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Because I'm the Editor, That's Because I’m the Editor, That’s Why ROBERT HUBNER by Tim Steury • Photography by Robert Hubner An Exquisite Scar Unnoticed, even unknown to many, the Channeled Scablands isis thethe latestlatest manifestationmanifestation ofof thethe region’s catastrophic history. But in ! many ways it is not what it used to be. Palouse Falls 38 WASHINGTON STATE MAGAZINE | FALL 2004 WASHINGTON STATE MAGAZINE | FALL 2004 39 N 47° 21’ 36” | W 120° 17’ 10” WENATCHEE HEIGHTS PHOTO BY ZACH MAZUR Cultivated Landscapes Two generalizaons and a caveat: • The editor’s job is to see the obvious. • Beyond that, the editor’s job is to define and assign the story, know it inside out, then allow designer and photographer to create their visions of it. • Consistency is the enemy of beauty. NOW, ON THE BLUFF, while Buck and other elders sing, a couple of younger men pass boxes of bones to another man in a freshly dug grave. N 46° 36' 53.21" W 118° 12' 9.33" | He gently sets the boxes down and covers them with tule mats. He climbs out and various men take shovels and start reburying the ancestors, this time they hope for good. Some of these remains had lain just upriver from here for 10,000 years. But their original graves are now deep under the waters backed by the Lower Monumental Dam. At least, say the elders, now they are back in the ground where they belong. If you climb the rise to the east of the burial site and look down on the Palouse River, you can see a curved hollow of basalt, all that B A C K remains above water of the ancestors’ home. From the floor of the rock shelter, now 40 feet underwater, and the floodplain before it, WSU i n t h e E A R T H archaeologists in the 1960s recovered the remains of at least 45 people, some more than 10,000 years old. After measurement and study, the P u t t i n g a n c e s t o r s t o r e s t , o r remains had been stored, under the authority of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, on the WSU campus. d e s t r o y i n g t h e p a s t ? Across the country, over the last two decades the movement of native remains has reversed, moving since the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Recovery Act (NAGPRA) of 1990 from storage back to the Earth. NAGPRA legislation requires federal agencies and entities that receive federal funding to return human remains and cultural items in their possession to their affiliated people. According to NAGPRA figures, as of last year more than 38,000 human remains had been repatriated. However, it is estimated that another 118,000 are still : : b y T i m S t e u r y : : in museum storage. Although archaeologists now use careful protocols for handling human remains, earlier practice was not so discreet. Convinced that the collection of Indian skeletons could serve science, early archaeolo- gists and other collectors gathered bones from battlefields and old THE MOOD IS DECIDEDLY UPBEAT on this cemeteries and sold them or sent them back east to the Smithsonian Institution. As Franz Boas, the “father” of American anthropology, beautiful June day on a bluff above the confluence of wrote, “It is most unpleasant work to steal bones from a grave, but what is the use, someone has to do it.” the Snake and Palouse rivers. Sixty or so people have The Marmes remains were recovered and stored at WSU under less cavalier circumstances, part of an intense campaign to save them and gathered, a diverse bunch, tribal members from the other remains from inundation. What also sets the Marmes remains apart from most repatriated Nez Perce, Colville, Yakama, Wanapum, the regional remains is their great age. Most repatriated remains are relatively recent. It is not unusual for a modern Indian to have attended the commander and other representatives from the Army reburial of his or her great-grandparents. The extraordinary age of SCOTT SPEAKES/CORBIS the Marmes remains tested the NAGPRA language that requires Corps of Engineers, a number of archaeologists from establishment of “cultural affiliation” for the remains to be reclaimed by tribal representatives. across the Northwest. Earlier this morning, a few of Nevertheless, in 2006, the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, the Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla the Indians had gathered in the basement of College PHOTO OVERLA Indian Reservation, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, and the Wanapum Band joined in submitting a NAGPRA claim Hall, the home of WSU’s anthropology department, for the return of all human remains and funerary objects from the Marmes YS COUR collection. The remains, under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps with Wanapum leader Rex Buck Jr. as he blessed the TESY WSU MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY of Engineers, were stored at WSU. At first, the Corps denied the request for certain remains because they did not fall under the act’s definition remains of their ancestors they were about to rebury. of “Native American.” The tribes disputed the ruling and insisted there was a clear affiliation to the Palus people — and therefore to the claimant tribes, all of whom had clear relations to the Palus, whose main village was long located at the confluence of the Snake and Palouse rivers. 38 39 WSM Spring 2011 wsm.wsu.edu SPRING 2008 v7n2 A Sense of Place i WSM Spring 2008 A Sense of Place In spite of the four-mile hike in to the site, thousands of people The artifacts also reveal a rare glimpse of coastal culture in general. visited. Nearly all coastal native technology before European contact was based Daugherty was adamant that the work be accessible to the public. on wood. As it decays so quickly, a wet preserved site such as Ozette offers He believed that if the public was paying for archaeology, they should be extraordinary insight into that technology. able to visit and participate in the revealing of our collective history. Wood, of course, was also the construction material for the longhouses Greg Colfax, a Makah artist and fisherman who grew up in Neah themselves, built of long cedar planks up to three feet wide. Bay, was a teenager when the dig began. Canoes of all sorts — whale-hunting canoes, seal-hunting canoes — were “I went down there and was looking around,” he says. “They said carved from whole cedar trunks. Canoe accessories, the paddles, bailers, ‘you can come down here. Makahs are welcome.’” storage boxes, were all wood. So Colfax went to Seattle, bought himself a backpack and sleeping Stopping briefly on the trail down to Ozette, Gleeson, who wrote bag, and lived in the new Ozette for the summer. his dissertation on the wood technology, speaks with wonder and “It was the home of my family,” he says. “I’d come back home and tell my excitement of co-worker Jan Friedman’s first realization decades grandpa about it. He’d say, ‘You’re going home, boy.’ He had a lot of Ozette ago of how the Ozette people made the wedges they used to split the stories. He lived down there. He hunted out of there, hunted fur seals.” cedar planks. Makahs had lived in Ozette for 2,000 years and probably much longer. The wedges were not made from harder inland yews, but rather from The village had been abandoned for only 60 years, and many Makahs still local spruce, assumed to be much too soft for such a use, even with cedar. went there to fish and hunt. Many had lived in Ozette, or had parents or What Friedman finally realized, Gleeson explains, spreading his arms like spruce limbs to demonstrate, is that they used the compression wood, In the summer of 1948, the denser wood that makes up the bottom of the limb, which makes it with his wife and young possible for a limb to span seemingly impossible distances. The expertise and knowledge the Makah had gained from centuries daughter, Richard of observation and experimentation were revealed throughout the houses. Daugherty began working his way up the Carving knives were made from beaver teeth embedded in a wooden Washington coast, interpreting a proud story shank. Mussel-shell harpoon blades and elkhorn barbs were swathed in of a beautiful land. cherry bark strips. Another fortuitous gift was the fact that portions of the longhouses grandparents who had lived there. One elder called the exposure of the were workshops, with tools and other household objects in various stages of longhouses by the storm “a gift from the past.” production, thus giving Gleeson and others an unprecedented opportunity When the archaeologists would find something they couldn’t identify, to understand the manufacturing process of many of the artifacts. says Colfax, “they came back to Neah Bay and talked with the old folks. “What did you use this for? What is this? That’s a game. That’s a A FREQUENT VISITOR to the Ozette site was Ruth Kirk, who, paddle. The kids were playing games by where the fish were hanging and often, with photographer husband Louis, documented much of Northwest kept the birds away.” archaeology and natural history, including, eventually, Ozette. There was much occasion to confer with the elders, as the contents “I first went out in 1966,” says Kirk. “I already had many Makah of the three longhouses eventually excavated were incredibly diverse and friends.” plentiful.
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