESTEADS AND RANCHES IN NEW MEXICO: A HISTORIC CONTEXT r Thomas Merlan Historic Preservation Division, Office of Cultural Affairs, State ofNew Mexico, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87501. Professional Services Contract No. 08505 70000021, Department of Cultural Affairs, March, 2008 Prepared for: Historic Homestead Workshop, September 25-26,2010 HISTORIC HOMESTEADS AND RANCHES IN NEW MEXICO: A HISTORIC CONTEXT Thomas Merlan Historic Preservation Division, Office ofCultural Affairs, State ofNew Mexico, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87501. Professional Services Contract No. 08505 70000021, Department of Cultural Affairs, March, 2008 Prepared for: Historic Homestead Workshop, September 25 -26, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................... i HOMESTEAD AND RANCH CHRONOLOGY ... .. ...................................................... ...................... iii 1 GENERAL HISTORY OF RANCHES AND HOMESTEADS IN NEW MEXICO ......................... 1 Sheep Ranching and Trade ..................................................................... ................... ... ... ......................... 1 Human Behavior-Sheep Ranching ........................................................................................................ 6 Clemente Gutierrez ....................................... ........................................................................................ 6 Mariano Chaves y Castillo ..............
    [Show full text]
  • Clovis and Folsom Functionality Comparison by Andrew J. Richard
    Clovis and Folsom Functionality Comparison Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Richard, Andrew Justin Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 07:50:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556853 Clovis and Folsom Functionality Comparison by Andrew J. Richard ____________________________ Copyright © Andrew J. Richard 2015 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN ANTHROPOLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Andrew J. Richard APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: _____ ____27 April 2015____ Vance T. Holliday Date Professor of Anthropology and Geosciences 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The idea to use ceramic as a medium was made based on conversations with Jesse Ballenger Ph.D., Kacy Hollenback Ph.D., Michael Schiffer Ph.D., C.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline for Homo Sapiens - 3Rd Edition from 2.5M B.C.E
    Timeline for Homo sapiens - 3rd Edition From 2.5M B.C.E. to 300,000 B.C.E. Hominin Species had organized the 1st Industrial Complexes making stone tools in quantities. By 1.8M B.C.E. hand axes and stone points that were flaked on two sides, hominins are demonstrating skill and technique. Undisputed evidence of a footprint that dates to 1.5M B.C.E. of a, "most Many Glacial likely", Homo erectus walking upright in Africa. Homo erectus fossils have been dated and from 1.8M B.C.E. to the 210,000 B.C.E. (12 discoveries are outside of Africa). Bone Interglacial Tools are found at the same epoch. From 1.5M B.C.E. to 790,000 B.C.E. evidence of Epochs occur hearths and cooking. The 1st living species that took control of fire. 500,000 B.C.E. over the 2.5 Hominin Species are hunting large animals with spears. Four wooden spears dated million years circa 400,000 B.C.E. have been found in Germany in 1995. Use of pigments on the body B.C.E. to and painting developed next around 400,000 B.C.E. to 300,000 B.C.E.. Descended from 300,000 B.C.E.. Sea levels rise Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis exists as a distinct species from around and fall 300ft 600,000 B.C.E./500,000 B.C.E. to around 26,000 B.C.E. and no fossils exist that are on average. younger than this time. 570,000/470,000 years tops Homo Sapiens by 370,000/270,000 Average years of existence as a distinct species.
    [Show full text]