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Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Final Integrated

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Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Final Integrated PUGET SOUND NEARSHORE ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION APPENDIX B ENGINEERING APPENDIX Integrated Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement This page was intentionally left blank to facilitate double sided copying. Contents Section 1 – Duckabush River Estuary Section 2 – Nooksack River Delta Section 3 – North Fork Skagit River Delta Attachment A ‐ Cost Annex Attachment B – Geomorphology Guidelines and Hierarchy of Openings (For Reference Only) This page was intentionally left blank to facilitate double sided copying. Section 1 – Duckabush River Estuary This page was intentionally left blank to facilitate double sided copying. Section 1: Duckabush River Estuary Table of Contents 1-1 General – Duckabush River Estuary ........................................................................ 1 1-2 Hydrology and Hydraulics ........................................................................................ 2 1-3 Surveying, Mapping, and Other Geospatial Data Requirements ........................... 20 1-4 Geotechnical ............................................................................................................ 22 1-5 Environmental Engineering.................................................................................... 27 1-6 Civil Design ............................................................................................................. 29 1-7 Structural Requirements ......................................................................................... 35 1-8 Electrical and Mechanical Requirements ............................................................... 40 1-9 Hazardous and Toxic Materials .............................................................................. 41 1-10 Construction Procedures and Water Control Plan ................................................. 41 1-11 Initial Reservoir Filling and Surveillance Plan ....................................................... 41 1-12 Flood Emergency Plans for Areas Downstream of Corps Dams ............................ 41 1-13 Environmental Objective and Requirements ......................................................... 41 1-14 Reservoir Clearing ................................................................................................... 42 1-15 Operation, Maintenance, Repair, Replacement and Rehabilitation (OMRR&R) . 42 1-16 Access Roads ........................................................................................................... 43 1-17 Corrosion Mitigation ............................................................................................... 43 1-18 Project Security ....................................................................................................... 43 1-19 Cost Estimates ......................................................................................................... 43 1-20 Schedule for Design and Construction ................................................................... 44 1-21 Studies to be Completed in PED ............................................................................. 45 1-22 Data Management ................................................................................................... 47 1-23 Use of Metric System Measurements ..................................................................... 48 1-24 References ............................................................................................................... 48 ANNEX 1-1: EXHIBITS ..................................................................................................... 49 Engineering Appendix Section 1 Duckabush River Estuary Page 1-i This page was intentionally left blank to facilitate double sided copying. 1-1 GENERAL – DUCKABUSH RIVER ESTUARY 1-1.1 Overview of Restoration Site The Duckabush River is one of several major river systems that drain the east slope of the Olympic Mountains to Hood Canal. The broad river delta fans out into Hood Canal on the south side of the Black Point Peninsula at approximately Mile 310 of Highway 101 (Figure 1- 1-1). The estuary contains salt marshes, eelgrass beds, and extensive mud and gravel flats that are productive shellfish beds. The Duckabush Estuary is also home to harbor seals, bald eagles, and regionally significant winter waterfowl. Figure 1- 1-1. Duckabush River Estuary and vicinity. The Duckabush River is contained within a single channel through the site before emptying into the marsh and submerged marsh outboard of the site. The historic northern arm of the river has been blocked, is aggraded, and is a dead-end channel in the middle portion of the site. The Duckabush River Estuary was bisected by an early roadway and bridge that spanned the two distributary channels. A portion of the roadway, dikes, and abutments remain in place today. The majority of this infrastructure was removed and replaced in 1934 with two separate bridges as part of the construction of Highway 101. This highway cuts across the intertidal river delta and estuary wetland complex, spanning the main channel and a former distributary channel via two bridges. The Highway 101 bridges impact the Duckabush estuary, disrupting tidal circulation and impeding fish access to productive salt marsh and slough habitats. These hydraulic constrictions along with fill within the estuary have led to decline in mudflats and salt marsh. In addition, training berms are in place at the southern arm of the Duckabush distributary channel, just upstream of the Highway 101 crossing, to control lateral movement of the channel and prevent river flows into historical distributary channels. These berms severely restrict lateral connectivity with tidal channels and salt marsh habitat. Engineering Appendix Section 1 Duckabush River Estuary Page 1-1 From conversations between the Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT), the Corps and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) about the Duckabush bridges, they are both listed by WSDOT as functionally obsolete, but neither are on any list for replacement or repair neither due to their obsolescence nor for chronic environmental deficiencies. Since SR 101 is not on the Interstate System and there is no anticipated involvement from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The Duckabush Estuary is home to trumpeter swans, bald eagles, and regionally significant winter waterfowl. Harbor seals haul out in this location throughout the year and pupping occurs in the winter. The extensive mud and gravel flats are productive shellfish beds. Salt marshes and eelgrass beds characterize the upper and lower intertidal and subtidal areas, respectively. Herring use this eelgrass for spawning. The Duckabush River hosts four Endangered Species Act (ESA) listed species of salmon: Hood Canal summer chum, Puget Sound steelhead, Coastal/Puget Sound bull trout, and Puget Sound Chinook salmon. The wild Chinook run is nearly extirpated from this river. The proposed restoration would restore tidal and riverine hydrology to 38 acres of the Duckabush River Delta. This action would allow for natural habitat forming processes including sediment and detritus exchange, tidal channel formation, freshwater input, and tidal flushing within the delta. 1-2 HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS The Duckabush River Estuary site lies along Hood Canal on the east side of the Olympic Peninsula. The headwaters of the 20-mile Duckabush River are located on the eastern slope of the Olympic Mountains on the Olympic Peninsula. The 67 square-mile basin is comprised of 95% forested land, most of which is located in the National Park or National Forest boundary. The river is characterized by a steep gradient (150 feet per mile, on average) with average precipitation in the basin is approximately 113 inches per year, with a 2-year event equaling 3.5 inches per hour. For the last mile, the river flattens quickly and flows through a 1960’s development called the Olympic View Tracts before it terminates in Hood Canal just south of the town of Brinnon. The gradient through this section is approximately 40 feet per mile and much of the river in this reach is tidally influenced. In a typical water year, the Duckabush River has a dual peak, with the largest flows in the fall and a lesser peak during the spring snow melt. Upstream of the estuary, residents in Olympic View Tracts have constructed private revetments along the banks of the river (USACE 2003). Engineering Appendix Section 1 Duckabush River Estuary Page 1-2 Figure 1-2-1. The Duckabush River Estuary site – Duckabush River watershed The site is located in the estuary of the Duckabush River. Figure 1-2-1 shows a map of the watershed, including the Duckabush River, Hood Canal and the local drainages that affect the Duckabush site. On the north side of the estuary there is a small catchment of 0.5 square miles that terminates in a fish-bearing culvert at Highway 101. The construction plan calls for removal of this culvert and rerouting of the catchment drainage to the restored estuary. The hydraulics and hydrology for all restoration sites in the Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem Restoration Project were evaluated using an area of potential hydraulic effects specific to the construction requirements for each particular site. The upstream and lateral limits of the area for this site were established using 100-year Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) derived from a combination of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) and Flood Insurance Studies (FISs) (FEMA 1982). According to the 1% Annual
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