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White Sturgeon (Acipenser Transmontanus) Environmental Protection and Mitigation Plan for the Northern Gateway Project - Stuart and Endako River Crossings

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White Sturgeon (Acipenser Transmontanus) Environmental Protection and Mitigation Plan for the Northern Gateway Project - Stuart and Endako River Crossings Attachment JRP IR 10.4 White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) Environmental Protection and Mitigation Plan for the Northern Gateway Project - Stuart and Endako River Crossings 1.0 Introduction The proposed Northern Gateway pipeline RoW will cross both the Stuart and Endako Rivers in the Nechako River watershed in central British Columbia. The Nechako River and its larger tributaries provide habitat to a local population of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), which is protected under the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA). This document is a detailed environmental protection and mitigation plan that outlines specific mitigation measures that will be adhered to during construction of the Northern Gateway Project to minimize effects on the Stuart and Endako Rivers including white sturgeon and their habitat. 2.0 Project Description Proposed methodology for watercourse crossings is described in Volume 3, Section 6.2 of the Section 52 application. Construction methods and timing are preliminary and will be finalized during detailed engineering. Currently, both the Stuart and Endako Rivers are proposed to be crossed using trenchless methods (Table 1). The proposed alternative crossing method for both systems will be an other trenchless method. Table 1 – Watercourse crossing methods. Watercourse Name Proposed Crossing Method Alternative Crossing Method (Construction Timing) Stuart River Horizontal Directional Drill Other Trenchless Endako River Bore Other Trenchless 3.0 Environmental Setting 3.1 Stuart River The Stuart River is located in the Fraser River drainage basin and flows from Stuart Lake into the Nechako River. Channel width at the crossing is approximately 153 m. Habitat conditions at the crossing are considered to be excellent for fish spawning, overwintering, rearing, migration Attachment JRP IR 10.4 and staging. Salmon redds have been observed at the crossing and extending 75 m upstream. Additional spawning areas are located approximately 1 km and 11 km downstream. Abundant cover is available to fish for predator avoidance and resting. Water velocity through this area is slow and estimated to be 0.3 to 0.5 m/s. The left bank of the Stuart River is considered shallow and is entirely composed of fine sediments. The right bank, however, is steep and consists of an even mix of fines and gravels. Both banks support mature mixed forest vegetation types. In addition to white sturgeon, fish species in the Stuart River include chinook salmon, bull trout, rainbow trout, kokanee, sockeye salmon, burbot, and mountain whitefish. Due to the presence of anadromous salmon, sturgeon, and spring and fall spawners there is no least risk period for construction within the river. The Stuart River is an important river for recreational fishing, however sturgeon fishing has not been permitted since 2007. 3.2 Endako River The Endako River, like the Stuart River, is part of the Fraser River drainage basin and is a tributary of the Nechako River. The Endako River flows into the Stellako River and Fraser Lake and through Nautley River to the Nechako. The channel width at the crossing is 49 m and flows through a slow moving deep wetland channel with organic substrates. No spawning substrates were observed at the crossing location. Excellent overwintering and rearing habitat is present at the crossing. Deep pools and instream vegetation provide cover and are located throughout the area. Both banks are steep, consist of wetland vegetation, and composed of deep organic soils. Fish species present in the Endako River include chinook salmon, kokanee, sockeye, burbot, mountain whitefish and rainbow trout. Due to the presence of anadromous fish and spring and fall spawners, there is no least risk period for construction within the river. 3.3 Nechako White Sturgeon Life History White sturgeon are the largest freshwater fish in Canada. In British Columbia they are found in the Fraser and Columbia River basins. The Nechako River population has been identified as distinct in relation to other populations in the Fraser River basin and interaction with other Fraser populations are at best very limited (Brown et al 1992, Anders and Powell 2002, Smith et al. 2002). Currently, the Nechako River white sturgeon population is in a critical state of decline (less than 500) with poor spawning and recruitment success (RL&L 2000). Historical reports discussing the distribution of white sturgeon in the Nechako River and its tributaries have identified the mainstem of Nechako River between Isle Pierre and the Stuart River, the Sinkut area, and downstream of Vanderhoof as the primary habitat areas (Dixon 1986, RL&L 1996, 1997b, 1998, 1999, 2000, Triton 2000). Low to moderate use of the Nechako River has been observed near Leduc Creek to immediately downstream of Vanderhoof (RL&L 1997b, Attachment JRP IR 10.4 1998). The range of the Nechako population is shown to extend to the Stellako River by DFO (2008). However studies have not verified their presence in the adjacent Endako River. White sturgeon were not captured immediately downstream of the Endako River in Fraser Lake during intensive sampling programs (RL&L 2000). White sturgeon feeding migrations, during late July to August, have been observed directed upstream in the Nechako mainstem. It was speculated that these individuals were following sockeye salmon runs into the Stellako River system, via the Nautley River and Fraser Lake (RL&L 1997b, 1998, 1999). White sturgeon staging has been reported in the Nechako and Stuart Rivers, Stuart Lake, and overwintering downstream of Vanderhoof (RL&L 2000, Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Team 2004 and 2008). Spawning occurs during spring and early summer (May and June) in swift currents over rocky substrate. Sturgeon spawn several times throughout their life. However the interval between spawning ranges between every 4 years for young females and 9 to 10 years for older females. Female fecundity increases with body size as larger females can produce 3 to 4 million eggs. To date there has been no confirmation that white sturgeon spawn in the Nechako system. However, there are juveniles amongst the population that are believed to come from the Nechako River. Suitable spawning habitat is located at Isle Pierre, Whitemud, and Hulatt rapids, Stuart River (approximately 30 km upstream from the Stuart-Nechako River confluence) and the Nautley River (Fraser Lake outflow). These areas may be used for spawning, except near the Nautley-Nechako confluence or the Stuart River where there is no evidence of spawning (RL&L 2000, Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Initiative 2004 and 2008). Water temperature influences the timing of spring spawning as well as egg incubation and hatching success. Typically, white sturgeon populations spawn at temperatures between 14 to 18 °C. Spawning activity of other northern and upper Fraser basin populations have adjusted to later in the year and during a more confined period as a response to colder spring temperatures (Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Team 2004). Temperatures below 14 °C result in longer egg incubation. Egg incubation may be only 5 to 10 days post spawning depending on temperature conditions (Wand et al. 1985). Lower hatch success and abnormalities may result in temperatures above this range (Wang 1985, Wang et al. 1985 and 1987, RL&L 1997). Water temperature within the Nechako River at Vanderhoof typically ranges between 0 °C during winter ice conditions to more than 20 °C in July and August (RL&L 2000). Substrate, water velocity, and depth are amongst the key attributes that determines selection of preferred spawning habitat. Clean, large cobble and rock substrates in turbulent river habitats are utilized in order to broadcast the fertilized eggs (McCabe et al. 1989, Parsley et al. 1989, Parsley and Beckman 1993). Velocities between 0.5 to 2.5 m/s scour fine materials that can smother eggs, disperse potential predators, and disperse larvae. Populations in the U.S. have been determined to require at least 0.8 m/s water velocities for spawning success with optimal mean column velocities above 1.7 m/s (Parsley et al. 1993, Parsley and Beckman 1994). Spawning events in the Nechako system have been recorded with 0.96 m/s velocity (RL&L 2004 and Attachment JRP IR 10.4 2006). Sturgeon will spawn in water 2 m deep but depths above 4 m are optimal (Parsley and Beckman 1994). Spawning habitat needs to be suitably located in or upstream of egg and larvae habitat for successful recruitment. Upon hatching, sturgeon enters a larval phase lasting 30 to 40 days, depending on water temperature and rate of development. Larvae then enter the water column for up to 6 days while being dispersed downstream into available rearing habitat where slower water velocities provide an opportunity for the larvae to settle out of the water column (Brannon et al. 1985, Conte et al. 1988). Larvae have not been collected in the Nechako River system but sections downstream of the Isle Pierre and White Mud Rapids would provide adequate opportunity for larval drift to settle out before being swept into the Fraser River (Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Initiative 2004). A hiding phase, lasting up to 25 days, occurs after larval dispersal where they avoid light and hide amongst the substrate. They emerge from hiding once the yolk is absorbed and spend the remaining first year closely associated amongst the rough substrates and feed on benthic invertebrates (Parsely et al. 2002). Relatively little is known about the phase extending between the early juvenile and 1 year. The fish are thought to avoid the deeper mainstem of the river where high predation from other fish, including larger sturgeon, are likely to occur. Juveniles less than 1 year may use shallow muddy back channel habitats with slow moving water (Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Initiative 2008). Following their first one to two years, juvenile white sturgeon in the lower Columbia River migrate to the same low to moderate velocity habitats as the adults and sub-adults (Parsley et al.
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