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Human Kill Or Natural Cataclysm? Volume 22, Number 3 ■ July, 2007 Center for the Study of the First Americans Department of Anthropology Texas A&M University 4352 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4352 www.centerfirstamericans.com Human kill or natural cataclysm? Students work at the bison bonebed at the Hudson-Meng site in northern Nebraska in the 1973 field season, which saw the largest one-time exposure of bones. For geoarchaeologist Larry Agenbroad, who directed initial excavations in 1968, the bonebed is unmistakable evidence of a massive kill event. Equally convinced, however, are archaeologists Larry Todd and David Rapson that artifacts found at the site were left by humans who visited the bonebed after the bison had died, most likely in a natural disaster. Opposing sides state their cases in our story on page 14. LARRY AGENBROAD he Center for the Study of the First Americans fosters research and public T interest in the Peopling of the Americas. The Center, an integral part of the Department of Anthropology at Texas A&M University, promotes interdisciplinary scholarly dialogue among physical, geological, biological and social scientists. The Mammoth Trumpet, news magazine of the Center, seeks to involve you in the peopling of the Americas by reporting on developments in all pertinent areas of knowledge. Volume 22, Number 3 Center for the Study of the First Americans Department of Anthropology July, 2007 Texas A&M University, 4352 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4352 ISSN 8755-6898 World Wide Web site http://centerfirstamericans.org and http://anthropology.tamu.edu 4 On the trail of early humans in the Great Basin Joel Janetski has evidence of Clovis Dethroned occupations dating to the early Archaic—and he hasn’t reached A New Perspective on the First Americans—Part 1 of 2 the lowest levels of the North Creek Shelter in southern Utah. O MATTER HOW BELOVED or well sup- Director Mike Waters and geochronologist ported a theory may be, ultimately it’s Tom Stafford, it’s impossible for the Clovis 7 The Snake River claims a just a hypothesis people to have been the First tantalizing Clovis-age site N Dammed waters have swallowed and must yield to any Americans. the Marmes Rockshelter, whose data that prove it occupants were among the wrong. The Coperni- Time for a paradigm earliest in Washington State. can Revolution firmly THOMAS STAFFORD shift? 11 Clues to Pleistocene extinctions placed the Earth in or- For nearly a century, distinc- Why did some megafauna bit around the Sun, tive artifacts of the Clovis cul- species in the Far North survive shattering the thou- ture have been found at when others didn’t? A scientist sand-year-old Ptole- archaeological sites through- assesses the roles of humans and maic theory of the out the continental United changing climate and plants. universe; similarly, 14 What killed the bison? medical science has Authorities disagree on whether proven beyond doubt a massive bonebed in Nebraska that microbes and is the aftermath of a human kill or the result of a natural event. metabolic disorders cause diseases, not 17 Converting radiocarbon years evil spirits or excesses to calendar years, with ever- of ill humors. Like any increasing accuracy. In his lab at UC–Irvine, John R. Tom Stafford (above) and Mike Waters Southon is continually honing science, American archaeology has its own the tools we use for dating ancient organic materials. long-standing and cherished theories; and in the face of new evidence, it appears that one of the most abiding, the Clovis-First States, with a few outliers in southern model, must now bow out of the debate. Canada and northern Mexico. The ra- According to research published in the 23 diocarbon record for these early occu- February 2007 issue of Science by CSFA MICHAEL R. WATERS pations has led most researchers to 2 Volume 22 ■ Number 3 believe that Clovis reigned from approxi- Data from other early sites were also perience enabled us to prevent collection mately 11,500 to 10,900 RCYBP; conse- included in the study. errors, assess differences in geological quently, it was widely believed that Clovis The new dates obtained by Waters opinions among archaeologists, geolo- represented not just the oldest wide- and Stafford were generated on bone, gists and paleontologists, and thereby fo- spread culture in the Americas. Clovis charcoal, and seeds, using highly accu- cus the final dating on materials and was unequivocally the oldest culture. Pe- rate accelerator mass spectrometer horizons that would definitely provide riod. Sure, evidence suggesting pre- (AMS) dating methods. “We’re both data to answer our questions.” Clovis occupations has always existed, stratigraphers and geoarchaeologists,” but in the past it was considered spotty at Stafford says, “and between the two of us Unexpected results best, or could be convincingly explained we had seen, worked at, or been other- Waters and Stafford found that their new away. wise directly involved in the fieldwork at dates fell between a minimum range of But credible pre-Clovis evidence has the newly dated sites. This geological ex- 13,125–12,925 CALYBP and a maximum now been piling up for decades, and many researchers in the field have become con- vinced that people were in the New World well before Clovis—possibly millennia before. Then in February came the report in Science, matter-of-factly titled “Redefin- ing the Age of Clovis: Implications for the Peopling of the Americas.” In fewer than five pages, Waters and Stafford have dem- onstrated that the Clovis heyday occurred much later, and for a shorter period of The Mammoth Trumpet (ISSN 8755-6898) is published quarterly by the Center for time, than previously realized. the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, This revelation came about as a result College Station, TX 77843-4352. Phone (979) 845-4046; fax (979) 845-4070; e-mail of their general dissatisfaction with the [email protected]. Periodical postage paid at College Station, TX 77843-4352 and at state of the existing Clovis radiocarbon additional mailing offices. record. “This dating project started be- POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: cause we realized that the age of Clovis Mammoth Trumpet was based on radiocarbon dates that had Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University 4352 TAMU been generated over a forty-year time pe- College Station, TX 77843-4352 riod using changing technologies,” Dr. Waters explains. “When we looked at the Copyright © 2007 Center for the Study of the First Americans. Permission is hereby given to any non-profit or educational organization or institution to reproduce without Clovis date record, we discovered that cost any materials from the Mammoth Trumpet so long as they are then distributed at many of the dates were generated using no more than actual cost. The Center further requests that notification of reproduction old radiocarbon technologies or on unre- of materials under these conditions be sent to the Center. Address correspondence to the liable sample types. Also, the standard de- editor of Mammoth Trumpet, 2122 Scout Road, Lenoir, NC 28645. viations on many of them were very Michael R. Waters Director and General Editor large.” Some of the original Clovis dates e-mail: [email protected] had standard deviations of up to 250 Ted Goebel Associate Director and Editor, Current Research in years; these days, geochronologists can the Pleistocene tighten up a standard deviation to as little e-mail: [email protected] as 25–30 years. James M. Chandler Editor, Mammoth Trumpet In order to accurately determine the e-mail: [email protected] age range for Clovis, Waters and Dr. Laurie Lind Office Manager Stafford acquired as many samples as C & C Wordsmiths Layout and Design possible from documented Clovis sites. World Wide Web site http://centerfirstamericans.com “We contacted Adrien Hannus, George The Center for the Study of the First Americans is a non-profit organization. Sub- Frison, and others,” Waters says, “and scription to the Mammoth Trumpet is by membership in the Center. they graciously provided samples for dating.” When they couldn’t redate a Mammoth Trumpet, Statement of Our Policy particular site, Waters and Stafford ex- Many years may pass between the time an important discovery is made and the acceptance of research amined the site’s existing radiocarbon results by the scientific community. To facilitate communication among all parties interested in staying date set and culled dates that were obvi- abreast of breaking news in First Americans studies, the Mammoth Trumpet, a science news magazine, provides a forum for reporting and discussing new and potentially controversial information important ously flawed. Ultimately, they collected to understanding the peopling of the Americas. We encourage submission of articles to the Managing 43 radiocarbon dates on all the known, Editor and letters to the Editor. Views published in the Mammoth Trumpet are the views of datable Clovis sites, 10 of which were contributors, and do not reflect the views of the editor or Center personnel. either redated or dated for the first time. –Michael R. Waters, Director July ■ 2007 3 range of 13,250–12,800 CALYBP. This gave Clovis a duration of ments they were in; they knew where the good flints and cherts some 200 to 450 years, a relative eye-blink in archaeological were located. This just didn’t make sense if Clovis were the first terms. As Waters points out, this creates several problems for to enter the Americas.” the Clovis-First model. First of all, he says, “There are credible The most convincing data, of course, were the dates them- sites in South America that are the same age as Clovis. The dates selves. “What really pushed me over the edge was the really from these sites are solid, and most archaeologists haven’t found young ages from the Clovis sites,” Waters admits.
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