DOCSLIB.ORG

An Administrative History of Olympic National Park

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Administrative History of Olympic National Park American Eden An Administrative History Of Olympic National Park By Hal K. Rothman National Park Service American Eden: An Administrative History Of Olympic National Park By Hal K. Rothman FINAL DRAFT ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY July 2006 Not for public distribution Do not photocopy or quote Without the written permission of the National Park Service An American Eden Table of Contents List of Maps ................................................................................................................iii Introduction.................................................................................................................v 1. Before the Park: The Olympic Peninsula Before 1909...........................................1 2. Creating the Park...................................................................................................39 3. Planning and Administering Olympic National Park ...........................................87 4. Natural Resource Management...........................................................................151 5. Cultural Resource Management..........................................................................207 6. Interpreting the Wilderness … and More ...........................................................245 7. Running the Park.................................................................................................285 8. Threats to the Park ..............................................................................................327 Appendices A. Olympic National Park Superintendents .....................................................367 B. Recreational Visits .......................................................................................369 C. Chronology of Significant Events................................................................371 Bibliography ...........................................................................................................379 Photographs follow each chapter. i An American Eden ii An American Eden List of Maps 1..................................................................................................................................... 2..................................................................................................................................... 3..................................................................................................................................... 4..................................................................................................................................... 5..................................................................................................................................... 6..................................................................................................................................... 7..................................................................................................................................... 8..................................................................................................................................... 9..................................................................................................................................... iii An American Eden iv An American Eden Introduction 1 Olympic National Park holds a pivotal place in the history of national parks in the United 2 States. Since its tumultuous establishment as a national park in 1938, it has served as a 3 bellwether of the national sentiment that favored preservation. Despite initial authorizing 4 legislation that established the area as a national monument under the scientific significance 5 designation of the Antiquities Act of 1906, the area that became Mount Olympus National 6 Monument was prized in no small part for its wilderness qualities at a time when Americans of 7 the influential classes bemoaned the loss of their natural past. This emphasis continued even as 8 the monument was reduced in size to accommodate commercial extractive endeavors. As a 9 result, alone among early U.S. national parks, Congress established Olympic National Park 10 specifically to preserve wilderness, and it became the singular place where the modern 11 preservation movement established its precepts and implemented its objectives. Simultaneously, 12 Olympic National Park has been a peculiar repository for the complicated feelings local 13 communities hold toward national parks – the oddly simultaneous ambivalence toward a 14 powerful entity that contains resources from which they can make a living and that adds 15 powerful social meaning to the place where they live. In this, Olympic National Park tells the 16 story of the evolution of national park management and of the responses of the national and local 17 constituencies to National Park Service policies, practices, and decisions. 18 The park also reveals an important dimension of evolving national park management. 19 Olympic National Park clearly shows the ways in which national parks became progressively 20 more sensitive to their surroundings and more skilled at building coalitions to support National v An American Eden 1 Park Service objectives. In this process, Olympic served as a forerunner, not always by the 2 agency’s choice, and its lessons translated to later park proclamation struggles and their usually 3 complicated aftermaths. The constituencies at Olympic – national and local, extractive and 4 preservation-oriented – gave the agency a range of choices, and over time, the National Park 5 Service moved from reliance on powerful and influential regional and national elites to a broader 6 embrace of the mass market tourism that followed World War II. In this, the conditions at 7 Olympic National Park anticipated what has come to be called the “New West,” with its 8 emphasis on quality of life, recreation, and leisure ahead of traditional extractive industries. 9 Olympic National Park was unique at its founding. Alone among existing U.S. national 10 parks, Olympic’s “wilderness” was a legacy of its proclamation as a national monument. Unlike 11 any other park area, Olympic was surrounded by a viable and functioning commercial extractive 12 economy – timber harvesting – that coveted the very resources included inside park boundaries. 13 The National Park Service and the local economy vied for the same timber resources; the former 14 for preservation and aesthetic values, the latter for sustained yield extraction. In this, Olympic 15 differed from the great nineteenth-century national parks, for which Yellowstone and Yosemite 16 served as the prototypes – those too high in elevation and too remote for practical commercial 17 extractive use, such as farming or timber cutting. These so-called “worthless lands” made park 18 establishment easy, for there were few other claimants to compete for jurisdiction. It also 19 differed from later entries in the first generation of national parks, for unlike Grand Teton 20 National Park, founded in 1929 as a mountaintop park in an area already largely dependent on its 21 scenery for economic sustenance, the area included in Olympic remained commercially useful. 22 The battle for Olympic National Park’s establishment became the classic dispute between the vi An American Eden 1 National Park Service and the U.S. Forest Service, the federal agency tasked with managing 2 national timber lands. It set into motion the forces that created the park of today. 3 Despite the obvious differences between an agency devoted to preserving resources and one 4 that saw sustained timber yield as its goal, the National Park Service and the Forest Service 5 shared both mission and constituency. The overlap led to strife from the founding of the National 6 Park Service in 1916, and by the 1930s, the two agencies regarded each other with intense 7 antipathy. The Forest Service preceded the National Park Service on the Olympic Peninsula, 8 managing a national monument it largely did not want for two decades and creating a template 9 for management that the National Park Service followed. Forest Service management created 10 expectations as well as patterns on the land, and the National Park Service had to address both. 11 In the 1930s, the Forest Service and the National Park Service were at the apex of what was by 12 then a twenty-year spat; it reached a resounding crescendo at Olympic. Even at the park’s 13 establishment, the roiling politics of U.S. conservation and federal land management agencies 14 already included the Olympic Peninsula. 15 With multiple constituencies and competitors, National Park Service management of 16 Olympic National Park required flexibility from the outset. In many ways, the agency learned to 17 compromise at the local level. Pulled between regional demands and its own powerful national 18 constituency, the National Park Service quickly learned that it had to give ground to get ground. 19 In this process, it found itself caught between its many friends and their diverse objectives. As a 20 result, Olympic’s managers often felt pulled between constituencies that became progressively 21 more strident over time. In a situation typical of the National Park Service at the end of the 22 1960s, the park’s purported friends did it more damage than its enemies. In no small part, the vii An American Eden 1 story of greater public attention to National Park Service decisions began at Olympic National 2 Park, and the agency learned how to respond to its friends in the Olympic Mountains. 3 In this lay
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Jefferson County Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment 2011 2
    Jefferson County Department of Emergency Management 81 Elkins Road, Port Hadlock, Washington 98339 - Phone: (360) 385-9368 Email: [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 I. INTRODUCTION 6 II. GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 6 III. DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS 7 IV. SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL DISASTER EVENTS 9 V. NATURAL HAZARDS 12 • AVALANCHE 13 • DROUGHT 14 • EARTHQUAKES 17 • FLOOD 24 • LANDSLIDE 32 • SEVERE LOCAL STORM 34 • TSUNAMI / SEICHE 38 • VOLCANO 42 • WILDLAND / FOREST / INTERFACE FIRES 45 VI. TECHNOLOGICAL (HUMAN MADE) HAZARDS 48 • CIVIL DISTURBANCE 49 • DAM FAILURE 51 • ENERGY EMERGENCY 53 • FOOD AND WATER CONTAMINATION 56 • HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 58 • MARINE OIL SPILL – MAJOR POLLUTION EVENT 60 • SHELTER / REFUGE SITE 62 • TERRORISM 64 • URBAN FIRE 67 RESOURCES / REFERENCES 69 Jefferson County Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment 2011 2 PURPOSE This Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment (HIVA) document describes known natural and technological (human-made) hazards that could potentially impact the lives, economy, environment, and property of residents of Jefferson County. It provides a foundation for further planning to ensure that County leadership, agencies, and citizens are aware and prepared to meet the effects of disasters and emergencies. Incident management cannot be event driven. Through increased awareness and preventive measures, the ultimate goal is to help ensure a unified approach that will lesson vulnerability to hazards over time. The HIVA is not a detailed study, but a general overview of known hazards that can affect Jefferson County. Jefferson County Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment 2011 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An integrated emergency management approach involves hazard identification, risk assessment, and vulnerability analysis. This document, the Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Assessment (HIVA) describes the hazard identification and assessment of both natural hazards and technological, or human caused hazards, which exist for the people of Jefferson County.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Nuu-Chah-Nulth Culture History
    SINCE KWATYAT LIVED ON EARTH: AN EXAMINATION OF NUU-CHAH-NULTH CULTURE HISTORY Alan D. McMillan B.A., University of Saskatchewan M.A., University of British Columbia THESIS SUBMI'ITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Archaeology O Alan D. McMillan SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY January 1996 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Alan D. McMillan Degree Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis Since Kwatyat Lived on Earth: An Examination of Nuu-chah-nulth Culture History Examining Committe: Chair: J. Nance Roy L. Carlson Senior Supervisor Philip M. Hobler David V. Burley Internal External Examiner Madonna L. Moss Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon External Examiner Date Approved: krb,,,) 1s lwb PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Views, Two Voices: the Stereoscopic Perspective of Photographers Asahel and Edward Curtis Columbia Magazine, Spring 1996: Vol
    Two Views, Two Voices: The Stereoscopic Perspective of Photographers Asahel and Edward Curtis Columbia Magazine, Spring 1996: Vol. 10, No. 1 By Stephanie Lile Asahel and Edward Curtis were born into the Victorian Age, during a time of innovation, invention and industrialization in the United States. The brothers were teenagers, Edward, 19, and Asahel, 14, when their family moved from Minnesota to Washington in search of a better life. Edward and his father, Asahel "Johnson" Curtis, were the first members of the family to make the transcontinental journey, settling near Port Orchard in 1887. Mrs. Curtis, Asahel, and his younger sister Eva stayed in Minnesota with the eldest Curtis son, Raymond, through the winter, and then traveled west in the spring of 1888. In that year before statehood the Washington they experienced was a rapidly changing place. The railroad, with the Northern Pacific's first direct transcontinental route to Puget Sound completed in 1887, opened the territory to development. Methods for building hard-surfaced roads, harvesting natural resources and utilizing electricity were already in use throughout the eastern United States. Word of the automobile and telephone, then novelties in personal transport and communication, spread across the country. And in the midst of adapting and bringing existing technologies to the western landscape, Northwesterners at work in the wheat fields, timberlands, and fishing banks of Washington were conjuring technological innovations of their own. The sidehill leveling device used in the wheat harvest, the "Iron Chink" fish cleaning machine, and the deep woods steam donkey were all being put to use. Across America domestic and vocational processes were being mechanized.
    [Show full text]
  • Edward S. Curtis's Tent
    “Edward S. Curtis’s Tent” (Cyanotype Work Area, Wyoming - circ. 1907) By Robert Off In Collaboration with Jane Alden Stevens "Los Angeles, Oct. 19 - Edward S. Curtis, internationally known authority on the history of the North American Indian, died today at the home of a daughter, Mrs. Bess Magnuson. His age was 84. Mr. Curtis devoted his life to compiling Indian history. His research was done under the patronage of the late financier, J. Pierpont Morgan. The foreword for the monumental set of Curtis books was written by President Theodore Roosevelt. Mr. Curtis was also widely known as a photographer.” Edward S. Curtis’s obituary in the New York Times (Oct 20, 1952) Table of Contents Introduction Photographs of “Curtis’s Tent” Curtis Information - The Man & Work Cyanotype Process & Illustrations Participant Biographies Historical Box Elements In-Process Photographs Selected Works by Robert Off Introduction I have often been asked where I get the ideas for my roomboxes. In most cases I get them in the middle of the night. My sense is that they are triggered by a subconscious memory which takes me back in to time to some visual experience. However, this box is different in that I can clearly see the thread of my life’s experience in it. As a child I spent untold hours with my father in his darkroom developing black & white photographs. Dad was a very accomplished amateur photographer. He primarily took photographs of his peers and our family. His photographs were not “snap shots” rather they attempted to tell the story of his times and experiences through powerful informal portraits much like the one pictured below.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Environmental Impact Statement
    Final Environmental Impact Statement Elwha River Ecosystem Restoration Implementation Purpose and Need: The Elwha River ecosystem and native anadromous fisheries are severely degraded as a result of two hydroelectric dams (projects) and their reservoirs built in the early 1900s. Congress has mandated the full restoration of this ecosystem and its native anadromous fisheries through the Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act (Public Law 102-495). The Department of the Interior has found there is a need to return this river and the ecosystem to its natural, self-regulating state, and proposes to implement the Congressional mandate by removing both dams in a safe, environmentally sound and cost effective manner and implementing fisheries and ecosystem restoration planning. Only dam removal would fully restore the ecosystem or its native anadromous fisheries. Proposed Action: The U.S. Department of the Interior proposes to fully restore the Elwha River ecosystem and native anadromous fisheries through the removal of Elwha Dam and Glines Canyon Dam and implementing fish restoration and revegetation. Dam removal would occur over a 2-year period. Elwha Dam would be removed by blasting, and Glines Canyon Dam by a combination of blasting and diamond wire saw cutting. Lake Aldwell would be drained by a diversion channel, and Lake Mills by notching down Glines Canyon Dam. Stored sediment would be eroded naturally by the Elwha River. The proposed action is located in Clallam County, on the Olympic Peninsula, in Washington State. Lead/Cooperating agencies: The National Park Service is the lead agency. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Final Integrated
    PUGET SOUND NEARSHORE ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION APPENDIX B ENGINEERING APPENDIX Integrated Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement This page was intentionally left blank to facilitate double sided copying. Contents Section 1 – Duckabush River Estuary Section 2 – Nooksack River Delta Section 3 – North Fork Skagit River Delta Attachment A ‐ Cost Annex Attachment B – Geomorphology Guidelines and Hierarchy of Openings (For Reference Only) This page was intentionally left blank to facilitate double sided copying. Section 1 – Duckabush River Estuary This page was intentionally left blank to facilitate double sided copying. Section 1: Duckabush River Estuary Table of Contents 1-1 General – Duckabush River Estuary ........................................................................ 1 1-2 Hydrology and Hydraulics ........................................................................................ 2 1-3 Surveying, Mapping, and Other Geospatial Data Requirements ........................... 20 1-4 Geotechnical ............................................................................................................ 22 1-5 Environmental Engineering.................................................................................... 27 1-6 Civil Design ............................................................................................................. 29 1-7 Structural Requirements ......................................................................................... 35 1-8 Electrical and Mechanical Requirements ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • F a I Ttjf Z
    .4 Z T4FIIiL IF A L-JI TTJF L iJ OF TH -- -(AR'PF.G1L -)u 5TATE EUREU 5TAT15T5 & IMMIGPAflON C:F )D STATL Of WASHINGTON DLP\RTh1ENT OT STATE. DTJREATJ0rSTATISTICS '&INNIGMTION LNJ-LOWELL, 5tCP.ETARY Ok' 5TAf EX OFFIC[O CO14NIS5IONPAL I. KTP. USTS ILAIU.Y F6LLk', DCPUTY COIISS]ONL TABLE OF CONTENTS. Paf)e List of Full Page Illustrations 3 The Evergreen State 5 Our Mountains 9 Washington Forests 15 The Climate 19 Puget Sound 25-38 Ideal for Yachting and Cruising 29 Hood Canal 29 Other Trips 31 Commerce 32 The East Shores 32 The Islands 33 San Juan Group 33 Whidby Island 36 Other Islands 36 Olympic Peninsula . 38 The Harbor Country 40-48 Grays Harbor 43 Willapa Bay 46 Mount Rainier National Park 49 The Columbia River 54 The Inland Empire 63-80 Chief Features 64 How to Reach Them 64 The Yakima Valley 65 The Wenatchee Valley 67 Lake Chelan 68 The Okanogan Highlands 70 The Spokane Country 75 The Wheat Plateau 79 The Walla Walla Country 80 The Columbia River 80 Our Scenic Highways 81-89 The Pacific Highway 81 Sunset Highway 84 Inland Empire Highway 86 Olympic, National Park, and Other Highways 89 A Sportsman's Paradise 91 Cities and Suggested Trips 95 AlaskaOur Ally 112 Map Showing Principal Highways FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. Cover Design (a water color) Miss Zola F. Gruhike Engravings By Western Engraving & Colortype Co., Seattle THREE-COLOR HALFTONES. Title. Photographer. Page The Rhododendron (C.) Asahel Curtis. -. .Frontispiece Lake Chelan (C.) Kiser Photo Co 8 A Forest Stream Curtis & Miller 16 A Puget Sound Sunset Webster & Stevens 32 Mount Rainier and Mirror LaKe (C.) Curtis & Miller 49 Sunnyside Canal (C.) Asahel Curtis 64 Priest Rapids 80 Columbia River from White Salmon (C.) .Kiser Photo Co 96 ONE-COLOR HALFTONES.
    [Show full text]
  • Bugler Making Connections
    Olympic National Park National Park Service Park Newspaper U.S. Department of the Interior Summer 2002 EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA Bugler Making Connections... ow does one of the most intriguing stories of old-growth forest connections A couple stands enraptured, gazing from Hurricane Ridge at the Hunite flying squirrels, spotted owls and truffles? Flying squirrels, usually magnificence of wilderness. On this wintry morning, caps of ice cover arboreal and hidden from predators, glide down to the forest floor to dig for the mountaintops, caps of wool cover their heads. Half a century ago, fragrant truffles. The spores from these underground fungi mix with nitrogen- when they honeymooned here, their eyes met the same views. fixing bacteria and yeasts in the squirrel's stomach, creating crucial nutritious They revisit their youth and renew their bonds, with each other and pellets for trees and spreading the spores of the fungi. with the land. Continuity and connections. Furthermore, the tiny roots of these truffles interconnect huge old-growth roots. They revisit their youth and renew their bonds, In a mutually beneficial relationship, the fungi stimulate tree root growth and the with each other and with the land. trees feed sugars and amino acids to the fungi. Through this underground network, the trees exchange nutrients among themselves, which essentially Just for a moment, during your trip to Olympic National Park, while creates one grand old-growth tree. standing beneath the glory of the mountains or amid the grandeur of evergreens, stop. Think of an intriguing natural or cultural feature that With the attention of the flying squirrel still focused on truffles, the keen-eyed you encountered during your visit.
    [Show full text]
  • Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Imperial and Royal Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782-17831 Robert J
    Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Imperial and Royal Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782-17831 Robert J. King Johann Heinrich Zimmermann (1741-1805) a navigué sur le Discovery lors du troisième voyage de James Cook au Pacifique (1776-1780) et a écrit un compte du voyage, Reise um die Welt mit Capitain Cook (Mannheim, 1781). En 1782 il a été invité par William Bolts à participer à un voyage à la côte nord-ouest de l'Amérique partant de Trieste sous les couleurs autrichiennes impériales. Ce voyage était conçu comme réponse autrichienne aux voyages de Cook, un voyage impérial de découverte autour du monde qui devait comprendre l'exploitation des possibilités commerciales du commerce des fourrures sur la côte nord- ouest et le commerce avec la Chine et le Japon. Zimmermann a été rejoint à Trieste par trois de ses anciens compagnons de bord sous Cook -- George Dixon, George Gilpin et William Walker, chacun destiné à naviguer comme officier sur le navire impérial et royal Cobenzell. Les lettres et le journal de Zimmermann qui ont survécu fournissent une source valable à cette étude des origines du commerce maritime des fourrures sur la côte nord-ouest. On 24 July 1782, George Dixon wrote from Vienna to Heinrich Zimmermann, his former shipmate on the Discovery during James Cook’s 1776-1780 expedition to the North Pacific: Dear Harry, Yours I Rec‘d, and am glad you have Resolution, like the Honest Sailor which I allways have taken you for, and are willing to be doing sum thing both for your self and the Country.
    [Show full text]
  • Maritime Heritage Resources Management Guidance for Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Compliance to National Historic Preservation Act
    Maritime Heritage Resource Management Guidance 2018 for Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Maritime Heritage Resources Management Guidance for Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Compliance to National Historic Preservation Act April 2018 olympiccoast.noaa.gov Maritime Heritage Resource Management Guidance 2018 for Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Cover Photo: Excerpt from the 1853 U.S. Coast Survey reconnaissance of the western coast of the United States from Gray's Harbor to the entrance of Admiralty Inlet. Downloaded from https://historicalcharts.noaa.gov/historicals/preview/image/AR51-00-1853 on December 29, 2016. Page 2 Maritime Heritage Resource Management Guidance 2018 for Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5 Relationship to OCNMS Management Plan ............................................................................... 5 Scope of Maritime Heritage Resource Management Guidance .................................................. 5 Plans for Section 106 Programmatic Agreement ........................................................................ 6 Background Research ................................................................................................................. 8 Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 8 Historical Context
    [Show full text]
  • North Pacific Ocean
    468 ¢ U.S. Coast Pilot 7, Chapter 11 31 MAY 2020 Chart Coverage in Coast Pilot 7—Chapter 11 124° NOAA’s Online Interactive Chart Catalog has complete chart coverage 18480 http://www.charts.noaa.gov/InteractiveCatalog/nrnc.shtml 126° 125° Cape Beale V ANCOUVER ISLAND (CANADA) 18485 Cape Flattery S T R A I T O F Neah Bay J U A N D E F U C A Cape Alava 18460 48° Cape Johnson QUILLAYUTE RIVER W ASHINGTON HOH RIVER Hoh Head 18480 QUEETS RIVER RAFT RIVER Cape Elizabeth QUINAULT RIVER COPALIS RIVER Aberdeen 47° GRAYS HARBOR CHEHALIS RIVER 18502 18504 Willapa NORTH PA CIFIC OCEAN WILLAPA BAY South Bend 18521 Cape Disappointment COLUMBIA RIVER 18500 Astoria 31 MAY 2020 U.S. Coast Pilot 7, Chapter 11 ¢ 469 Columbia River to Strait of Juan De Fuca, Washington (1) This chapter describes the Pacific coast of the State (15) of Washington from the Washington-Oregon border at the ENCs - US3WA03M, US3WA03M mouth of the Columbia River to the northwesternmost Chart - 18500 point at Cape Flattery. The deep-draft ports of South Bend and Raymond, in Willapa Bay, and the deep-draft ports of (16) From Cape Disappointment, the coast extends Hoquiam and Aberdeen, in Grays Harbor, are described. north for 22 miles to Willapa Bay as a low sandy beach, In addition, the fishing port of La Push is described. The with sandy ridges about 20 feet high parallel with the most outlying dangers are Destruction Island and Umatilla shore. Back of the beach, the country is heavily wooded.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Limiting Factors
    SALMON AND STEELHEAD HABITAT LIMITING FACTORS WATER RESOURCE INVENTORY AREA 16 DOSEWALLIPS-SKOKOMISH BASIN Hamma Hamma River, Ecology Oblique Photo, 2001 WASHINGTON STATE CONSERVATION COMMISSION FINAL REPORT Ginna Correa June 2003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The WRIA 16 salmon habitat limiting factors report could not have been completed without considerable contributions of time and effort from the following people who participated in various capacities on the technical advisory group (TAG): Charles Toal, Washington Department of Ecology Doris Small, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Herb Cargill, Washington Department of Natural Resources Jeff Davis, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Jeff Heinis, Skokomish Tribe John Cambalik, Puget Sound Action Team Marc McHenry, US Forest Service Margie Schirato, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Marty Ereth, Skokomish Tribe Randy Johnson, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Richard Brocksmith, Hood Canal Coordinating Council Steve Todd, Point No Point Treaty Council In addition, the author also wishes to thank the following for extensive information regarding fish populations and habitat conditions and substantial editorial comments during development of the report: Dr. Carol Smith, WCC for the Introduction chapter of this report; Carol Thayer, WDNR, for extensive GIS analysis of DNR ownership; Carrie Cook-Tabor, USFWS, for data contribution on the Hamma Hamma; Denise Forbes, Mason County Public Works, for the county perspective on the Skokomish; Ed Manary, WCC, for his guidance
    [Show full text]