SOCIETY FOR CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGY • NEWSLETTER VOLUME 11 NO. 4/5 OCTOBER 1977

NORTHERN DATA-SHARING MEEn'INGS OCTOBER 22 A panel discussion on "Archaeology in the Private Sector" and an open discussion on problems of site The SCA 1 s annual Northern California Data-Sharing classification and possible solutions to these session is scheduled for Sonoma State College on problems, will conclude the meetings about 5:00 P.M. Saturday, October 22, 1977. Registrat~on will start at 8:30 A.M. in Stevenson Hall 1002, with meetings An informal gathering sponsored by the Sonoma begiP-~ing promptly at 9:00 A.M. State Anthropology Department, to which everyone is invited, will take place at the Valparaiso Recreation David Fredrickson, organizer of the sessions as Center following the day's activities. Northern Vice-President, has set up a tentative program for the morning session during which people from various colleges will speak on Current Projects EXECUTIVE BOARD MEEI'ING OCT. 21 and Substantive Results. The next SCA Executive Board meeting will again Arrangements will be made with a local be at David Fredrickson's house in Berkeley (1940 restaurant for lunch. In the afternoon. the session Parker St.), on Friday night, October 21, from beginning at 2 P.M., will include talks by Victoria 7:00 to 10:00 P.M., preceding the Sonoma State Roberts (Native American Heritage Commission): "The Data Sharing Meetings set for October 22nd. Role of the Archaeologist in the Native American Coomunity," and Arnold Cleveland (Big Valley Rancheria, Clear Lake): "MAHPA-Native American ~: SCENES FROM SCA ANNUAL MEETINGS, 1977 Historic Preservation Association,", to be followed Arriving, meeting and imbibing-SCA members at 3:00 by Ray Krause (Sonoma County Planning Dept.), and officers in San Diego. (Photo courtesy of • and other speakers not confinned as of mid-Sept • Paul Chace).

• People NANCY WALTER JOINS MUSEUM GOVERNING :BOARD Nancy Peterson Walter, SCA and SWAA Secretary, has been appointed by the Los Angeles County Board ~·-·•_....;,,,..~~, a~·-· .;y Governor 'Brown on of Supervisors to the Iloard of Governors of the , • •v •ue position of State Historic Los Angeles County Natural History Museum. She Preservation Officer. under new Secretary of the also becomes a. member of the Boa.rd of Trustees of Resau=es Agency Hu.e;r Johnson. Cahill comes to the lllUseuro, effective September 14, 1977. California from his fo:i:mer job as Deputy Director • of Alaska's Division of Policy Development and Janey i:., """ ..:.1.rst woman to be appointed to Planning, and according to the San Diego Union of public office in the county as a. result of the Sept. 3rd, was previously director of parks for recommendation of the Los Angeles County Alaska, superintendent or a pa:::k in Hawaii, and Commission on Role and Status of Women, which iitai:fing biologist with the U,S, Errvironmenta.l was charged with foxming a data bank on talented Quality Cou:ncil • women from all fields of endeavor. Supervisor Baxter Ward nominated her to the Board of Lo:rpa. McKem;ie=Pollock, Department of Parks Governors position~ a.nd Recreation, to Williamstown, Mass. (see State News section) •••• Fred Ilrieur ha.a completed his An additional responsibility which Na.ncy will Ph.D. and left the Los Angeles area for Texas, undertake is membership on the Acquisition Committee of the Los Angeles County Museum. Chris Wh;ite, formerly of San D.iego State University, is now with Wirth Associates, where he will be involved in preparation of la.rge­ scale prediction models and coordinating local NATIONAL HERITAGE TRUST INPUT SOUGHT contracting. 'i'he National Heritage Trust proposed by John Cook and David Hanna, grad students at President Carter in May 7 has mmred one step San Diego State University, have formed their closer to reality with the scheduled report own consulting company called Archaeological of the Secretary of the Interior to the Management Services. They will be associated White House on September 20, following the with Scott Fulmer and Pat Welsh. August 20 report from the Interior Department Task Force to the Secretary. Tom King, National Park Service, is working on Yap, Micronesia., The National Heritage Trust, modeled on the Georgia Heritage Trust, would put cultural Blli changes: ~'rorn Riverside BLM: ~ resau=es, wildlife and recreation together Gallegps to Ethnic Imports, Jan Townsend to in one EtQVernmental super-agency, according Wirth and Associates, San Diego, Douglas to Don Fowler, University of Nevada., speaking Romoli to Indio BLM. To Riverside: Ann at the 50th a.:nrrual Pecos Conference in August. ~from Axizona BLM, Gary Stumpf froi:ll This could cause real problems for archaeology ST$k.You Forest, Patrick Welch from Arch, in the future, The form of the Trust will Sy-stems Associates. Richard Weaver to CIMA influence the course of archaeology. James BU1 from UCR Archaeological Research Unit, J, Hester noted that the Coordinating Council Boma Johnson, BU1 El Centro to Yuma, and which was attempting to solicit the points of • Glen Rice from ARI to Tempe, Axizona llI.l'I, view of archaeologists on the position of archaeology within the government was not receiving adequate information from a.rchaPnlo­ gists on this question. Eve1one was urged to contact either Carl Chapman University of Next News Deadline Missouri, Columbia, Missouri), Chairman of the Coordinating Council, Chuck Cleland (Museum, Michigan State University-, East Lansing, Mich.) Nov. 8 or Don Flowlert Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89507;. Since the report has now moved on to ARCHAEOLOGISTS 1'lDl' TO DISCUSS GIDTHERMA.L ISSUES the President himself, opinions sent directly to the White House would also be appropriate. On July 11th, SCA Northern California Vice-­ President Dave Fredrickson hosted a. meeting in Another topic which should be of concern Berkeley called ~ the Office of Historic to archaeologists as well, they noted, was Preservation (OHP) to discuss archaeological the revision of the Moss-Bennett bill, which and cul tura.l resource management strategy with will greatly affect the position of archaeology respect to future geothe:rmal development in and funds for archaeology within the government. California.. Those present included Bill Seidel, Hans Kreutzberg and Henry Jla.ss of the Oil', Gary Heath of the State Energy Commission, as well as Dave Fredrickson, Rob Edwards, Mike Moratto, Roberta Greenwood, Vance :Bente and Clyde Kuhn. i;ALL FOR SWAA PAPERS, 1978 Seidel and Kreutzberg indicated that input received at the meeting would assist the OHP in Anyone who wishes to give a. paper at the drawing up aeries of cul tuxal resource recommend.a,. S01.thwestern Anthropological Association Annual tions specifically relating to geothennal develop­ Meeting in San Francisco, March 25-25, 1977, is ment activities as requested by the Emrironmenta.l asked to send abstracts of 75 words or less to Subgroup of the State Geothe:i:ma.l Task Force. p=gram chairman Sylvia Brakke Vane, 823 Valparaiso Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, before CLYDE KUim 9/15/77 January 15, 1978, 2 • MAS'.!:ODON DIS00VERY IN WASHINGTON UPDATE ON MANIS MASTODON EXCAVATIONS

"The remains of a mastodon, which lived between Further details on the mastodon discovered at 11,000 and 14,000 years ago, has been found in a peat the Marris Mastodon Site at Sequim (pronounced Squim) bog with a spearhead imbedded in its ribs. near Port Angeles, Washington, have been provided SCA Newsletter readers by Mrs. Shirley Krestas of "Archeologists say that although 10-foot-high, Los Gatos, a teacher· and the daughter of Mr. Emanuel six-ton mastodons roamed the world for some 10 to 15 ¥.anis. Mr. Manis, on whose property the remains million years, there are fewer than a half-dozen lie, was excavating a trench in order to provide a mastodon skeletons as complete as the one found in pond in this ordinarily wet area for ducks and Sequim and no others that obviously were killed by Canada geese. during the present dry period. • hunters. The deposit is best described as a muck, the "'There's never been a mastodon found before that moisture of which has preserved the mastodon and sl:xlweddirect evidence of hunting and we've always other bones in the estimated 11 ,OOO years since wondered about it,• Richard Daugherty, an archeolo­ the mastodon died there. At a depth of 14 inches gist from Washington State University said Tuesday. from the surface, there is a 3/4-inch ash lens 'This is particularly good evidence in that the believed to be derived from the eruption of Mount projectile point of bone is stuck right in the rib.' Mazama 6500 years ago. The mastodon bones are found at a depth of about 6 feet below the surface. "The mastodon was found by Dnanuel Manis on Aug. Bison bones were found above the mastodon remains, 16 as he was building a pond. Manis stopped the and the leg bone of a muskrat has also been bacY.hoe as soon as he came across the animal's tusks identified. Some bone fragments, it appears, were and his wife telephoned for help. scattered in the initial trenching (many being the color of the soil itself), before the 6-foot length "Carl Gustofson, a zoologist from Washington of tusk was exposed. State University who was working at the Lake Ozette archeological dig 50 miles away, hurried to the The bone spear point embedded in the rib of the scene, as did Daugherty. Digging began Aug. 18. animal has been X-Rayed at the Bellevue Radiological Center after its discovery by Dr. Carl Gustafson '"I'm still in shock,' said Gustofson, who of Washington State. Another bone spear point specializes i11 animals like the mastodon. i?nis (location not specified) has also been found in is very exciting.' the trench. A "stick" is reported to have been found in the skull, but Mrs. Krestas does not yet "The scientists have completed work on dirt have details on it or whether it was embedded, too. brought up by the backhoe and are going in next for the skull. They found some bones of other Excavations are continuing under field director animals in the ditch, including a bison. Delbert Gilbow, graduate student at Washington State University, Pullman, who will use the study as the "'What apparently happened is that there was a subject of his dissertation. Dr. Carl Gustafson, lake here and the mastodon got stuck in the mud and zoologist from Washington State University, is also was found by early hunters,' said Daugherty. continuing to work on the site. Students who helped earlier, however, have returned to school, so work "The creature found on Manis' land lived as is proceding slowly. Another participant on the glaciers were retreating at the end of the most site has been Washington State Historic and Archaeo­ • recent Ice Age, the Pleistocene Epoch." logical Preservation Officer Jeanne Welch.

ESCO~'IlIDO TIMES-ADVOCATE Work now is concentrated in a 2-by-2 meter pit, 8/24/77, page A-3 (UPI) exposing the skull of the mastodon. A series of pumps (provided by the Navy at Sen. Henry Jackson's request) and sumps enables the excavators to wash away the muck, in a cl0sed, recycling system. PRESERVED MAMMOTH FOUNil IN SIBERIA Many v_sitors have come to the site (though "The body of a 6--month-old baby mammoth, pre­ nothing like the 20,000 reported for Ozette this served in frozen soil, has been found as it died summer!), including a crew from National Geo in eastern Siberia 12,000 years ago, the Soviet There is a small fee charged to help cover the costs new agency Tass reported." of insurance for the project. A local bank donated $500 to the project to help fence off the site, etc. LOS ANGELES TIMES 7/10/77 The Manis Mastodon Site has been nominated to the National Register as a national historical site. Mrs. Krestas has graciously offered to keep SCA readers posted on developments at the site, which NEW RADIOCARBON DATE LISTING should be of considerable interest in filling in our knowledge of Paleoindian hunting tecru

~: LAn-850. Location: Palos Verdes, Los Angeles County. Context: shallow shell scatter on knolltop, 30-40 cm. ~: 6035 ;!;, 180 (UCR-615) • • 3 DRAKE: }'UTE OF BRASSE STIRS OLD CONTROVEESY the native people returned for sustena.:,c2, he stated that, "To these people who have built After Governor Bro-wn 1 s recent call for a this, we owe more than we can ever repay." We of celebration of the 400th anniversary of Francis European ancestry have lost some of the joy and Drake's landiI1€ in the San. Francisco :Bay region, energy that they had, We pledge ourselves and the director of UC Berkeley's Bancroft library set as our goal to save sites, to sit down and had what has been previously identified as the listen to what the original people have to say. only archaeological artifact from Drake's voyage, a "Plate of Brass" recovered in 1936 Stephen Rios discussed a number of Native • by a Mr. Beryle Shinn, subjected to a number of American sites which are threatened: At Auburn, meallurgical tests. After these tests, where the roundhouse was built without a building metallurgist Cy'.ril Smith concluded that the psrmit, the county building inspector has said plate was a modern forgery. Smith reported not it is not up to the standards of the building only that the plate contained too little copper code, and will have to be destroyed. The Native or lead to be 16th century brass but that it American Heritage Commission is working to save appeared to have been formed by modern rolling the roundhouse. At Coso Sacred Hot Springs, methods rather than hammering. Thomas lla.rnes, the traditional origin place for the people a UC Berkeley historian, speculated that UC of the southern Owens Valley, ERDA is drilling students might have concocted a hoax to fool a a geothennal well 2 miles away, and native peoples gullible professor. (Los A.nfieles Times, 7/28/77). are prevented from using the sprin,,"'S for healing, They are concerned that the well-drilling will However, following the announcement that the dry up and destroy the sacred hot springs, "Drake hoa.x had been uncovered," Shinn (whom UC officials bad erroneously reported deceased) Rios also noted that Lake Collins and reaffirmed his belief that the plate· was genuine Shasta Lake are at low levels because of drought. and recalled the circumstances of discovery on It is feared that with exposure of burials, pot­ Pt. San Quantin near Corte Madera (San Francisco lr.1nters, grave-robbers, and vandals will be Examiner & Chronicle, 7/31/77). digging up the graves. He appealed for support to stop the destruction of Mative American Controversy has surrounded Drake's plate ever cultural heritage. since Shiim picked it up in 1936. Another individual claims not only to have discovered the plate in 1933 near Drake's :Bay but to have abandoned it on Pi:. San Quentin. Various debates over where Drake did land, outside or within the San Francisco Bay, revolve around the FIRE ENDANGERS PA.LEONTOLOGICAL SITE IN GRAND CANYON circumstances and location .o!· the plate discovery. "Park service officials speculate that a boater Readers interested in reviewing this debate are directed to a special issue of California hiked into Rampart Cave, about 60 miles east of Las Vega.a, near the bottom of the Grand Canyon in early Historical Qua:rterly (Vol. 80, No. 2, Fall 1974) devoted entirely to eYaJJ1ining the plate contro­ July, 1976, climbed over a barbed wire fence to get into the sealed cave a.nd started a fire in Shasta versy and the scholarly disagreements surrounding Drake's landfall in California. ground sloth dung 12,000 years old, According t' the park service, the dung was not only of good quantity but of good quality. Rampart Cave is also CLYDE KUHN 9/15/77 known to contain fossilized bones, including • remains of an extinct goat. After the fire was discovered, park service officials entered the cave but were turned back by smoke a.nd heat. MIWOK CULTURAL CENTER DEDICATED "Fire fighting was complicated by pleas from The new cultural center and museum at Chaw-se, scientists concerned about the method used to Indian Grinding Rocks State Park near Pine Grove, extinguish the blaze--water would stir dung from Amador County, was dedicated on September 24th. different ages out of its proper layer, and fire­ Miwok leader Bill Franklin, who has been the prime fighting chemicals would alter the dung's chemical mover of efforts to reconstruct the large characteristics. Fire fighters tried to pump ceremonial house and other Indian structures at carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide into the cave the site, as well as the modern museum which is to stop the blaze but had little success as oxygen reminiscent of a dance house on the exterior, crept in from other openings. ilhen they finally was host and master of ceremonies. Activities began to apply water, the top of the cave started included dancing by the Miwok group which Franklin to collapse. With Mining Enforcement and Safety leads, and by a Clear Lake Pomo group; playing of Administration workers using breathing apparatus, the hand game; and a game of football, boys (o) the cave was entered a:nd sealed on July 20. It against girls (1), was reopened in January and the area was still filled with smoke. Workers installed a fireproof Speakers included local State Assemblyman blanket and resealed the cave," Garamendi, Stephen Rios, Executive Secretary of the State Native American Heritage Commission, In mid~h. they reopened the cave and found and Russell Cahill, new Director of the State only one small hot spot after w:llich the cave was Department of Parks and Recreation. re-sealed and more carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide was pumped in. In late June, Paul Cahill stressed in his talk that we must Martin accompanied park :rangers and mine inspectors search out, preserve, and bring to the conscious­ to the cave, and at that time, since no smoke or ness of people the story of the native heat was found, the fire was declared extinguished. Californians. The sites and remains are meager, "'There is no way of telling, but we estimate over he said, and the sites to interpret (their story) half the dung is left,' a park service spokesman are less tha.n adequate, This site is the first said.' n to be interJr:;0 t t 2.~ ; ,,,,,,. ~... ~'"'m. ST' ..J ..... ~• "!-i'orl. Noting that :'h;:).\>:-::z(-' m1·:- :- mz.n· · _, 7 l0 w~5 cf: LOS ANGELES TIMES, 6/27/77 & 6/29/77 4 • rHE .AvocationalS»«

NE1i AVOCATIONAL EDITOR ANDERSON REQUESTS NEWS Roger Werner received his B.A. in history from Belknap College, New Hampshire, and has • We welcome Bob Anderson as our new Avocational had two years field and laboratory experience Editor, replacing Marian Parks in the position. in archaeology working under Dr. IB.vid A. Bob, who has stepped down as President of the Santa Fredrickson at Sonoma State College. Part of Clara County Archaeological Society after two this experience was spent as an intern for the successf'ul years in that post, sends the following Office of Historic Preservation in Sacramento. request to avocational members: He is currently seeking classified graduate status in Sonoma State's recently established "As Avocational Editor I'm requesting all Master's Program in Cultural Resou=e Management. avocational groups in California and Western Nevada to include me, directly, in their newsletter mailing Mr. Werner is interested in any comments lists. Without this input we will lose our chance regarding the position of County Archaeologist. t9_e~hange our good ideas, our successes, and our If any persons have any ideas on how-this breakthroug..lis. Tha.'lk you. position can best be pP.rformed, please write to:

BOB ANDERSON ROGER WERNER 7/77 The Anthropology Laboratory 2178 Foxworthy Ave. Sonoma State College San Jose, CA 95124" 1801 East Cotati Averrue Bob also forwarded the following item from the RollI'ert Park, CA 94928 Santa. Clar-a Cuu..nty AJ:.x.:ha.eological Society newsletter, HOLIDAY INN, SAN JOSt: The Trade Bead: Field work at the Holiday Inn site (CA:SC1:128) "San Jose Marks Its 200th Year. The San Jose IN San Jose ended on July 9 when the remains of 40 Bicentennial "Tapestry in Ta.lent" attracted several human skeletons were reinterred during an Ohlone thousand spectators and participants. The Santa funeral ceremony on the banks of the Guadalupe Clara County Archaeological Society booth was one River. Sixteen of the skeletons represented intact of the most interesting at the two day affair. The or partially intact burials recovered during the reason for the great attraction to the archaeology salvage excavations at the site, while the remaining booth was the working dig (demonstration) that was materials were recovered from the sifting of a 750 talcing place in situ and the interesting display of cubic yard bulldozed backdirt pile. One of the artifacts from the West Valley College Anthropology intact individuals was a fifteen year old female, Department. There were also displayed, photographs who was buried with olivella shell beads, abalone of the- Society working at the Holiday Inn site. Big Head pendants, and whistles made out of golden Pamphlets were available to interested persons • eagle and giant condor bones. The remains of two explaining the goals and objectives of the Society. large prehistoric earth ovens or burned house pits The pamphlets had a membership form on the back page. were also uncovered, immedicately below several of Results? Ma.n;y more thousands of people now know of the burials. A rich assortment of Spanish/Mexican, the existence of the Santa Clara County Archaeologi­ Chinese and Angle-American artifacts were addition­ cal Society. Several hundred people took the pamph­ ally recovered, in J.ssociati on with trash pi ts, let and several people signed up on the spot." house foundatiors, parking lot layers and other historic features. The sifting of the bulldozed THE TRADE BEAD 8/77 backdirt pile and the initial excavations were directed by Joe Winter, while the final excava­ tions were directed by Rob F.dwards. An inter­ LAKE COUNTY ARCHAEOLOGIST APPOINTED pretive report describing the full range of pre­ historic and historic components at the si t.e will The Lake County Planning Department applied be publi"sherl late next spring. for a nin~onth C.E.T.A. grant earlier this year in order to fund the position of County JOE WINTER 8/2/77 Archaeologist. Confirmation of the grant was received by the Planning Department in June. Roger Werner was hired for the position. GLASSOW UNDERTAKE3 VANDENBERG INVESTIGATION The position of County Archaeologist will involve the following duties: (1) Review of Mike Glassov, UC Santa Barbara and SCA Southern Archaeological Impact Reports prepared for Lake Vice-President reports that he has begun archaeologi­ County agencies; (2) Review of archaeological cal investigations on Vandenberg A.ir Force Base, proposals for cost estimates associated with under contract vith the National Park Service. "Phase county projects; (3) Performance of spot I of the project involved an intensive survey of five surveys for various county agencies; parcels of land where construction of Space Shuttle (4) Creation of a predictive model for facilities has been proposed," Mike reports. "No ascertaining the archaeological sensitivity of sites vere discovered. Phase II, in progress, county project areas. involves conceiving a data recovery program to mitigate the effects of widening road-cuts through It is emphasized that the County Archaeolo­ three sites. The mitigation project itself is Phase gist will not be required to make determina­ III and will be started (hopefully) next June ••• tions of effect/no adverse effect or determina­ Bobby Greenvood has tentatively agreed to collaborate -~tions of site significance. He will recommend with me in the mitigation project." hether or not a professional archaeologist be tained to accomplish these duties. MICHAEL A. GLASSOW' 8/26/77 5 ORAMGE COUNTY RESOLUTION ON The Board also directed tP.at a job description CULTURAL SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES for a Planner III position with responsibility for archaeological and paleontological resource pre. The Orange County Environmental Management vation be prepared. The position of Cultural/ Agency in mid-August forwarded the May 24,1977 Scientific Resource Planner is currently being resolution of the Board of Supervisors concerning decided on fr~m am~ng applications submitted during cultural and scientific resources, Resolution No. September to the Sounty Personnel Der~rtrnent. 77-866, Archaeology/Paleontology Policy in Land Development Proposed Policies. Although 6 months late, its contents may be of interest to SCA members who have not earlier received a detailed account.

The Board of Supervisors, having received the "Report on Cul tura.J./Scientific Resources for Orange County," authorized its distribution to interested parties. It resolved that its goal in processing development permits involving archaeo­ logical and paeontological resources is: "All reasonable and proper steps shall -be­ ta.ken to achieve the preservation of archaeo­ "ISHI COUNTRY" APPJ,;,ti, MADE logical and paleontological remains, or in the alternate, their recovery, identification, and The University of California Press, in an analysis, so that their scientific and historical advertisement for Ishi in Two Worlds, make.; an values are preserved." This goal should be reached appeal to the public to write their representatives by one or more of the following methods for in Washington urging preservation of the area: archaeological resources: literature and records research; surface surveys; subsurface surveys to «Ishi Country is 50,000 acres of roadless determine significance and extent (all of the w'lderness area at the foot of Northern foregoing to be paid by the project sponsor); California's Mount Lassen.,,An area of rich observation during grading by professional natural beauty 'unlike any other in the national archaeologists (paid by sponsor or provided by park and wilderness systems(•), Ishi Count;st has professionals on a volunteer basis at their now fallen prey to the dangers of pollution and option as determined by the project decision destruction by off-road vehicles. making body); preservation by maintaining in an undisturbed condition (by project sponsor when "Much of the area is steep and rough and the preservation can be accomplished in accordance thin soil erodes easily, Pollution, litter, and with existing laws and regulations relating to erosion are becoming more and more common due to development of property or through reasonable increasing use by hunters and others penetrating project design, or by the County or other public deeper into the area with their two-wheeled and • agency in the form of property rights acqu sition four-wheeled vehicles. when preservation would impose an unreasonable hardship on the project sponsor); or preservation "Kingsley Cave, the site of both rich archaeo­ by excavation and salvage in a scientific manner logical discoveries and the final massacre of the (pa.id for by the County, 'and the total cost Yahi tribe is now being deprecated by tourists. thereof fU.nded by building permit fees). Ignoring signs posted by the U.S. Forest Service, amateur archaeologists and souvenir seekers The Environmental Management Agency Director regularly violate the Antiquities Act by pouring is to accept the work of archaeologists and through the thin, ashy soil of the cave floor, paleontologists who have been certified by the searching for artifacts. The Lassen trail, used Planning ColllDission as qualified by perhaps half of the settlers heading toward California in the 1849 Geld Rush is now being The Planning Commission is to certify torn apart by countless four-wheel drive vehicles. archaeologists qualified to perform the work; decisions may be appealed to the Board for ' "In 1972 Ishi Country was included as a final decision. Professionals must be demonstra­ possible candidate for study under the Wilderness ted to meet the minimum qualifications set forth Act, but was removed from the list. The Mill­ by the National Park Service or Society of Pro­ Deer Creek Unit Land Use Plan was announced fessional Archaeologists (or the L.A. County in 1975, but in 1976 was rescheduled for comple­ Museum of Natural History in the case of tion 'in three to four years.• paleontologists), "Ishi Country cannot wait three to four years All artifacts and fossils recovered at County for protection. The destruction is going on ~· expense become property of the County, and will be stored and/or further disposed of by the Orange "And now is the time for firm measures to be County Historical Commission. taken. Now before the scenic, historical, archaeological, and wil.d 1.ife val.ues are perma­ The Boa.T

Ron Ma.y has sent in further inf"ormation on The Valley View (Northridge area) for August the excavation of a human burial on the Pala 17 reports in an article by Dave Whitwer on sites Indi~ Reservation on the land of Paulie and Dan near Chat orth and Stoney Point. Local organiza­ Lattimer, which was reported in the July · _ tions have been trying to save the sandstone Newsletter (page 9). Paulie Lattimer, a Cupeno boulder formations for development as a public Indian, and Atty. Barbara Karshmer of California park. • Indian Legal Services brought in Ron and a team of archaeologists and museum people to assist One site, on the Rocketdyne and NASA test them in the discovery, since she believed that site at Burro Flats, closed to the public because the buried individual influenced her because t of govexnment security restrictions, contains there was something which needed to be known elaborate pictographs. Another contained 4C cairns, among the living. excavated by &iwin Walker of the Southwest Museum in 1939. Under the cairns were broken stone bowls, "The Indian Heal th Services provided a back­ manos, metates, and secondary cremations. The hoe and an operater to strip away about 4 feet of third area mentioned was that of a sizeable village sands, just above the remains. An Environmental at the foot of Santa Susanna Pass near Stoney Management Specialist from the County of San Point. Louis Tartaglia of the Northridge Archaeo­ Diego, Marty :Byrne, who volunteered his labor, logical Center at Cal State Northridge was inter­ assisted in the clearing and wall clearing. ·A vie~ed on this.site, and gave it as his opinion soil column was removed to further study the that it seemed to have been inhabited from 4 to 6 geologic deposition processe·s and test for micro­ months a year, since stone hearths, beads, grave fossils. Mr. Dan Lattimer, Ms. Laurie Orange, yard and food preparation materials were found Ms. Paulie Lattimer, and Mr. Wayne Tyson were there, while in the surrounding hills there seem .supervised by Ms. Rose Tyson a.nd Ron May in the to be numerous satellite sites where only ma.nos excaV'ation of the remains. At least 40 residents and metates have been found. Seventeen sites, of the reservation watched along the sidelines, including the cairn site, lie within ) miles of gave help:ful advice, and or,e later rr-ovirled a Stoney point. Radiocarbon dates have not been generator and flood lamps aQ <+ .T:'t '-t- t 1-.­ obtained on the s:tes. evening. VIN,{ 8/7/77, pages 1, 5 "The context is river sand alluvium along the San Luis Rey River on the bank just south of Pala. Three major natural geologic strata were involved, The upper two layers are fine and coarse alluvium, comprised of many finer layers of hydraulically sorted material. The lower layer consists of large river worn cobbles and boulders. The burial was excavated into the lower layer from ISSUES IN ARCHAEOLOOY PUJlLICATION AVAILA:BLE the bottom of the second layer and filled with finer organic humus and coarse river sa.nd. Six Persons involved in public archaeology will be sherds of Palomar :Brown type Tizon :Brown Ware particularly interested in a publication of the were found in the fill and associated with the National Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, burial. The upper two layers filled over the entitled Issues in A:roheoloey, according to Nancy • burial and no evidence o:f midden was found. Walter. The publication focuses on federal legis­ lation and what is happening now, and includes such "The surface of the upper layer of :fine sand topics as federal project planning (Corps of has an adobe structure on it which was known to Engineers; u.s. Forest Service Cultural Resou.roes have been built by a Ge:rman in the late 19th Project), significance, national standards. century. This would suggest that the burial pro:fessional competence variation, a.nd problems with dates considerably before that time, but probably historic preservation o:ffices which affect the no earlier than the ceramic period or San Luis Council's review process, Rey II (A.D. 1500 to.1870). No dates will be run on the remains since there are no available funds. The 80+ page publication is available free from the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, "The individual was identified as a :female in 1522 K Street N.w., Washington, D.c.,20005. (Nancy her mid-fifties, of rather tall stature, somewhat recommends using lettemead stationary if available, within the index of La Jollan skeletal material a.nd says to ask for: Report Special Issue, Ma.:rch­ (dating before A.D. 1000), and bears evidence of April-ll'lay 1"'77, ;, olume V, No, 2-3, "Issues in having had many children. The feet were missing, A:roheology." but there is no evidence of trauma. No offerings were found with the remains. It was oriented on a northwest-southeast axis with the body slit,htly flexed on the le£t side and the head to the north­ PLEASE STOP DESTROYING CALIFORNIA'S PAST west. • •• is the title of a new, attractive public "Paulie Lattimer will be assisting Rose Tyson brochure which has been prepared by the California in measuring the remains and making finer observa­ Region of the U.S. Forest Service. A substantial tions at Palomar College throughout this summer number (printed in color on both sides of a and fall. She may be assisted by several Pala folded 9" by 1~" glossy sheet) will be available residents who are ea.ming degrees and certificates for distribution from the 17 National Forests and in dental studies at Palomar, more than 80 Ranger Districts within a few months. In the meantime, SCA members and other interested RON MAY 8/2/77 persons may receive a copy upon request from the Regional Archaeologist, u.s. Forest Service, 630 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94111,

DONALD S. MILLER 8/1/77 • 7 HORSE PRI'!l EAST MOJAVE DRAFT MANAGEMENT PLAN REOMMENDATIONS

A recent issue of the Bureau of Land Manage­ The Bureau of Land Yianagement has distributed ment 1 s BLM Newsbeat contains an article on Indian copies of the East Mojave Draft Management Frame-. representations of horses and riders in some work Plan, containing the· area manager's recommen California desert locations. The article says in dations, and dated September 15, 1977. Public pa.rt: hearings were held during the last week in Septem- ber in Riverside, Needles, and Baker, to clarify "James s. Benton, of Ba.ker, a retired teacher the plan for interested persons. The next step and student of archeology, has researched the horse is for the District Manager in Riverside to make and rider motif of petroglyphs and pictographs his decisions, completing the management frame- (paintings on rocks) and has found a stylistic work plan process. development from a very crude, almost deer-like appearance in 1750 (among the Navajos) to skill­ The major recommendations of the plan include fully drawn bronco riders in the early 1900 1 s. retention of the present Ea.st Mojave Natural Environment A.rea designation and boundary, "'lt is difficult to assign a date to the designation of 4 Wilderness Study Areas (New York pictures,' Benton said. 'Dates from associated arti­ Mountains, Piute Range, Granite Mountains, and facts in nearby midden deposits are questionable, Providence Mountains, and 6 Outstanding Natural but these are often the only clues available for Areas (Lava Beds-Cinder Cones, Woods Mtns., Castle estimatill8' dates, Often historical records, diaries Peaks-Indj.an Spring, ·Wild Horse Canyon, Cima ·Dome, and letters can be aligned to help support other­ and Kelso.Dunes, the latter two already so classed) wise unsupported data, The eastern third of the Granite Mtns. is recom­ mended as a Research Natural Area, and 20 of the "'It is through the use o! historjcal records, 36 Representative Wildlife Habitats are listPd such as the record of Father Garces and the notes as to be preserved and protected by Wilderness, that he made of his journey that I am willing to say O.N.A., or Research Natural Area Management. that a pictograph found near Baker represents his visit in 1776.• For recreation purposes, expansion of Mid Hills and construction of 4 new campgrounds, "Horse and rider petroglyphs may be seen near and of the regional portion or the "Desert 'l'rails" Shoshone in Inyo County, They represent a more are recommended, with continuation of existing advanced art style. The riders are seated, arms roads and trails designations outside the akilllbo, reins are indicated and the riders are wear­ protected area, and a comprehensive interpretive ing hats. The riders• legs are not shown or not program, recreation guide and sign system. sho;m clearly. The horses are running but their Competitive events in the Ivanpa.h Lake area legs are not bent. would be continued if the recommendations are followed, "Horse and rider petroglYJlhs in the Kern River valley show the riders from the side, arms bent Grazing and mineral exploration and develop­ and holding reins. These are believed to bave been ment are recommended to continue, including oil ~..a.de during the early mining period of 1855 to 1870. and gas leasing in Iva:npah Valley, sodium.and The horses and riders are stickfigures, while at potassium in Ivanpah, Lanfair and Piute Valleys, Shoshone, the llaker area and at Chemehuevi Reserva­ Utility corridors (Piute Valley, I-15 and Cima) tion the animals are fuller bodied." would be expanded, and communication sites allowed on South Providence Mountains, Dead • A caption to a picture on the same page states, Mountains, Mescal Range, and Piute Mtns, (near "Boina Johnson, formerly an archeologist at BI.M's Goffs). Land exchanges are contemplated for El Centro Office in southern California and now at Lanfair and Pinto Valleys. Yuma, spotted this horse intaglio from the air. It is about 24 feet long and about 12 feet high, Cultural resource recommendations are and shows a highly unusual amount of skill in summarized as designation of Wild Horse Mesa portrayal. Johnson said weathering and erosion of as a Research Natural A.rea primarily for the intaglio indicate it is old, The intaglio is cultural resources, nomination of the Old located near a route used by de Anza during his Government Road as a National Historic Landmark, expeditions in 1774-76. More precise information and of 45 properties to the National Register about the site cannot be given. Disclosure of the of Historic Places. Evaluative excavation of location probably would lead to destruction." 15 archaeological sites, and development of an interpretive program for 7 sites are also BLM NEWSBEAT recommended. The cultural resources are not identified in the Plan, other than as including an extensive concentration of petroglyphs and Calendar pictographs, and a major segment of the historic Mojave road. November 14-18 "Pan American Conference on the Forensic Applications of Anthropology, Dentistry, Anyone having written comments on the plan Medicine and Paleopathologx," sponsored by~. should send them, including reasons for his/her the International Reference Organization in conclusions, to the BLM: Foretlflic Medicine and Sciences. Information from Vim. G. Eckert, M.D., editor, Laboratory, st. Riverside District Manager Francis Hospital, Wichita, Kansas 67214 or Thomas Bureau of Land Management T. Noguchi, M.D., Office of the Chief Medical 1695 Spruce Street Examiner-Coroner, Los Angeles, 90033, Riverside, CA 92507. March 23-25 Southwestern Anthmpological Association, Annual MeetinF, 1978, San Francisco. Local Arrangements: Terry Haynes, Medical Anthropology l':rogram, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143. Program Arrangements: Sylvia Bra!Cke Vane, 823 Valparaiso Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025. • 8 Jay and Sherilee van Werlhof of Imperial Valley Museum have completed a report entitled, Report from "Archaeological Survey of the Yuba :Basin, Imperial County." This report results from a survey which they began in 1975 and ended early this year, locating 145 sites within the study area. The von Werlhofs are.continually surveying portions of tne De1ert Imperial County in their efforts to write the • prehistory of the Southeast Desert area. Eric Ritter's Desert Planning Staff archaeolo­ gists have finished surveying the Pana.mint Mountain By RUSSELL L. KALDEIIBERG, and Darwin Mountain Planning Units and have moved Desert Regional Editor their efforts to the Eureka Planning Unit which is sandwiched between !)?a.th Valley National Monument Although work slows down in the summer on the and the Inyo National Forest, between California desert, it does not completely stop. Chris Drover and Nevada. is continuing his work on the Croneese Lake sites approximately 40 miles east of Barstow. Jim Benton UC Riverside and N. Nelson Leonard, III, are stopped excavating his roa.sting pit sites near planning to excavate a Vanyume site along the Mountain Pass but will oontinue with them.in the Mojave. River this~fall. This would be the first fall with an antiquities permit. Wilson Tu.mer from such site to be systematically excavated and Whittier, through Rio Hondo College and f'unding by analyzed. Earthwatch of Amherst, Mass., spent 6 weeks recording approximately 5000 rock art elements in the Black Jan Townsend and Russell Kaldenberg are pre­ Canyon area of the Mojave Desert. He was a.ssisted paring an Activity Plan for the Squaw Spring by 10-21 students. Tv.rner indicates that there is National Register Archaeological District nea.r much more in the way of rock art than he previously Red Mountain. The Activity Plan is a design which had imagined to be in the area. Originally Turner will allow management the opportunity to under­ planned to complete his work in one summer, but now stand the significance of·the sites in terms of he feels it will take at least two, and probably natural resource values, scientific values, and three, summers more. Robert Heizer and Campbell Native P.merican values. A mapping firm was Grant worked with Tv.rner for the first week of the awarded a contract to map all known sites project. within a one-square mile section. More than 80 site elements (loci) were identified and mapped. David Hanna. and John R. Cook of Archaeological The plan also proposes specific steps which could Systems Management, Inc., San Diego, have been be taken to protect the values of the sites. awarded a contract to evaluate a 15,000-square mile These sites are in constant danger of destruction stud area from Blythe to Victorville as part of due to active mining, prospecting, rockhounding, the Sundesert Nuclear Power Project. The area of ORV activities, pothunting, camping, and hunting. study is roughly from Barstow on the north to Palm Since this is the first Activity Plan to be done Springs on the south. A statistical model is being on BLM land in California in archaeology, it will • prepared which will generate units to be surveyed be used as a model for management in the future. and will be used in assessing cultural resource impact in the proposed study and corridor areas. R. Sarge Hall of White Rock Valley is recording petroglyphs on the Goldstone Track-in;; Station. One Mark Sutton, who works directly for the military series of petroglyphs which appear to be slowly as a civilian archaeologist, is continuing his work being def?t.royP.d duP to its eaP~ access and a number at Edwards Air Base near Palmdale. He indicates of portabl~ stor.ec is proposed as an employee park that he is finding material and sites which may be so that it will be constantly watched by the related to other "early man" sites in the Mojave pa7-nolling security guards. Desert. Richard Weaver is presently surveying the Wild John Alsazatia-Petheo, formerly of Santa Ana Horse Mesa area near Essex, an area where approxi­ Co111J11UD.ity College, has accepted a teaching position mately 250 sites have been recorded in the past five at Cerro Caso College in Ridgecres~where he is years. Weaver will be submitting his results to the planning to continue his work with the Lake Manix State Historic Preservation Office as a National and other early man complexes. John completed his Register nomination. M.A. on the East Rim site, a Lake Manix Complex site near the Calico Farly Man site. Anyone having any information regarding research The Calico Early Man site antiquity permit was on the California Desert, please send it to: renewed for an additional year. Fred Budinger, Jr., under the direction of Dee Simpson, has been accept­ RUSSELL L. KALDENBERG 9/7/77 ing volunteers on weekdays all summer. The volunteer 'i111 Balsa Avenue program will hopefUlly be in full swing by October r"'r-stow, CA 92311 when temperatures begin to drop.

George Air Base has contracted with a group of So11thern California archaeologists to survey a portion of the Mojave B Range of China Lake Naval Weanons Center. The Air Force has plans to create a new bombing and gunner-3 range near the Pilot Knob-Superior Valley area. At least one historic gold-mining era town, Copper City, is known to be located in the area of proposed impact. Several other sites, including villages and petroglyph loc.ations, are known in the area and will be con­ • sidered by the surveying archaeologists and the Air Force for National Register potential. 9 CALL FOR CULTURAL RESOURCE PRESERVATION CONTRACT COMMI'l.'T&.:; SE,i;!',S ..:ON'r1v...:'" lN}'vRMATION AND PROPER ARTIFACT CURATION

As Chairperson of the 1977 Contract Committee, I An excerpt from a review of The Adena People, would like to appeal to everyone who has had problems written by William H. Marquardt of the University of a contractual nature to send copies of problem of Missouri, and appearing in the recent editio. contracts and a summa.ry of the encountered problems of American Anthrogologist (Vol. 79, No. 3, Sep to the SCA Contract Committee. To those of you who 1977, pages 725-72 ) , makes two important points have not had such problems, please send a sample which the author feels are important for the contract to the committee so that we may compare future of American archaeology: problem and non-problem contracts. If you do not with the amount of money or the contractor to be "If we are to make further progress in under­ identified, please black-line out that information, standing prehistoric cultural developments and since it has no effect upon the goals of the committee. interactions, serious efforts must be made (1) to Please, though, identify whether the contract is for preserve some archaeological sites for the future, a public agency or a private firm. Since I have been and (2) to cut"ate properly the artifacts and other primarily involved with private lands archaeology, data now being accumulated, my task is to evaluate aspects of private-firm con­ tracts. Ann Loose, the other Contract Committee "Hindsight is.a wonderful thing. Probably all member, has worked with federal contracts in New of us would carry out our archaeological studies Mexico, Arizona, and California. She will evaluate differently had we but a second chance. Many of federal contracts and will come up with a definitive our time-honored ceramic types and time sequences compendiUID on federal aspects of contracts and con­ w.ould be dif.f.erent had sites and regions ..been tract negotiations. sampled more systematically; archaeological research would have been oriented toward different Because most of us have been trained in science questions had we realized sooner the depth of the and social science, but are now involved in business, American prehistoric past; interpretations of it behooves us as a profession to understand better prehistoric subsistence strategies would be differ­ the mechanisms by which contracts are negotiated, ent had we had knowledge of techniques com:nonly in carried out, solidified, appealed, understood, and use today, e.g., palynology, flotation, and the misconstrued, Many of us have had problems working like; our notions of the na tu::-e of cul tura.l cha..tJge without contracts where small-scale jobs have had would be different had we realized earlier that to be done quickly--only to find out that the attention to the continuity of patterns of settle­ magnitude of the effort was much greater than antici­ ment, subsistence, and interregional exchange were pated and outside the scope of "project understand­ as important to a full understanding of prehistoric ing." One of the questions asked by this committee cultures as were changes in, say, mortuary prac­ will be, "When is a contract necessary?" It will tices or ceramic technology •••• be the committee's goal to explore two types of contracts and contract procedures: those encountered "It is clear that our conception of Adena has in the private sector, and those of public agencies. changed radically as rediscovery techniques have While the committee is just now attempting to define become more sophisticated and as we have asked the ultimate process by which it wil'. come up with different questions of the archaeological record. a comprehensive work on contracts, it cannot do Today we see Adena as an ideological system whic. it alone. Send any information to: probably played a significant role in interregio exchange and communication networks, If we ask Russell L. Kaldenberg other questions of our data in the future, an c/o :S.L.M. or 31111 Balsa Ave. even different picture of Adena may emerge, But 831 Barstow Road Barstow, CA 92311. with the tremendous increase in government-funded Barstow, CA 92311 land modification projects, the archaeological record is disappearing at an alarming rate. If Along with.the contracts also summarize what you we are to have any hope of increasing the produc­ feel are your biggest problems encountered in unde'1'­ tivity and sophistication of archaeology as much standing or writing a contract, and fulfilling your in the next generation as we have in the past obligations. Several people have already sent generation, we mu.st develop mitigative strategies examples of problem contracts. Some of the questions that call for, whenever possible, the preservation, thus far raised have been, "When do I need insurance?"; rather than the extensive excavation of archaeo­ "When do I hire Native Americans as observers?"; "How logical sites. much do I charge the client for Native American help?" "The second point I wish to make is related "Can I demand a retainer of 25%?"; "When do I need an to the first, but deserves special emphasis. attorney?"; "What is considered to be a breach of con­ We collect more data now than in the past tra.ct?"; "What happens if I seriously underbid a job because there are more archaeologists, there because of bad information?", and so on, ••• is more money for archaeology, and there are more kinds of information considered essential I hope that the Contract Committee will be able to by archaeologists. The increased mass of arti­ produce an end product which will make it less likely facts and supplementary scientific data is that •• ,(difficulties from contract inadequacies) will creating serious storage problems and information happen one, two, or five years from now. Any retrieval logjams at many institutions today instances of problem contract negotiations will be because of inadequate attention to curation. Our appreciated. scholarly responsibilities. do not .end with competent excavati.on, laboratory analysis, and (Ed. Note: Space requirements made it necessary to publication .of results. We must properly curate eliminate a case history of problems resulting from the artifacts and data so that future scholars an inadequate contract, from the above article. Russ may reassess our findings from different will, however, appreciate your contributions to the perspectives. 'l'he future of American archaeology Committee's knowledge of possible contract-induced does not turn on Taylor's opinion of Webb or on pitfalls). :Sinford•s opinion of Griffin, but on our opinion of ourselves as responsible scholars." RUSSELL L. KALDENllERG 9/7/77 WILLIAM H. MARQUARDT, in • American Anthropologist, Vol. 79(3); 725-726, 9f77 10 • SCA NEWS

GENERAL CLEARINGHOUSE MEEI'ING SUMMARY INTERNSHIP PROGRA!1

On June 4 a meeting for SCA District Clearing­ As described in the May Executive Board house Coordinators was held at Fresno City College. meeting minutes (July Newsletter), the SCA has Districts 1,5,6,8,9,10,12 and 14 were represented, entered into an agreement with the California while District 13 submitted a written report. Also Environmental Intern Program to provide a $1000 present were representatives of several Regional internship to aid in developing a grant proposal Offices and NICPA. General itE)ms of discussion for an SCA-related research design. The purpose were:· Delineatio~- of Clearinghouse roles and of the grant is to support research-based archaeo­ Memorandum of Agreement; local archaeological logy and cultural resource management in the state. membership; accountability of Coordinators and The exact form of the design will be developed by their selection; relations with Regional Offices; the intern, working with the Northern and Southern SHPO Conference of Status of California Archaeology; Vice-Presidents as institutional support--but one Annual Meeting and role of Clearinghouses; Native possibility involves the development of a American Heritage Commission and role of Clearing­ regional research station in one of the Clearing­ hc~3cs; Regior~l Resaarch Centers, Internships and houses, which would provide expertise in environ­ Clearinghouses; Clearinghouse boundaries and new mental, economic and artifactual analyses for Clearinghouses; the Butte easement situation; and consultants working in research management in the Clearinghouse reports. area. The specifics of the intern program are now being worked out by the California Environ­ Since most Clearinghouses are attempting to mental Intern Program, and will soon be available coordinate their boundaries with the Regional to SCA members. · Offices, it was suggested that several Clearing­ houses be split. New Clearinghouses were proposed Application date for the internship is Oct. 1. for San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo and Inyo-Mono The intern selected will be reported in the Counties. It was requested that SCA members with Newsletter. The intern will work for approximate­ opinions on the proposed splits should contact ly two months on the SCA proposal. Applicants members of the Executive Board. for the internship may be referred also to other CEIP projects for the coming year, .even if they JOE WINTER 8/2/77 are not selected as the SCA intern.

JOE WINTER 8/2/77 •CLEARINGHOUSE SPLIT APPROVED A division of the SCA Clearinghouse for the ft.FPLICATION FORMS FOR NEW DIREGTClY LISTINGS South Central Coastal region has been made at the September 10 Executive Board meeting of the SCA, Consultants wishing to be listed in the 1978 on the basis that this recognizes what has already SCA Directory of Archaeologists may write to James been an operating arrangement. Charles Dills Rock (Klamath National Forest, 1215 South Main, will be Clearinghouse Coordinator of the new Yreka, CA 96097) for application forms. These District 15, San Luis Obispo County. His address membership forms should be returned with a 25¢ is 1371 Avalon Street, San Luis Obispo, 93401. listing fee to the SCA Business Office (Dept. of Anthropology, California State University, All future realignments will be postponed Fullerton, CA 92634), which is designed to help u.~til all. evaluation of Clearinghouse functions is cover costs of directory production. completed.

MINUTES OF EXEr;UTIVE BOARD MEETING, Sept. 10, 1977 Berkeley - at the Fredricksons' DISTRICT 01 CLEARINGHOUSE REPORT BIBLIOGRAPHY Present: Joe Winter, Dave Fredrickson, Mike Glassow, The SCA District 01 Clearinghouse and Northwest Paul Chace, Nancy Walter, Jane Gothold, Rob Edwards, Regional Center, California Archaeological Survey, Paul Hampson, Clyde Kuhn, Dudley Varner, Marcia Wire. has put out an Annotated Bibliography of Reports on File with the Clearinghouse/Center as of April 1977. OLD BUSINESS: Ac;;'unty-by-county listing of reports (by authors) for the District counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, 1. Committee reports Mendocino, Lake,_ Sonoma, and Napa, with some additional listings for Alameda, Contra Costa, and Most persons who have been contacted regarding Marin counties, is followed by listings according committees have responded favorably. Legal & Poli­ to U.s.G.s. map references on a county basis again. tical Affairs will be chaired by Mary Brown. Illicit Antiquities will be chaired by Keith Dixon. Joanne A limited IDl!llber of these reports (76 pages) is Leonard has been contacted for Public Relations • vailable (for $3.50 if possible) from the Dennis O'Neil- has been contacted and is interested thropology Laboratory, Sonoma State College, in SCA involvement in the certification programs • hnert Park, California, 94928. available throughout the state. Roger Kelley has 11 been contacted to work with Miley Holman in discussed, and the fact that the concept needs to Archives. Claude WarTen has been contacted to be redesigned. In the executive boa.rd discussion, chair the Historical Archaeology committee. The defining the responsibility and functions as well Nominations committee will have Russ Kaldenberg as as the historical reason for being was explored. Southern California chai:rman, and Ed Kandler, a.s It was noted at one point that SCA should feel Northern California chainnan. good for a job well done and recognize that the • State of California was now stepping in with Rob Edwards reported that the membership forms fuv.ding and resou..-..ces. While acknowledging t.hat have gone out in the mail, and that after November review and communication as well as research design he will not be able to continue to chair the still are necessary, the other activities are now Membership Committee, Marcia Wire reported that covered by the state which means we may want to at the moment her records for mailing indicate a explore the possibility of a "new" name for the total of 590 on the mailing list of whom 373 are clearinghouse. Some aspects were considered shown as paid up and 217 as unpaid (Ed.: 1ltisiness important in terms of the future as the State Office update indicates 456 paid, 140-unpaid). Historic Preservation Office continues its growth, The lag between mailing list, business office, and In the meantime, however, the board decided to: treasurer was discussed, along with the ballot and m/s/p that the Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo renewal forms, It was emphasized that the ballot counties clearinghouse be split into two distinct and renewal forms must go out together so that the districts on the basis of what is already an process of checking membership with vote would be established fact; and that all future clearing- easier. The suggestion was made that the Nomina­ house realignments are under executive committee tions committee work closely with Jane Gothold and assessment. the Business office. The suggestions was also made that the Business Office and Jane Gothold Jim Rock has requested an aid to tie in each contact one of the direct mail services to find clearinghouse and the Directory. It was also out what costs would be involved if the label decided that the next Newsletter will mention the responsibility were to be turned over to a direct "first" chance to get into the new Directory. mail service, M/s/p that the next Directory be issued by the summer of 1978 with membership forms distri ~ted Pa.iJ_l HamJ)s"n ~ported t~..at he ~_ad receiYed ;;idely, &"id a listing .fee asked i;o cover the the Emrironmental Policy Connnittee material from printing costs. :Bobby Greenwood. Paul reported on the I-15: letters have beeen received on I-15.as have 3. Internship Progra.m telephone calls. The San Francisco sewer project has a.ls<> generated a lot of letters and calls. There is an Oct. 1 deadline and the top five The San Francisco government is taking a straight names will be submitted to the executive boa.rd at historical look at the sewer project, not an anthro­ the Oct. 21 meeting in Berkeley (Dave Fredrickson's pological one. The attitute appears to be that if house). The ultimate decision as to who is chosen the structure involved was or is mentioned in the will be an executive board decision but the screen- history books it is no longer considered significant. ing process will be handled by California Environ­ The project sppears to be object-oriented and in the mental Inter Program. Once the program is effective, material written up so far, the prehistoric aspect several logistic problems will have to be worked • has been totally left out. The City of S.F. has not out~the exact structure will wait until the Oct. been responsive to professional review and feels. board meeting as many of the issues involved that they have been "ripped off" since the consul­ concern 'Where the selected intern lives, tants that were irxvolved were not responsive to the standards irxvolved. Rob Edwards mentioned that he 4. Publications had sent a copy of his letter to the City of San Francisco to SOPA. After discussion, it was decided Gary Breschini had sent a title for a series that the executive board should let SAA, SOPA, and to the boa.rd for approval, He was asking for a the Advisory Council know the attitudes regarding series on Method and Theory in California, and a a statement of concern from SCA. It was noted companion series on Cultural Resource Management. that Garland Gordon will send copies of all infor­ As discussion continued, the consensus was that we ma tion. M/s/p: That Joe Winter write an executive should have one series, not two, and that it should boa.rd letter to EPA (with copies to all concerned) be Occasional Papers. A subcommittee was formed which is a statement of extreme concern and request to stay after the executive board meeting and con­ peer review situation for the City of San Francisco sider the problem of how to irxvestiga.te what a regarding the sewer project. The situation at paper says and to examine Paul Chace 1s paper on Cooper-Molera Adobe in Monterey and the necessity Escondido. The subcommittee consists of Joe Winter, to gather data in order to a.id the state with the Paul Chace, Jane Gothold, Clyde Kuhn. and Dave problem were also discussed. Fredrickson.

The Research and Development Committee was 5. Butte Case No, 2 (Mud Creek Canyon) represented by its chairman, Clyde Kuhn. He has followed up the letters of interest sent to Joe Keith Johnson is/was having a problem with the Wnnter regarding R & D. Clyde reported that he lawYers in the cUrTent Butte county case. In some would like the whole geothermal research area of the final papers seen, the SCA WOllld under an examined. Dave Fredrickson said that he would like easement deed by the authority to supervise any work to work with Clyde on that issue. It was pointed • done on the area within the easement. Paul Chace out that in some cases, areas of geothermal explora­ sent aut a letter; a. copy ot' Easement Deed was tion are <:>n private property which is surrounded passed around, M/s/p That the adopted policy of by the u.s.F.s. easement deed be used where practical within the State of California.. 2. Clearinghouse Meeting Report 6, State Historic Preservation Office There was good representation for the meeting at Fresno. The meeting was of a general nature The SHPO conference which was to be held some­ which included the delineation of roles, accounta~ time this fall has been delayed by the replacement bility of the clearinghouses, problems and possible of Mr. Rhodes by Russell Cahill, There is a new • solutions. The concept of the clearinghouse was need to go to Sacramento. Background research needs 12 to be done on the state problems involved. One NEW BUSINESS: major problem is that communications out of the State--i.e., SHPO, is not the best. SCA wants to 1. Standards of Historic Site Archaeology cooperate with SHPO but does not want it to be a The issue of historic archaeology, recording of sites, what to look for, etc. was discussed. Some • ~~e-:::H::::e:~pus Archaeology of the issues involved resulted in the suggestion that the Historic Archaeology committee write a Joe Winter may send out the letters to the series of Newsletter columns on hints as well as Chancellors' offices with copies to the Presidents "Do's" and "Don'ts"~ of all UC, CSU, and CSC campuses. 2. IRS. l'orm 8. Data-Sharing Meetings Jane Gothold reported that she had receivedaa Southern 'Data-Sharing Meetings will be Oct. 15th letter from the IRS concerning form 5768. This is at Pierce College. Bob Pence is making the local a new form about the lobbying law for tax-exempt arrangements and Mike Glassow will have a mailing organizations and gives the limit on expenses that out soon soliciting the papers. A further mailing can be used. After discussion and interpretation, will go out with the agenda. the board decided that SCA would not have to file the new form since we do not fall into the category Northern Data Sharing will be at CSC, Sonoma, of using more than 20";6 of our budget for lobbying on Oct.. 22p_d, and Dave Fredrickson is making the expenses. arrangements. There will be a session on Cultural Resource Management, one on Research, and a shorter 3. Social Security Withholding one on Native Americans. Jane also pointed out that now that we are paying 9. Treasurer's Report money for the Business Office to operate, forms are required quarterly along with social security pay­ Jane Gothold gave a treasurer's report and ments noted as withheld and our portion enclosed. L---- a...~..n~.i..~cad that the 1976 Ar~"Tu.o.l Meeting expenses .1.Ld.Yt' After much discussion on the pros and cons~ it was been cleared away. She also requested that Nancy decided that the work must be done. Walter send her copies ofthe expenses and checks written for the 1977 meeting on the joint account. Respectfully submitted,

NANCY PETERSON WALTER 9/15/77

REX;IONAL EDITORS: San Diego: Ron May, 6044 Estelle St., San Diego,92115 • Los Angeles: Nal""Y P. Walter, ·:.'· .+8 Sunr·urst, The Society for California Archaeology, Inc. is a Northridge, CA 91325 non-profit scientific and educational organization Desert: Russell L. Kaldenberg, 831 Barstow Rd., Barstow, dedicated to promoting the interests of California ---cA92311. archaeology. All statements in the Newsletter, San Joaguin Valley: Robert A. Schiffman, Depa:tment published five or six times a year, do not necessarily of Anthropology, Bakersfield College, Bakersfield, CA 93305. reflect the opinion of the SCA unless said statements s. Central Coast: Robert L. Hoover, Soc.Sci.Department, are signed by the Society's President and Executive Calif.Polytechnic State U.,San Luis Obispo, Ca 93407 Committee. All other statements are the opinions of ASSOCIATE EDITORS: the Editorial Staff or of the person(s) and/or Avocational: --itobert Anderson, 2178 Foxworthy organizations whose name appears below each statement. Avenue. San Jose, CA 95124 Geology: David Weide, Dept. of Geology, University SCA OFFICERS of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89109 Historic Archaeology: Paul J.F. Schumacher, 200 President: Joseph c. Winter, Six Rivers National Pinehill Road, Hillsborough, CA 94010 Forest, 710 E. Street, Eureka, CA 95501 BUSINESS OFFICE Vice President. Southern California: Michael Glassow, UC-Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Business Office Mana.i

~: Marcia Wire, Dept. of Anthronology, San Jose Schenk Archives, Treganza Museum, San Francisco State University, San Jose, CA 95192 State University, San Francisco, CA 94132. • 13 The fact is• existing CRM programs a.re highly vulnerable to change. One reason for this vulnera­ bility lies in the partisan nature of A!Derican Politic1 & politics. New presidents, especially those who • replace incumbents of the opposing party. are obli gated by circumstances to rein.force the image of change through a change in the two thousand or so politically appointed executives in the Federal Arcfloeolo9y bureaucracy. With the Carter administration, however• this shift in leadership is likely to be more extreme than it has been in marry decades in light of the fact that the Democratic party returns AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL 01.lYSSE'( III: UNCERTAINTY to Executive control after two te:rms of deeply SURROUNDS FEDERAL CRM SYSTD'I discredited Republican administration and in light of the fact that the Carter appointees will not, Interior Task Force Takes a Critical Look for the most part, be career Washington bureaucrats at Federal Cultural Resouxc6. Ma.nagement but parochials from Georgia or elsewhere in the national hinterland. Carter and his immediate ad­ "Existing federal programs dealing with our visors, it should be remembered• are Washington natural and historic heritage ••• have proliferated outsiders harboring a good deal of distrust of the in a way that serves neither efficiency nor effect­ bi-partisan Federal establishment in Washington. iveness, a.nd they have sometimes impeded the ·preservationist efforts of states and private In fact, almost immediately after entering citizens," said President Carter in his Environ­ office, Carter went to work reshaping the Executive mental Message to Congress on May 23:rd. In the Branch in fulfillment of election promises and in same message Carter announced "a thoroU€}:1 re­ fulfillment of the reformer image which ca.cried him e:x:amina tion of existing federal programs dealing to the White House. with our natural and historic heritage." "I believe,"Carter continued, "we should establish Department of Energy a comprehensive federal program, to be known as the National Heritage Trust, to identify, acquire On August 2nd• Congress gave final approval to and protect these resources; to provide for legislation requested by Carter to consolidate the rapid acquisition of the moat significant and Federal gove:rmnent•s scattered energy functions endangered areas and e:xamples of natural ecosystems; into a Cabinet-level Department of Energy in one of to protect areas already within federal juris­ the largest acts of reorganization in A!Derican diction; and to coordinate federal programs within governmental history. The new department absorbed states and private citizens more effectively. I the Energy Research & Development Administration have directed the Secretary of the Interior to (ERDA), the Federal Energy Administration, the develop a National Heritage Tru.st proposal within Federal Power Commission (FPC) and the energy 120 days." functions of other cabinet departments, including the Interior Department. In submitting the legis-. While it hasn't yet received the national lation, however. Carter said specifically that the attention_initiated by the President's gove:rmnent environmental regulations relating to energy "should reorganization plan for energy, Carter has clearly not be the business of the new department." Many taken the first steps toward restructuring the of the old agencies now incorporated in the Energy Federal legal and institutional system archaeolo- - Department, such as ERDA and the FPC, have demon­ gists and heritage preservationists have beceome strated a serious insensitivity to cultural resource familiar with over the past decade. In spite of conservation in the pa.st and have poor records of the importance any changes in the prevailing compliance with existing CRM and other environmental Cultural Resou:rce Mal:ia,gement (or CllM) system and regulations, a fact which portends many problems the functions of the Federal establishment thereof for the archaeological community in its future would have upon the archaeological community, dealings with the new agency. however, su:i:pdsingly little news on the Interior Department's reassessment of existing programs Along with adding a new agency to the Executive has leaked out. · B~h, Carter has also devoted considerable effort to reorganizing one of the most important CRM According to the Los A.ngeles Times (August 24, agencies, the Department of Interior. 1977). the 100--member Interior Department task force charged with developing the proposal and Reorganization at Interior conducting the ree=ina.tion called for· in May will report to Carter on September 20th. Proposals Carter began reorganization of the Interior and recommendations under study_for ttpreserving Department with the appointment of Ida.ho Governor national cultural and natural resou=es", the Times Cecil n. Andrus, a widely recognized environmental­ noted, include tax breaks for lMdowners leav~ ist a.nd another Washington outsider, as Secretary. land in its natural condition, tax incentives for After taking office, Adrus promised to break up persons practicing and teaching folk crafts, tax little fiefdoms within the department and change breaks for landowners openiilg private fields to its traditional orientation favoring development hikers, and the Federal purchase of scen:1c ease­ of resources. Andrus has also stressed that ments a.long rive"CS. The l!!!!!m. did not note, · Interior would retain veto power over any resource however, task force progress on its reassessment of development by the Department of Energy that might the Federal CRM program or recommendations on the have an adverse environmental impact. In March, restructuring of the prevailing CRM establishment. Andrus announced that Interior had "begun to ma.k& sweeping institutional and policy changes to end While the details of change may be for the what I see as the combination of the department by present somewhat clouded, the wording of Carter's mining, oil and other special interests" ~ statement and his recent efforts to remodel the .Angeles Times, May 27, 1977). Federal Government's Executive Branch make the chances of widespread and comprehensive change in The precise reforms begun by Andrus as yet the Federal CHM system a near certainty. have not been spelled out. At various times, 14 • however, it has been ~gested that non­ The Prospects for Change departmental Executive Branch offices and independent agencies be placed under Andrus' Added to the CllM changes which have been ma.de jurisdiction at the Interior Department, the in the course of Carter's reorganization or the ErrVironmental Protection Agency and the President's Interior Department and creation of the Energy Council on Environmental Quality (cEQ.) included. Department is the Secretary of Resources• replace­ 'Fhe CEQ. is mandated by the National Environmental ment of Herbert Rhodes as California's SHPO, and Folicy Act of 1969 to provide candid advice and the possibility that the Advisory Council's Denver ~riticism of Federal activities with respect to field office will be closed, thereby seriously • environmental matters, and as a watchdog agency, diminishing that organization's capacity to monitor it is one of three offices devoted specifically complia.ru:e with procedures set up under the to ensuring compliance with existing CllM and .National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and ~nvironmental statutes and policies. Its success Executive Order 11593 issued by Nixon in 1971 for in increasing the awareness of the Federal estab­ ~.1e "Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural _._ishment to environmental, archaeological and Environment." Uncertainty surround~ the future heritage concerns in general can be largely of the Advisory Council should hardly be surprising, attributed to the autonomy of CEQ as an enforce­ however, inasmuch as its "Procedures for the ment agency. Protection of Historic and Cultu.ra.l Properties," like CEQ•s "Guidelines for the Preparation of In mid-July Carter sent to Congress a plan to Environmental Impact Statements," in part implement reorganize the Executive Office of the President those ve:ry Federal pro~ dealing with nation.al (of which CEQ is a part) while at the same time cultural and natural heritage that Carter ha.a rejectin« a staff recommendation to shift CEQ. to criticized as havill€ proliferated in a way that is the Interior Department because of "its high neither efficient or effective. In fact, the degree of sy:mbolism." "Reports of the recommen­ :f'unctions of the Advisory Council and its pro­ dation that the council be shifted to the Interior cedures are likely to receive the same kind of Department triggered an intensive lobbying cam­ critical attention the Interior task force devotes paign by congressmen and environmentalists a.~d to the CEQ and its guidelines. the decision to keep it within the White House was hailed by Senator Gaylord Nelson as 1 a major There can be no question but that the Carter victory for common sense. " Nelson's office was Presidency may well alter the course, perhaps informed at the same time, however, that CEQ•s even the objectives of historic preservation a.nd status would be examined again in a study of the heritage conservation in the United States. It reorganization of the environmental and natural is already obvious that some of the organizational, resources f'unctions of the Federal government institutional, and policy changes made in the (Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1977)-obviously one Executive Branch will benefit the archaeological of the reassessments now being ma.de by the Interior community while others will result in new major task force. problems from the outset.

Andrus has also taken steps to rearrange and On the other hand, there is no question but change the personnel of the department. Al~'lou.gh that the present crisis does help place the past Andrus can make only about 100 direct e~ecutive decade of Federal action in the field of heritage preservation and archaeological conservation in a appointments to the various branches of Interior, somewhat clearer perspective •••• transfers and changes in the Civil Service middle management were expected just as soon as the The fact that there already is an existing CHM Washington office was consolidated (san Fra.ncisco establishment will certainly limit the amount of • Sunday Examiner & Chronicle, May 1 , 1977). Such change Carter can impose upon the prevailill€ changes hit the heart of the CllM system, the system. The expertise and resources of existing National Park Service (NPS), in late May when Gary institutions will for the most part have to be Everlia.rdt and William Briggle were sumna.rily dis­ salvaged and reused for no other reason than missed as director and depttl;y director of the NPS. organizational economy. It's simply too difficult "The two lo!l8'-time career men were summoned one to build new systems from scratch in modern afternoon and told to clean out their offices and society without ertensively utilizing existing be gone by the close of business the following day. infrastructures. So whatever changes in procedure It was an action reminiscent of the Nixon era. As and direction are brought about by Carter, there their replacements, Andrus chose two men from the is also certain to be some degree of continuity in ranks of the park service ••• both with good records, personnel and organization and especially through­ but almost entirely in urban parks, without back­ out the middle and lower levels of the bureau­ qround or expertise in the great natural areas" cratic establishment. (foa Angeles Times, September 4, 1977). Throughout the period of tillle the Federal CHM Under the prevailill€ CllM system the NPS, like system is under scrutin;r by the Car'!;er administra­ the CEQ., is delegated with important cultu.ra.l tion, and throughout the time of transition any resource and heritage conservation responsibilities subsequent reorganization may initiate, there is such as maintaining the National Register of certain to be a good deal of confusion and in­ Historic Places and advising Federal agencies, in decision at all levels of the Federal bureaucracy c~njunction with the State Historic Preservation with respect to archaeological and historic preser­ Officer (SHPO) and the Advisorr Council on Historic vation issues. For the time being, CRM decisions Preservation (Advi11o:cy Council), as to the eligibi­ are goill€ to be made independently of the ongoing lity of potential nominees to the Register. It is procedures of eristill€ institutions by individuals virtually certain that these :f'unctions are also with an understanding of cultural heritage issues being caref'nlly scrutillized by the Interior task which differs significantly from that which has fo=e set up by And.J:Us. prevailed over the past last decade. So long as key decisions are ma.de about existing institutions by outsiders, the kingpin opportunists most closely identified with masterminding prevailing CRM estab­ lishments are, for the time bein« at least, likely to be as far away from the Washington scene as possible •••• • 15 SAN DIE&O OFFERS M.A. IN HISTORY, There can ·~"," '· "ever, that the EMPHASIZING HISTORIC PRESERVATION CRM system growing out oi tf,., -:" -ter Administration will be adaptable to the needs of the archaeologi­ The University of San Diego has begun in Fall. cal and historic preservation communities, just as 1977 a program offering the Master of Arts degree there is no real doubt that whatever changes are in History, with special emphasis in the field of made will accommodate a goodly portion of the Histor~c Preservation. Env~sioned as la:r~ely a existing CRM establishment. Archaeologists who do part-tme program with everung, weekend and participate in shaping new directions for Carter's summer courses, the program is intended to provide cultural heritage program should not be astonished, an interdisciplinary background for individuals however, when their efforts end up contributing who may be employed by governmental agencies, first and foremost to the new Federal establishment envirol1'llental organizations, business, etc. to and to science and conservation only when it suits pull together data frr +h., preserv3.tion and the purposes and desires of the bureaucrats. restoratic" of hunrli~s or whole areas. The pr.igram requiri;ments incluie 24 uni ts of CLYDE E. Klfd:N coursework, a foreign language examination, and a thesis in the field of historic preservation or a video film or motion picture film in sound on a historic preservation project,

For further details, write to the Director of Graduate Certification Programs Room 108, Founders Hall University of San Diego Alcala Park Attn: Dr. P.a; Brandes San Diego, CA 921 1 0

EDITOFIAL l PUT STRONG TEJm'E IN P..NTI Q.lJITIES ACT

Keith Dixon has passed on a copy of an editorial The following list identifies those archaeolo­ from the Los .Angeles Herald-Examiner for AU

":But think if all the bits and pieces of a=ow Regional Office, U.S. Forest Service1 630 Sansome • heads and broken pottery were allowed to remain in Street, San Francisco, CA 94111 \415-556-4175) the pockets of boys or on the shelves of collectors, Donald Miller, Regional Archaeologist what a loss it would be to present and future genera­ s. James D. Johnston, Regional Research tions of museum-goers a.nd historians. Archaeologist "'lliil:lk of the ha.voe if just everyone were allowed Klamath National Forest, 1215 South Ma.in, Yreka, to go plowi.Dg up Elysian Park in seach of the lost CA 96097 (916-842-2741) gold which legend says was buried there long before James Rock, Forest Archaeologist the tu;rn of the century. We vouldn't have a park, James McDonald, Assistant Forest Archaeologist we'd have a sandpile. Los Padres N. F., 42 Aero Camino, Goleta, CA 93017 "llack in 1906 an Antiquities Act was passed to Stephen Horne, Forest Archaeolog1st(805-968-1578) protect national forests and national parks and th their ruins and monuments from wanton destruction Mendocino N.F., 420 E. Laurel St., Willows, CA 95988 by souvenir hunters. Similar legislation protects Micha.el Boynton, Forest Archa.eologst(916-934-3316) city a.nd 001lllt'.f parka a..".ld monuments. Modoc N.F., 441 N, Main St., Alturas, cA 96101 "However, in a case prosecuted by Robert Collins (Recruiting) Forest Archaeologist (916-233-3521) of the u.s. Attorney General's office, Peter Gallagher, a part-time judge sitting in for u.s. Plumas N.F., 159 Lawrence St., Quincy, CA 95971 Magistrate Robert McC07 of Albuquerque, said the Charles James, Forest Archaeologist(916-283-2050) Antiquities Act was unconstitutional on the grounds of vagueness. Shasta-Trinity N.F., 1615 Continental St., Redding, CA 96001 (916-275-1587) "The case involved, the trial of Scott Merritt Winfield Henn, Forest Archaeologist Camazine, a 25-yea.r-old Ra.rvard medical student Denise MoLemore, Assistant Forest Archaeologist charged with excavating pottery pieces at a 900- yea:r-old Zuni Plieblo re.in, is less important than Six Rivers N.F., 710 "E" St., Eureka, CA 95501 the f"8'L"-Tea.Chi:ng ove:rtu:rn of the 71--:year-old act. Joseph Winter, Forest Archaeologist(707-442-1721) "If the Antiquities Act has indeed not borne Stanislaus N.F., 175 s. Fairview Lane, Sonora, 95370 its age well and is too ambiguous for current law Sierra. N.F. also (209-532-3671) books, then let us put new teeth into it. Far Wallace Woolfenden, Forest Archaeologist better to re-legislate protective legislation than to let the forethought of a wise generation be Ta.hoe N.F., Hwy 49 & Coyote St., Nevada City, 95959 trampled over by thoughtless s01IVenir hunters who could not ca.re less for the next generation." Susan Lindstrom, Cul tu:ra.l Resource Specialist • (916-265-4531 LOS A.l!IGELES HERALD-AMERICAN 8/28/77 DONALD s. MILLER 8/1/77 16 ?Uil@ ®~al~@ China Camp Surve;y Clinton Bloun~ r.eaded a team from the Cultural Heritage Section which has surveyed cultural resources of the recently acquired China ~@\W@ property, located on the western shore of Pablo • Bay directly northeast of San Rafael. Numerous previously recorded sites, as well as two new ones, were located and mapped. The area was included in STATE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS A.ND Rn;REA.TION the original :Bay Area survey of shell mounds,com­ pleted by N.C. Nelson in 1907. The location of the FRANCIS A, RIDDELL mounds at China Camp has become confused since that time, and a significant accomplishment of the survey Malcolm ',{atki~1s Studie~: ~tat.: r.. rt.tfTials has been the clarification of the site records.

Malcolm Watkins, Senior Curator in History at The China Camp shell middens are an important the Smithsonian Institution, continued his research resource, given the continuing destruction of in Sacramento in August, collecting data' for a similar mounds· in the ]lay Area in the course of general study of the Spanish American period in urban development, The deposits range from small, California, as well as for a presentation at the thin shell layers to large mounds, with depths of planned fall seminar on three-dimensional culture 20 to 25 feet. Regrettably, all the middens have in California. been damaged by pothunters or off-road vehicles, although many of the mounds retain their basic form. Mr. Watkins is colla.;boratine with Norman Wilson of the Interpretive Serifices Section on a study of The remains of two large Chinese shrimp fishing "ne mater1a1 culture of California's Spanish American camps were also located and recorded. The camps, period, particularly 1800-1849 imports to California according to documentary evidence, probably date from the east coast. All categories of artifacts from the mid- to late 1860's and reached peak use are being studied. Documentary research includes around 1890-1900. Some structures from one camp the location and examination of records such as are still standing, although in a greatly modified bills of lading and shipping schedules. form. The second camp has no standing remains, but numerous foundations and pilings were located Mr. Watkins consulted records of the Interpretive there. In addition, the adjacent coves were Services Section and material in the State Library, examined at extreme low tide, and considerable and studied ceramics in the collections of the quantities of glass, ceramic and metal debris from Department's Archeology Laboratory, particularly the former camps were noted. The most striking ceramic material from William Wallace's 1974 excava­ discovery was that of three boats almost totally tion of the Cooper Molera Adobe in Monterey. Mr. submerged in the tidal mud of the coves. Glenn 1atkins discussed the importance or historic Burch, State Park Historian, examined the remains rcheology with Fr-ancis Riddell and staff members, and tentatively identified them as the lower por­ • and answered specific questions on ceramics. The tions of sampans. The vessels each measure 42 feet, staff looks forward to his return in October for with an 8-foot beam, and are only the seoond known f'urther research, examples of fishing craft built by Chinese in California. Lorna McKenzie-Pollock Moves Further research is planned. Careful examina­ Lorna McKenzie-Pollock, of the Cultural Heritage tion of the remains of the shrimp camps is expected Section's archaeological staff and the original to reveal much about the development of the Chinese coordinator of the Archeological Sites Survey, fi sr. 1 n;c _ '1,bstry in California, as well as the moved in August to Massachusetts, where her husband, ·'.'B"·"''", r.. ;ct<'.iry of the immigrant population, Allen,will be teaching biochemistry. Their address is 121 Southworth, Williamstown, Mass. 01267.

Achomawi State Park Achomawi Lava Springs State Park, the former Horr Ranch, is a new unit of the park system in Shasta County. It consists of 5890 acres, directly Lake Oroville ::,z:tt-< Rei:-reation Area north of Little TUle River, Tule River, and Big Lake, near the town of Fall River Mills. Archeological investigations under the direction .Tohn Foster is directing a cultural resources of Michael Sampson were conducted at Lime Saddle Memorial Park in July and August, with the major inventory of the park. Twenty-seven sites have been objective of determining the depth and complexity identified so far, including small camps, bedrock of the aborip:inal _,,uHu~l deposit at BUt:392. The mortars, large villages, fish traps and a spectacular principal fea tu rP of t •:e site is an extensive lime­ cupule petroglyph stone. The stone is unusual in stone outcror rnntain.ing 72 mortar holes. Near that many of the cupules contain drilled holes at BUt: 392 is e · ·"~ c~y twentieth century limekiln. the center. At least two ancient trails cross the Both the bedrock mortars and the limekiln were lava beds between Big Lake and Little Hot Springs described and recorded. Valley. It became apparent after subsur1ace testing at The later history of the area is ref'lected in BUt:392 that the cultural deposit has been completely sites relating to ranching and muskrat trapping. bulldozed away. The site lies in the zone which had A resource management plan will be prepared for the been designated for vegetation clearing in prepara­ unit. Ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and archaeologi- tion ror the Oroville Dam. The report on the al resea=h will be pursued in order to detail as investigat~on will be on file with the Department fully as possible the Achomawi lifeways around Big of P~rks and Recreation. Lake, • 17 MISSION DOLORES OUTPOST INVESTIGATION

During the contL.--•Reservoir, which has a normal pool elevation of San Mateo County has authorized $20,000, to be 4b6 feet above sea level, is still dropping. The matched by the State, to explore outliers of Missjon. u.s. Bureau of Reclamation predicts a low of 375 Dolores Outpost, which supplied grains and other feet by October 1. A followup study of effects of materials to Mission Dolores about 15 miles away. inundation on the Pedersen Site (CA:ELD:201), exposed Mary Ann Daniels, Department of Resources, San when the water level dropped last year, is in Mateo County, was scheduled to begin work August 1, progress. John Foster and Jeffery Bingham are It was hoped that reconstruction of walls would also studying the cultural materials on a downslope be possible if enough funds were available. transect to detennine post-depositional slumping and hydrological sorting. Five 1-meter square test units will be excavated, primarily in the RANCl!ERIA DEL BUCHON ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISTRICT house floor remains, to record any hydrological impacts not visible from the surf~e. Soil samples The Rancheria del :Buchan, a 165-acre property taken from the midden surface, subsurface levels, near the community of Edna in San Luis Obispo County, and outside the area of cultural deposit will serve has been approved by the State Advisory Boa.rd and as future comparative samples of the midden consti­ the State Historic Preservation Officer for inclusion tuents. The sandy beach slopes flanking the site in the National Register of Historic Places. area will be excavated to provide a profile through El lluchon was the regional northern Chumash chief of the sand deposit and an opportUnity to obserV"e airy this area in 1769 at the time o"f the Portola. seasonal varves which may be present. All Expedition. Portola proceeded northward along the pertinent physical and hydrological data on Folsom coast to the present town of Pismo Beach and btrned Reservoir will be collected, for a better under­ inland, following the route of Price Canyon, The standing of the interrelated variables of freshwater expedition had nearly exhausted their food supply. inundation which produced the kind of alterations They were greeted hospitably by Chief Buchan, who in evidence at CA:ELD:201. fed them and sho#ered them with gifts.

Slides Prepared from Watercolors of Material Culture The association of the site with a definite historical event, its political importance, and its A year-long project of photographing and docu­ relatively undisturbed state make the site an menting illustrations in the Index of American Design important resource for preservation. The nearly in the National Gallery, Washington, has just been complete gamut of aboriginal activity--dwellings, completed, under the auspices of the Interpretive industrial waste, hearths, private and community Services Section. Researchers have prepared 1200 wealth storage areas, and mortuary complex--are color slides of the original watercolors, represented at the site. Such a site can provide commissioned as a W.P.A. project in the 1930 1 s, information on social stratification ana organization, and have copied the information accompanying each social uses of space, trade, etc. The district also picture. Pictures chosen for reproduction in this contains a stone wall, part of the Mexican Corral series all represent California material culture, de Piedra,land grant, for cultural continuity. and include objects as diverse as Indian basketry, Spanish weapons, and Victorian toys. The project, ROBERT L. HOOVER 9/24/. with a grant administered by the California State Parks Foundation, was funded by the Oakland Museum, CAL POLY, SAN LUIS OBISPO, ACTIVITIES the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and the San Francisco Foundation. Sets of slides Test excavations of SL0-199, a food processing and accompanying information will be deposited site in the Oceana dunes, have been completed under with these institutions, with the originals permit from the Department of Parks and Recreation. remaining in the Interpretive Services Section. Field work terminated on June ,o, and report prepara­ tion is in progress. Other sets will be ma.de available; they should be of particular value to institutions such as art Excavations at the ruins of the Swinnerton Adobe or science libraries. The cost of the series is in the city of San Luis Obispo were completed by Cal expected to be $200 to 1250. All those interested Poly1 s archaeology class in Spring Quarter. The in obtaining the siides and documentation should adobe, built behind the mission for grain and wool contact Norma."l Wilson, Superrisor, Interpretive storage, was converted into a residence during the Services Section. Hopefully, further funding will Mexican Period. It later received a mud sill and make possible continua.nee of the research. plank floor, porch, and additional" rooms. The house was inhabited until 1958.

The second season of excavation at Mission San Antonio de Padua in southern Monterey County was completed in early summer. The front yards of the Indian dormitory rooms excavated last year were ex examined. Artifacts were catalogued in a computer retrieval system. A ladrillo (floor tile) floor in one of the donui tory rooms was removed and reassem-­ bled in articulo in the mission museum. The T«port on the first two seasons' work is being prepared for publication next spring. Plans are under way for the excavation of the soldiers' barracks next year to acquire comparative material relating to accul tuxa.tion.

(Ed. Note: See Historical Archaeology column for further information on the summer 1977 field work).

ROBERT L, HOOVER 9/24/77 • 18 • HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY

PAUL J .F. SCHUMACHER

HISTORIC ARCHAIDLOGY CERTIFICATE PROGRAM NOW OFFERED BY UNIVERSITY OF SAN DI:E&O express. I have rejected my original hypothesis Beginning in the Fall 1977 session, the that Chorpen:ning built Sand Springs station, because trniversity of San Diego will be offering a of its architectural similarity to the second ce:rrtificate program for Historic Site Archaeology building stage at Cold Springs station. The floor Technician. The progTalll will prepare a person to plans of both buildi~ are similar. After final set up, or assist, in an arc!iaeolop:ical excavation. construction, both are about 55 feet wide and some­ and to prepare an impact report on-a single build-· what over 100 feet long, with dry set stone walls ing or an entire district. The eighteen unit 6-7 feet high and 2-3 feet thick. There is a living curriculum covers such areas as field methods, room with a fireplace and plastered walls, a stable, laboratory work, research and writing, and an c()rr1l, and a1, open room for blacksmithing, hay internship with a local agency. All courses are stora ''°'• hors<"shoeing, and other ;idscellaneous offered on a pass/fail basis. Besides the class work, the applicant will also have to do an original activities, including refuse di,,posal. In addition, pa.per on an independent project, and pass an oral Sand Springs had a foyer connecting the living rooms, examination given by three members of the faculty. stable, and general purpose room. Although neither Anyone interested in this program should write to station had a roof at the time of Sir Richard the following address: Buxton's visit in October 1860, I a:m reasonably cer­ tain that both did at a later time. Supporting that Director of Graduate Certificate Programs hypothesis at Sand Springs is the presence of two Room 108, Founders Hall pine floor joists under a partition wall in the main University of San Diego living area, implying a wooden floor. It is unlike­ Alcala Park ly that this part of the station had a floor a.nd no San Diego, CA 92110 roof. Unfortunately, the traditional western prac­ t~ce of scavenging lum.Qer from abandoned buildings • gives yet another systematic bias to the archaeo­ RICHARD J. COYER 8/77 University of San Diego logical record. Refuse patterns at the two stations are nearly identical. Living areas are swept clean having deposits with few artifacts or other re~se. Cold Springs and Sand Springs Popy Express Stations Buttons, bullets, percussion caps, and small f:ra.g-­ ments of butchered bone make up most of the assein­ During the suminer of 1976, the University of blages in these rooms. By contrast, heavy concen­ Nevada, Reno, e:xcavated two express stations in trations of burned and butchered bone, bottles, centra.J. Nevada under contract with the Bureau of metal refuse, and other large items a.re found just Land Management. The projects were directed by outside the doorways or windows, obvious clues to Donald L. Hardesty. Preliminary results have already where the garbage from living areas was being been reported in the SCA Newsletter (Vol. 10, No. 4, dumped. The result of all this is a refuse "zone" September 1976, PP• 17-18). Both have now been around the periphery of the station, densest around completed and final reports are filed with the doorways and wind.owe and dispersed elsewhere in Bureau of Land Management, Carson District, Carson thin sheets. At Sand Springs an additional dumping City, Nevada. A monograph reporting the results of zone was in the foyer, closest to the living rooms. both projects is being prepared for publication. Ma=e from the stable was a1so dumped just outside the walls and at Sand Springs was piled nearly to Architecturally, the two stations, about 40 the top of the northern wall of the station. In miles apart, a.re nearly identical and are consider­ addition, the corral at Sand Springs, but not at ably larger than pony express stations in eastern Cold Springs, had a heavy concentration of'Uiiburned Nevada and Utah; however, both have been rebuilt lower leg, allkle, and foot bones from large and and the original size is comparable to other medium size animals, including at least three stations along the pony express route. The original different cattle. These data suggest that the building at Cold Springs is not a "fortified" corral was used for butchering with meat-poor structure and may have been constructed by George parts simply being left there. Chorpenning, the operator of the "jackass mail" during the 1850 1 s, in late 1859 or early 1860. A The archaeological record of the tvo stations fortified addition to Cold Springs, complete with gave significant information about dietary patterns. gunports, is identical to the original building at Faun.al remains (;73 from Cold Springs and ;H71 from Sand Springs. Both were probably constructed by Sand Springs) indicated that the meat diet was pre­ Bolivar Roberts, western superintendent for Russell, dominantl~ dom~stic stock, including cow (Bos taurus), • Majors, and Waddell, the company that ran the poey sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra hircus), and pig 19 (Sus scrofa). The approximate proportion of each in CALIFORNIA the diet is suggested by the minimum rrumber of indi­ viduals identified at Sand Springs: 6 cows, 3 goats, Fort Ross State Historic Park 2 sheep/~ats (caprine but cannot be further differ­ entiated), and 2 pigs. Wild animals were also eaten The third in a series of five planned summer but, surprisingly, not in large quantities. The field schools in historic archaeology was carried stations were truly company operations. Leporids, out this June at Fort Ross Historical Park, on including both jackrabbits Le s californicus and the Sonoma Coast of California, approximately 100 cottontails (s lvila s nattalli , were the most miles north of San Francisco. Directed by Rob popular, with deer Odocoileus hemionus occurring • &l.wards, Cabrillo College, excavation has been at Cold Springs, amd fish probably a perch from carried on with field directors Micki Farley (1975 nearby Carson Lake) occu=inp: at Sand Springs. Two and 1976) and Jean Stafford (1976), and Deborah jackrabbit ti.bias vi th cut marks from Cold Springs Wolfe, of San Francisco State University (1977). were the only definite indications of the consump­ tion of wild animals; the others were merely impli­ Fort Ross was established in 1812 as the most cated by association. No plant remains were southerly center for the Imperial Russian recovered from Cold Springs, but peach pits (Prunus American Company's sea otter trade, and later as persica), shells from pinyon pine nuts (Pinus--~-­ an agricultural base for Sitka. The fort served monophylla), and beans (Phaseolus vulgarW-in as a reminder of Russia's interest in Western Slllall quantities, were recovered at Sand Springs. North America, and brought political response from the United States as well as mission Artifact ratios, artifact diversity indices, and expansion from the Spanish and Mexican govern­ soil chemistry were used to classify "activity ments. Restoration programs, which salvaged areas" in and around the stations. For example, a some of the damaged structures to restore high bottle ratio (bottles to other artifacts) and others, began in 1916. Archaeological investi­ a high diversity ind.ex {almost all artifact classes gations were begun in 1952 and have continued represented) were used as criteria for the class through recent excavations by the State, to th'e "refillle zone": a high ratio of "livery" artifacts beginning of the Cabrillo College program which ~ •• horseshoes, harness buckles) and a soil is under peI'iilit fLom, but net fu..~ded byj the chemistry of high total phosphorus and orthophos­ State of California. phates/high exchangeable magnesium, calcium, and potassium/low pH values were used as criteria for The Cabrillo excavations have been focussed the class "stable"; and high button, adornment, on an area inside the west stockade wall which and button ratios, along with a soil chemistry was the location of a large warehouse from 1812{?) marked by low total phosphorus and orthophosphates/ to 1922. Our goals were to gather data concerning low exchangeable magnesium, calcium, and potassium/ which of two construction hypotheses has the most high pH values were used as criteria for the class validity; to test for special activity loci within "living zone." The ensuing classes are in agree­ the warehouse and define differential uses of ment with documentary sou=es describing 19th technological developments, by which we might century express stations in the West. trace historical trade patterns, and have a check on historical records and informants' memories. :Both stations were change, relay, or swing The field school also had the goals of training • stations during the pony express period; however, students in the scientific method, archaeological both were later used by the Overland Mail Company techniques, and giving them an understanding of the from fall 1861 until the route was changed in potential of anthropological theory in historical 1863. At this time Cold Springs station was archaeology. A total of 17 units, equaling 60 abandoned and a new express station built along the square meters, have been recorded and processed in new route. Sand Springs station is more puzzling. detail. A number of architectural features and It may have been abandoned also at this time, and artifact concentrations were isolated and excavated the archaeological record does not contradict such separately from the standard 10 centi.nieter unit an hypothesis; however, the documentary record level record format. Screening was conducted with suggests other possibilities. An 1868 survey on 1/4 inch screens as the standard, and some 1/8 . Fouxmile Flat just west of the station shows a inch screenings done as warranted • telegraph line running directly toward Sand Springs and the remnants of that line are still Architectural features indicate two abutting observable today. The archaeological record ,... structures, a larger, older fur barn with total provides scant evidence for such a use, in the form approximate dimensions of 24 by 80 feet wide and a of three fragments of an early Wade-insert type of smaller structure, 25 by 25 feet wide. The larger vulcanite insulator and several pieces of braided warehouse foundation is based upon large interior copper wire that are obviously part of some kind redwood log sills in rockline trench supports with of electrical device, possibly a telegraph key. massive vertical post construction for the second Documents also indicate that a "Sand Springs story and roof supports. Reinforcement was provided station" existe·i um;il 1912 along the heavily by rock rubble and dressed stone at key locations, travelled Reese Rive Road connecting Washoe Valley, especially along the outer wall sill. The smaller Virginia City, and the Comstock region.with Austin warehouse shares a post and sill construction that and other central Nevada communities. Since the is similar to that of the fort's chapel and may Sand Springs station which we are concerned with indicate a contemporaneous construction date of ca. is about a mile northeast of the Reese River Road, 1823. Evidence of later American Period structures and since 'the archaeological record does not have been identified at the north and south ends support a late 19th century or early 20th century of the warehouse complex, as a water tower post to occupation, it is likely that there were two the southwest, and a 1948 fuel oil line that runs stations, one later than the other. Until the parallel to the west wall of the warehouses. site of the second station can be located and Next season's work will focus on the east excavated, we will not know for sure. {front) and southern {staircase) end of the larger DONALD L. HARD.ESTRY 8/77 fur barn. Details of construction of the southern second story staircase, front doors and additional data on the walls and foundation sills will be explored as well. DEBORAH R. WOLFE B/71 20 • tact with the Spanish culture, and defining the overall living space and patterns of a neophyte family. The first two goals were largely achieved last season. The last was completed this year.

The final arbitrary balks inside three of the rooms excavated last year were removed and their • front yards partially excavated, exposing the outer unfired adobe brick walls, cobble foundations, and San Francisco front doors. These doorways turned out to be all located slightly off-center in the front walls, The City of San Francisco has a long ~ diverse and only one rear entryway was located in one room. heritage. However, in the development of its Each front door.ray had associated fire hearths, wastewater Management Program the City has not either to one side or directly inside them. adequately considered the historic archaeological resources that are present. Without specific Bone fragments of mammal and fish were recovered planning for historic archaeological resources, from the hearths along with shell and wood, some the development of wastewater facilities may well large enough for species identification. These destroy archaeologically recoverable ma.terfals ·which hearths also had traditional Salina.n cooking imple­ would contribute substantially to the culture ments found with them such as pestles and ma.nos. history of San Francisco and the American West. A large metate was found in the front yard of one The City's cultural history is extremely varied, room and a hopper mortar was recovered just inside including its role as a major depot in the Gknives, square nails, cally recovered material remains could contribute spikes, door hinges, a phoenix button, bottle many new insights of this varied culture history, glass, imported ceramic and missionware sherds, and if properly developed with current archaeological later period gun shells. All artifacts were theory and method. computer coded to aid in final analysis, and the written report is projected to be compiled next As just one example, since Gold Rush times the spring. Chinese have undertaken many substantial activities in the City, but their activities are often vaguely Excavation of the brick and tile kiln discovered superficially recorded, sometimes treated with behind the dormitory last year was completed this ious bias, or even simply omitted in much summer. It was located atop a large waster hill • torical documentation. As recently demonstrated composed of ash and misfired adobe bricks, te,ias in the urban redevelopment salvage program in the or roof tile, a.nd ladrillos or floor tile. Wide city of Ventur.I., the archaeology of the Chinese outer buttressing walls were defined, composed of occupation provided a culture history far broader adobe brick for support and insulation. The single and more detailed than was available in the local chamber was lined with alternating bricks and written records. The historic site archaeological ladrillos, vitrified from repeated firings. specialists recovered and regenerated human cultural heritage from the past. It was established that the kiln did not have a permanent roof, but had adobe bricks piled on The San Francisco Wastewater Management Program top to seal it for each firing. Ethnographic authorities have chosen to approach heritage accounts report current-day use of this type of kiln preservation concerns with specialists in histori­ in Mexico. cal research and Indian archaeology. It appears that they have not incorporated into their planning The front half of the firing chamber was emptied an historic sites archaeologist, the very specialist to sterile soil level and it was determined that the who could best help plan for the historic archaeo­ kiln was used as a refuse pile after abandonment for logical resources that are most likely to be tile production. Largely complete skeletal remains encountered in redevelopment of urban San Francisco. of small animals were found, including sheep and dog, Comments on this lack have been made recently by a and a large fragment of Miocene age whale bone. number of independent professional archaeologists. There was a marked absence of aboriginal material As yet this major problem has not been resolved. at the kiln site. Apart from the large amounts of tile waster fragments, the major hispanic artifacts PAUL G. CHACE 8/77 recovered were nearly complete sJ>ecimens of a glass wine bottle and a blue shell-edged plate. Mission San Antonio de Padua The project >ras ~irectea hv nr. Robert L. Excavations contilllled this summer at Mission San Heaver, Acting Department Head for Social Sciences Antonio de Padua, at Jolon, by a field school offered at Cal Poly, Assi,,,tin1' Dr. Hoove: wa2 Jul.ia G. through the California Polytechnic State University Costello, a graduate student at UC Santa :Barbara, extension program in San Luis Obispo. who served as lab director and director of kiln excavations, and W.B. Sawyer of San Luis Obispo, The original research design began last year who acted as field director. The project will be when the first field school excavated four rooms of continuing for several seasons. Prospective a neophyte dormitory built sometime between 1776 and enrollees can contact Dr. Hoover at California 1848. The plan was directed toward gleaning archi- Polytechnic State University • tural information of the Mission period, further­ • knowledge of Salinan Indian acculturation by con- WENDY J. HILL 8/77 21 PROJEX:T nrnECTOR AFFILIATION

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