DOCSLIB.ORG

288359384.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
288359384.Pdf 1• Lo1;1ghb_orough .Umverslty Pilkington Library Author/Filing Title ......~X.~~ ....................... .. ············ ............ ········· .................................. Vol. No. ............ Class Mark ..... ~ ................ Please note that fines are charged on ALL overdue items. Conspiracy theory in Serbian culture at the time of the Nato bombing of Yugoslavia by Jovan T. Byford © A doctoral thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University 19 March, 2002 r--~·------, Class ..,.r.,..· ...-oo~ c----·---Ace .......... No. Abstract The thesis examines Serbian conspiracy culture at the time of the Nato bombing of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999. During the war, conspiratorial themes became a regular occurrence in Serbian mainstream media, as well as in pronouncements by the Serbian political establishment. For the most part, conspiratorial explanations focused on the machinations of transnational elite organisations such as the Bilderberg group or, more generally, on the conspiracy of 'the West'. However, conspiratorial accounts of the war occasionally invoked themes which were previously deemed to be beyond the boundaries of acceptable opinion, such as the allusion to a Jewish conspiracy or to the esoteric and occult aspects of the alleged plot. The thesis outlines the history of conspiracy theories in Serbia and critically reviews psychological approaches to understanding the nature of conspiracy theories. It suggests that the study of conspiratorial discourse requires the exploration of the rhetorical and argumentative structure of specific conspiratorial explanations, while paying special attention to the historical and ideological context within which these explanations are situated. The thesis is largely based upon the examination of the coverage of the war in the Serbian press. Recorded conversations with two well known Serbian conspiracy theorists are also analysed. The study suggest that conspiratorial interpretations of the war drew upon a longstanding conspiracy tradition of explanation which has a strong antisemitic legacy and is rooted in right-wing Christian ideology. Analytic chapters explore the discursive and ideological dynamics by which the antisemitic and mystical aspects of the conspiracy tradition emerged briefly in Serbian mainstream media and political discourse. The thesis concludes by examining the status of conspiracy theories in Serbia in the aftennath of the political changes in October 2000. Key Words: conspiracy theory, Serbia, Yugoslavia, antisemitism, Serbian Orthodox Church, Nikolaj Velimirovic, Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................ viii Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Conspiracy theory as an ideological tradition: history and taxonomy 5 2.1 Historical overview.......................................................................... 9 2.2 Principal features of conspiratorial explanatory style.................................. 18 2.3 Classification of conspiracy theories...................................................... 25 2.4 Ideological Tradition Vs Post-modern Culture: Alternative interpretations of conspiracy theory........................................ 28 2.5 Conclusion .............................................·........................................ 35 Chapter 3 Serbian populist right-wing politics: the roots of conspiracy culture 37 3.1 Early history of Serbian conspiracy culture and the emergence of conspiratorial antisemitism........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. 38 3.2 Conspiracy theory as a political ideology and religious doctrine: Dimitrije Ljotic, Nikolaj Velimirovic and 1930s Serbian populism.................. 40 3.3 Serbs vs. 'the rotten West': The roots of anti-Western political discourse in Serbia................................... 47 3.4 Post World War II developments and the marginalisation of conspiracy theory............................................................................................ 50 3.5 The fall of communism and the revival of Serbian nationalism......................... 51 Chapter 4 Social psychology and the study of extraordinary explanations: From attributional bias to ideology....................................................... 58 4.1 Social psychology and conspiracy theory: the limits of explanation.................... 59 4.2 Cognitive factors in conspiracy theory...................................................... 62 4.3 Motivational factors in conspiracy theory................................................... 65 4.4 Psychology of rumour and conspiracy theory............................................... 70 4.5 Paranormal beliefs and conspiracy theories................................................. 74 4.6 Social psychology as history: social constructionism and the study of collective beliefs................................. 80 4. 7 Social psychology and the study of ideology............................................... 83 4.8 The idea of method and the practice of'traditional scholarship'......................... 86 Chapter S Data and materials............................................................................. 91 Chapter 6 Protoconspiracy theory and the proliferation of suspicion in the Serbian media and political discourse............................................... 100 6.1 Protoconspiratorial argument and Milosevic's political rhetoric in the early 1990s....................... .. .. 101 6.2 Protoconspiracy theory vs. the conspiracy tradition: the important differences....................................................................... 105 6.3 Protoconspiracy vs. the conspiracy tradition: the similarities............................. 116 6.4 Protoconspiracy theory, the breakdown of alternative explanations and the broadening of the boundaries of acceptable opinion.............................. 128 Chapter 7 The emergence of antisemitic conspiracy themes In the mainstream Serbian press.............................................................................................. 134 7.1 Politika and the Bilderberg Conspiracy...................................................... 136 7.2 Links between the world elite conspiracy theory and the classical conspiratorial tradition..................................................... 140 7.3 World elite organisations: between reality and the conspiratorial imagination........................................ 142 7.4 World elite conspiracy theory and the historical continuity of conspiracy.............. 146 7.5 Emergence ofantisemitic tradition inPolitika.............................................. 151 7.6 Antisemitism and the Serbian Orthodox Church............................................ 156 7.7 Psychological or ideological problematic: reactions to the emergence ofantisemitism inPolitika.................................... 157 Chapter 8 Conspiracy theory and paranormal explanation....................................... 161 8.1 Who has the secret weapon?· 'pipe dream' rumours in time ofwar.................... 163 8.2 Prelude to the revelations about Group 69: Vladimir Zhirinovsky and 'elipton'.. 165 8.3 'Yugoslav army's best kept secret' is revealed to the public.............................. 167 8.4 The structure and membership of Group 69....................... .......................... 169 8.5 Theoretical framework of Group 69: science, religion and conspiracy theory...................................................... 173 8.6 Pseudoscientific dimension of international conspiracy.................................. 174 8. 7 Mystical/Religious element of the activities of Group 69.................... .. 180 8.8 Links with the conspiratorial cultural tradition............................................. 185 8.9 What is acceptable and what is not?- conspiracy theory and paranormal discourse in Yugoslav military publications.................................. 187 Chapter 9 'Neocortical Warfare': conspiratorial re-presentation of a biological metaphor............................. 198 9.1 Hindu mysticism and modem warfare in Radisic's recent work........................ 199 9.2 The change in emphasis in the post-1995 writing of Svetozar Radisic .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 202 9.3 From esoteric to information war............................................................ 205 9.4 Creating a reasonable version of conspiracy theory: a process of representation.................................................................... 207 9.5 'Neocortical warfare' in US military literature............................................. 208 9. 6 First phase of conspiratorial re-presentation: transforming a personal view into a 'doctrinal rule'.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 213 9. 7 Second phase of re-presentation: objectification of the 'neocortex' in the writing of Svetozar RadiSic........ ...... ... 215 9.8 Rhetorical implications ofre-presentation......................................... ...... 218 9.9 Conspiracy theory beyond left and right: Bishop Velimirovic in Vojno Delo....................................................... .... 221 Chapter 10 Conspiracy culture in post-Milosevic Serbia: the retnrn to the margins.......... 225 10.1 Conspiracy theory and the transition of power in October 2000..... .................... 227 10.2 The marginalisation of conspiratorial discourse in post-Milosevic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Writing Alberta POD EPDF.Indd
    WRITING ALBERTA: Aberta Building on a Literary Identity Edited by George Melnyk and Donna Coates ISBN 978-1-55238-891-4 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission. If you want to reuse or distribute the work, you must inform its new audience of the licence terms of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • At the Margins of the Habsburg Civilizing Mission 25
    i CEU Press Studies in the History of Medicine Volume XIII Series Editor:5 Marius Turda Published in the series: Svetla Baloutzova Demography and Nation Social Legislation and Population Policy in Bulgaria, 1918–1944 C Christian Promitzer · Sevasti Trubeta · Marius Turda, eds. Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 C Francesco Cassata Building the New Man Eugenics, Racial Science and Genetics in Twentieth-Century Italy C Rachel E. Boaz In Search of “Aryan Blood” Serology in Interwar and National Socialist Germany C Richard Cleminson Catholicism, Race and Empire Eugenics in Portugal, 1900–1950 C Maria Zarimis Darwin’s Footprint Cultural Perspectives on Evolution in Greece (1880–1930s) C Tudor Georgescu The Eugenic Fortress The Transylvanian Saxon Experiment in Interwar Romania C Katherina Gardikas Landscapes of Disease Malaria in Modern Greece C Heike Karge · Friederike Kind-Kovács · Sara Bernasconi From the Midwife’s Bag to the Patient’s File Public Health in Eastern Europe C Gregory Sullivan Regenerating Japan Organicism, Modernism and National Destiny in Oka Asajirō’s Evolution and Human Life C Constantin Bărbulescu Physicians, Peasants, and Modern Medicine Imagining Rurality in Romania, 1860–1910 C Vassiliki Theodorou · Despina Karakatsani Strengthening Young Bodies, Building the Nation A Social History of Child Health and Welfare in Greece (1890–1940) C Making Muslim Women European Voluntary Associations, Gender and Islam in Post-Ottoman Bosnia and Yugoslavia (1878–1941) Fabio Giomi Central European University Press Budapest—New York iii © 2021 Fabio Giomi Published in 2021 by Central European University Press Nádor utca 9, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched (KU).
    [Show full text]
  • Lorne Bair Rare Books, ABAA 661 Millwood Avenue, Ste 206 Winchester, Virginia USA 22601
    LORNE BAIR RARE BOOKS CATALOG 26 Lorne Bair Rare Books, ABAA 661 Millwood Avenue, Ste 206 Winchester, Virginia USA 22601 (540) 665-0855 Email: [email protected] Website: www.lornebair.com TERMS All items are offered subject to prior sale. Unless prior arrangements have been made, payment is expected with or- der and may be made by check, money order, credit card (Visa, MasterCard, Discover, American Express), or direct transfer of funds (wire transfer or Paypal). Institutions may be billed. Returns will be accepted for any reason within ten days of receipt. ALL ITEMS are guaranteed to be as described. Any restorations, sophistications, or alterations have been noted. Autograph and manuscript material is guaranteed without conditions or restrictions, and may be returned at any time if shown not to be authentic. DOMESTIC SHIPPING is by USPS Priority Mail at the rate of $9.50 for the first item and $3 for each additional item. Overseas shipping will vary depending upon destination and weight; quotations can be supplied. Alternative carriers may be arranged. WE ARE MEMBERS of the ABAA (Antiquarian Bookseller’s Association of America) and ILAB (International League of Antiquarian Book- sellers) and adhere to those organizations’ strict standards of professionalism and ethics. CONTENTS OF THIS CATALOG _________________ AFRICAN AMERICANA Items 1-35 RADICAL & PROLETARIAN LITERATURE Items 36-97 SOCIAL & PROLETARIAN LITERATURE Items 98-156 ART & PHOTOGRAPHY Items 157-201 INDEX & REFERENCES PART 1: AFRICAN-AMERICAN HISTORY & LITERATURE 1. ANDREWS, Matthew Page Heyward Shepherd, Victim of Violence. [Harper’s Ferry?]: Heyward Shepherd Memorial Association, [1931]. First Edition. Slim 12mo (18.5cm.); original green printed card wrappers, yapp edges; 32pp.; photograph.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800⇤
    Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800⇤ § Robert Warren Anderson† Noel D. Johnson‡ Mark Koyama University of Michigan, Dearborn George Mason University George Mason University This Version: 30 December, 2013 Abstract What factors caused the persecution of minorities in medieval and early modern Europe? We build amodelthatpredictsthatminoritycommunitiesweremorelikelytobeexpropriatedinthewake of negative income shocks. Using panel data consisting of 1,366 city-level persecutions of Jews from 936 European cities between 1100 and 1800, we test whether persecutions were more likely in colder growing seasons. A one standard deviation decrease in average growing season temperature increased the probability of a persecution between one-half and one percentage points (relative to a baseline probability of two percent). This effect was strongest in regions with poor soil quality or located within weak states. We argue that long-run decline in violence against Jews between 1500 and 1800 is partly attributable to increases in fiscal and legal capacity across many European states. Key words: Political Economy; State Capacity; Expulsions; Jewish History; Climate JEL classification: N33; N43; Z12; J15; N53 ⇤We are grateful to Megan Teague and Michael Szpindor Watson for research assistance. We benefited from comments from Ran Abramitzky, Daron Acemoglu, Dean Phillip Bell, Pete Boettke, Tyler Cowen, Carmel Chiswick, Melissa Dell, Dan Bogart, Markus Eberhart, James Fenske, Joe Ferrie, Raphäel Franck, Avner Greif, Philip Hoffman, Larry Iannaccone, Remi Jedwab, Garett Jones, James Kai-sing Kung, Pete Leeson, Yannay Spitzer, Stelios Michalopoulos, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Naomi Lamoreaux, Jason Long, David Mitch, Joel Mokyr, Johanna Mollerstrom, Robin Mundill, Steven Nafziger, Jared Rubin, Gail Triner, John Wallis, Eugene White, Larry White, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya.
    [Show full text]
  • Serbia in 2001 Under the Spotlight
    1 Human Rights in Transition – Serbia 2001 Introduction The situation of human rights in Serbia was largely influenced by the foregoing circumstances. Although the severe repression characteristic especially of the last two years of Milosevic’s rule was gone, there were no conditions in place for dealing with the problems accumulated during the previous decade. All the mechanisms necessary to ensure the exercise of human rights - from the judiciary to the police, remained unchanged. However, the major concern of citizens is the mere existential survival and personal security. Furthermore, the general atmosphere in the society was just as xenophobic and intolerant as before. The identity crisis of the Serb people and of all minorities living in Serbia continued. If anything, it deepened and the relationship between the state and its citizens became seriously jeopardized by the problem of Serbia’s undefined borders. The crisis was manifest with regard to certain minorities such as Vlachs who were believed to have been successfully assimilated. This false belief was partly due to the fact that neighbouring Romania had been in a far worse situation than Yugoslavia during the past fifty years. In considerably changed situation in Romania and Serbia Vlachs are now undergoing the process of self identification though still unclear whether they would choose to call themselves Vlachs or Romanians-Vlachs. Considering that the international factor has become the main generator of change in Serbia, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia believes that an accurate picture of the situation in Serbia is absolutely necessary. It is essential to establish the differences between Belgrade and the rest of Serbia, taking into account its internal diversities.
    [Show full text]
  • Eight Fragments Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian
    EIGHT FRAGMENTS FROM THE WORLD OF MONTENEGRIN LANGUAGES AND SERBIAN, CROATIAN, SERBIAN, CROATIAN, BOSNIAN SERBIAN, CROATIAN, BOSNIAN AND FROM THE WORLD OF MONTENEGRIN EIGHT FRAGMENTS LANGUAGES Pavel Krejčí PAVEL KREJČÍ PAVEL Masaryk University Brno 2018 EIGHT FRAGMENTS FROM THE WORLD OF SERBIAN, CROATIAN, BOSNIAN AND MONTENEGRIN LANGUAGES Selected South Slavonic Studies 1 Pavel Krejčí Masaryk University Brno 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this e-book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of copyright administrator which can be contacted at Masaryk University Press, Žerotínovo náměstí 9, 601 77 Brno. Scientific reviewers: Ass. Prof. Boryan Yanev, Ph.D. (Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”) Roman Madecki, Ph.D. (Masaryk University, Brno) This book was written at Masaryk University as part of the project “Slavistika mezi generacemi: doktorská dílna” number MUNI/A/0956/2017 with the support of the Specific University Research Grant, as provided by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic in the year 2018. © 2018 Masarykova univerzita ISBN 978-80-210-8992-1 ISBN 978-80-210-8991-4 (paperback) CONTENT ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 1 SOUTH SLAVONIC LANGUAGES (GENERAL OVERVIEW) ............................... 9 CHAPTER 2 SELECTED CZECH HANDBOOKS OF SERBO-CROATIAN
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudoscience and Science Fiction Science and Fiction
    Andrew May Pseudoscience and Science Fiction Science and Fiction Editorial Board Mark Alpert Philip Ball Gregory Benford Michael Brotherton Victor Callaghan Amnon H Eden Nick Kanas Geoffrey Landis Rudi Rucker Dirk Schulze-Makuch Ru€diger Vaas Ulrich Walter Stephen Webb Science and Fiction – A Springer Series This collection of entertaining and thought-provoking books will appeal equally to science buffs, scientists and science-fiction fans. It was born out of the recognition that scientific discovery and the creation of plausible fictional scenarios are often two sides of the same coin. Each relies on an understanding of the way the world works, coupled with the imaginative ability to invent new or alternative explanations—and even other worlds. Authored by practicing scientists as well as writers of hard science fiction, these books explore and exploit the borderlands between accepted science and its fictional counterpart. Uncovering mutual influences, promoting fruitful interaction, narrating and analyzing fictional scenarios, together they serve as a reaction vessel for inspired new ideas in science, technology, and beyond. Whether fiction, fact, or forever undecidable: the Springer Series “Science and Fiction” intends to go where no one has gone before! Its largely non-technical books take several different approaches. Journey with their authors as they • Indulge in science speculation—describing intriguing, plausible yet unproven ideas; • Exploit science fiction for educational purposes and as a means of promoting critical thinking; • Explore the interplay of science and science fiction—throughout the history of the genre and looking ahead; • Delve into related topics including, but not limited to: science as a creative process, the limits of science, interplay of literature and knowledge; • Tell fictional short stories built around well-defined scientific ideas, with a supplement summarizing the science underlying the plot.
    [Show full text]
  • Disillusioned Serbians Head for China's Promised Land
    Serbians now live and work in China, mostly in large cities like Beijing andShanghai(pictured). cities like inlarge inChina,mostly andwork live Serbians now 1,000 thataround andsomeSerbianmedia suggest by manyexpats offered Unofficial numbers +381 11 4030 306 114030 +381 Belgrade in Concern Sparks Boom Estate Real Page 7 Issue No. No. Issue [email protected] 260 Friday, October 12 - Thursday, October 25,2018 October 12-Thursday, October Friday, Photo: Pixabay/shanghaibowen Photo: Skilled, adventurous young Serbians young adventurous Skilled, China – lured by the attractive wages wages attractive the by –lured China enough money for a decent life? She She life? adecent for money enough earning of incapable she was herself: adds. she reality,” of colour the got BIRN. told Education, Physical and Sports of ulty Fac Belgrade’s a MAfrom holds who Sparovic, didn’t,” they –but world real the change glasses would rose-tinted my thought and inlove Ifell then But out. tryit to abroad going Serbia and emigrate. to plan her about forget her made almost things These two liked. A Ivana Ivana Sparovic soon started questioning questioning soonstarted Sparovic glasses the –but remained “The love leaving about thought long “I had PROMISED LAND PROMISED SERBIANS HEAD HEAD SERBIANS NIKOLIC are increasingly going to work in in towork going increasingly are place apretty just than more Ljubljana: Page 10 offered in Asia’s economic giant. economic Asia’s in offered DISILLUSIONED love and had a job she ajobshe had and love in madly was She thing. every had she vinced con was Ana Sparovic 26-year-old point, t one FOR CHINA’S CHINA’S FOR - - - BELGRADE INSIGHT IS PUBLISHED BY INSIGHTISPUBLISHED BELGRADE for China.
    [Show full text]
  • Negative Shocks and Mass Persecutions: Evidence from the Black Death
    Negative Shocks and Mass Persecutions: Evidence from the Black Death Remi Jedwab and Noel D. Johnson and Mark Koyama⇤ April 16, 2018 Abstract We study the Black Death pogroms to shed light on the factors determining when a minority group will face persecution. In theory, negative shocks increase the likelihood that minorities are persecuted. But, as shocks become more severe, the persecution probability decreases if there are economic complementarities between majority and minority groups. The effects of shocks on persecutions are thus ambiguous. We compile city-level data on Black Death mortality and Jewish persecutions. At an aggregate level, scapegoating increases the probability of a persecution. However, cities which experienced higher plague mortality rates were less likely to persecute. Furthermore, for a given mortality shock, persecutions were less likely in cities where Jews played an important economic role and more likely in cities where people were more inclined to believe conspiracy theories that blamed the Jews for the plague. Our results have contemporary relevance given interest in the impact of economic, environmental and epidemiological shocks on conflict. JEL Codes: D74; J15; D84; N33; N43; O1; R1 Keywords: Economics of Mass Killings; Inter-Group Conflict; Minorities; Persecutions; Scapegoating; Biases; Conspiracy Theories; Complementarities; Pandemics; Cities ⇤Corresponding author: Remi Jedwab: Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, George Washington University, [email protected]. Mark Koyama: Associate
    [Show full text]
  • Civic and Political Status
    Civic and Political Status CIVIL LIBERTIES HE PERIOD between July 1954 and the autumn of 1955 saw a marked im- Tprovement in the general attitude on civil liberties questions in the United States. Many factors contributed to this. A decreased fear of immi- nent war was accompanied by a calmer approach to internal policies. The absence of any evidence of new Communist penetration, either in govern- ment or in other fields, led to a widespread feeling that the danger from con- spiratorial Communist activity had declined. On the other hand, the pub- licity received by a number of cases in which security procedures had been patently misused led to an increased realization of the dangers arising from measures which departed from the spirit of the Bill of Rights. And there could be little doubt that the clash between Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy and the Army, followed by the report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Censure Charges (Watkins Committee) and the Senate censure vote (AMER- ICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1955 [Vol. 56], p. 184-85), tended to bring the ap- proach generally described as "McCarthyism" into disrepute. Security Program The change was least noticeable in the legislative field, where it took the form of a decrease in new restrictive legislation rather than in the disap- perance of any already on the books. There was, however, a marked altera- tion in both the interests and the behavior of legislative investigating com- mittees. In the executive department, security procedures changed little, and injustices still appeared to be frequent. But when—as increasingly hap- pened—they were brought to public attention, there was a new readiness and even eagerness to remedy them.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief History of German Anti-Semitism
    Chapter 1 Writings on the Wall Chapter 1 A Concise History of German Anti-Semitism In 1942, in a suburb of Berlin known as Wannsee, Reinhard Heydrich (head of the infamous Nazi secret police, the Gestapo) finalized the Nazi commitment to the extermination of the Jews within the Third Reich’s sphere of influence (Gilbert 281). According to some historians, these announcements made at Wannsee were the culmination of step-by-step decisions that had brought about what Adolf Hitler meant when, in 1920, he announced the Nazi party’s position that “None but members of the Nation may be citizens of the State. None but those of German blood, whatever their creed, may be members of the Nation. No Jew, therefore, may be a member of the Nation” (qtd. in Gilbert 23). Both ancient and contemporary European and German anti-Semitic forces were about to collide in Wannsee. That collision tragically ignited one of history’s most devastating and most documented genocidal conflagrations—what today is commonly called the “Holocaust.” Some historians suggest the Holocaust was the result of the Nazi targeting of Jews as scapegoats by suggesting that world-Jewry collectively had had something to do with the “stab in the back” that brought the World War I German war effort and World War I itself to a turbulent end. Some researchers suggest European Jewry was singled out for “special treatment” because they, the Jews, were somehow responsible for the unexpectedly final battlefield- failures, the consequent enormous war reparation payments, the collapsing stock markets and the subsequent spiraling inflation that financially crippled the German nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Finance of Montenegro Bulletin
    R pub IC OF MONTe eGO THe M N sT Y OF F NANCe N 6 6 Minis try o f fi n a n c e o f Mo n t e n e g r o Bulletin XVi ap r i l - Ju n e 2009 www.ministarstvo-finansija.vlada.cg.yu AdministrAtion TAX ADMINISTRATION: www.poreskauprava.vlada.cg.yu CUSTOM ADMINISTRATTION: www.upravacarina.vlada.cg.yu DIRECTORATE FOR ANTI-CORRUPTION INITIATIVE: www.antikorup.vlada.cg.yu ADMINISTRATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF THEMONEY LONDERY: www.gom.cg.yu/aspn DIRECTORATE FOR REAL ESTATES: www.nekretnine.cg.yu PUBLIC PROCUREMENT DIRECTORATE: www.djn.vlada.cg.yu Bulletin of the Ministry of Finance of Montenegro / April - June 2009 Table of ConTenTs 4-5 INTRODUCTION - Mr. Igor Lukšić, PhD, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister 6-12 IN THE FOCUS: IMF ARRANGEMENTS IN THE LIGHT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISES - mr Ana Krsmanović, Independent Advisor I 13-14 SECURITY INTEREST IN IMMOVABLE PROPERTY - MORTGAGE - Milanka Otović, Independent Advisor III 15-18 ACTIVITIES OF THE SPO UNIT IN PREpaRATION OF THE PROJECTS FOR NATIONAL MULTI-beneFICIARY IPA 2010 PROGRammE - Ms. Irma Nišić, Advisor - Ms. Branka Despotović, Advisor 19-24 REALIZATION OF THE CapiTAL BUDGET IN FIRST HALF OF 2009 DEpaRTMENT FOR PUBLIC INVESTMENT PLANNING - Ms. Ljiljana Crnčević, Independent Advisor I - Ms. Snežana Mugoša, Independent Advisor I 25-27 REPORT ON THE STATE DEBT OF MONTENEGRO AS OF 30 JUNE 2009 - Mr. Nemanja Pavličić, Asistant minister - Ms. Ana Banović, Advisor in the Division for Debt and Cash Management 28-29 FROM THE JOURNALIST PERSPECTIVE: MONTENEGRO AND GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISES: VICIOUS CYCLE - Ms.
    [Show full text]