DOCSLIB.ORG

Master Thesis ______

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Master Thesis ______ __________________________________________________________________________________ Master Thesis __________________________________________________________________________________ Urban Growth and Environmental Risks – A GIS-Based Analysis of Landslide Susceptibility in Bukavu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) By: Simon Sebastian Paul (Umu-ID: sipa0016) Supervisor: Magnus Strömgren Umeå University Department of Geography and Economic History Programme: Human Geography with Specialization in Geographical Information Systems (1-Year Master) Submitted: June 2019 Acknowledgements: I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Magnus Strömgren for the generous support and valuable suggestions during the process of writing this thesis and throughout the entire Master programme. I am equally grateful for teaching, assistance and advice provided by Cenk Demiroglu, Roger Marjavaara, Erika Sandow, and Kerstin Westin, who laid the foundations for this thesis with their respective contributions to the programme. Furthermore, I would like to extent my gratitude to my academic opponent Nils Wilhemsson, whose reflections, recommendations and constructive critique helped revising and finalizing my work. I also thank my classmates for the enriching times of learning, suffering and growing together. In addition, I owe a very special thanks to Ronia Anacoura for her unrelenting encouragements and generous emotional support. Without her, the burden of getting done all the work that went into this thesis within the short time period of just two months would have been twice as heavy. Thank you for being an infinite source of strength and motivation and for lending your ear in all our conversations about geography-related topics. I would also like to thank the people who granted me the great opportunity to visit Bukavu for the first time in March 2016. These are especially Prof. Dr. Martin Doevenspeck, Prof. Dr. Cyrus Samimi, and Dr. Claudia Gebauer from the University of Bayreuth, as well as Dr. Nene Morisho Mwanabiningo from Pole Institute in Goma. Likewise, I thank my dear friends in the D.R.C. who were involved in further visits by showing me around, sharing their knowledge about Bukavu or giving me travel advice. Therefore, the following people deserve my particular gratitude: Olivier Ngirabanzi, Gérard Saleh Bitendelo, Aspirine Emana Mwimuka, Emmanuela, Maurine, Maurice, and Shubu Ngesso. Cover page header picture: Nyamoma peninsula, northern part of Bukavu (Photo taken by the author on 17th February 2018) Table of Contents: I. List of Figures . p. I II. List of Tables . p. II III. List of Abbreviations . p. III Abstract . p. 1 1. Introduction . p. 2-5 2. Aim of the Thesis . p. 7-9 2.1 Purpose and Research Questions . p. 7-8 2.2 Limitations . p. 8-9 3. Different Landslide Types . p. 11-12 4. Literature Review . p. 13-19 4.1 General Overview . p. 13-14 4.2 Landslides and Anthropogenic Factors . p. 14-16 4.3 Environmental Risks in Bukavu . p. 16-19 5. Study Area . p. 21-24 6. Methods . p. 25-35 6.1 General Approach and Considerations . p. 25-27 6.2 Workflows Involving the Digital Elevation Model . p. 27-30 6.3 Workflows Involving Satellite Imagery and Satellite Data Properties . p. 30-35 7. Results . p. 36-53 7.1 Classification of Land Cover . p. 36-38 7.2 Aspect of Hillsides and Mountain Slopes . p. 39-40 7.3 Slope Inclination . p. 41-42 7.4 Urban Growth . p. 43-47 7.4.1 Urban Growth from 1990 to 2019 . p. 43-45 7.4.2 Current Urban Growth Tendencies . p. 46-47 7.5 Slope and Urban Growth Overlay . p. 48-53 8. Discussion . p. 54-56 9. Conclusion . p. 57 I. List of Figures: Figure 1: Overview map of the DRC and the study area’s location . p. 6 Figure 2: Overview map of the Kivu provinces in the eastern DRC . p. 10 Figure 3: Illustration of different landslide types according to Varnes 1978 . p. 12 Figure 4: Landslide susceptibility map of Africa . p. 14 Figure 5: Historical landslides in the urban area of Bukavu and the slopes to the west . p. 18 Figure 6: Map of communes and neighbourhoods in Bukavu . p. 20 Figure 7: 3D elevation map of the study area . p. 22 Figure 8: Aspect of central Bukavu facing eastwards, as seen from Nkafu . p. 23 Figure 9: Example of an aspect-slope raster of a larger study area than Bukavu . p. 29 Figure 10: Example of using panchromatic Band 8 to outline densely built-up areas . p. 33 Figure 11: View from western Ndendere neighbourhood towards the southwest . p. 36 Figure 12: Map showing a classified satellite image of the study area . p. 38 Figure 13: Aspect-slope map of the study area . p. 40 Figure 14: Slope map of Bukavu . p. 42 Figure 15: Graph showing the size of built-up areas . p. 44 Figure 16: Map showing the growth of densely built-up areas from 1990 to 2019 . p. 45 Figure 17: Map showing the growth of densely built-up areas from 2016 to 2019 . p. 47 Figure 18: Nkafu neighbourhood as seen from Lake Kivu (Bay of Bukavu) . p. 51 Figure 19: Overlay map of slope inclination and urban growth trends . p. 53 I II. List of Tables: Table 1: Temperature and precipitation by month in Bukavu . p. 24 Table 2: Origin of the satellite images used to map urban growth in Bukavu . p. 32 Table 3: Landsat 4 and Landsat 5 spectral bands . p. 34 Table 4: Landsat 8 spectral bands . p. 34 Table 5: Total size of built-up areas by year . p. 44 II III. List of Abbreviations: ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer EAR East African Rift DEM Digital Elevation Model DInSAR Differential Interferometry Synthetic-Aperture Radar DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo GCS Geographic Coordinate System GDEM Global Digital Elevation Model GIS Geographical Information System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration OLI Operational Land Imager QGIS Quantum Geographical Information System RGB Red, Green, Blue TIRS Thermal Infrared Sensor TM Thematic Mapper USGS United States Geological Survey UTM Universal Transverse Mercator WGS World Geodetic System WV WorldView (Satellite) III Abstract: The city of Bukavu, located at the eastern border of the Democratic Republic of Congo in the province of South Kivu, is a large and densely populated urban agglomeration that has experienced rapid growth during recent years. At the same time, Bukavu has been repeatedly struck by environmental hazards, especially by devastating landslides. The steepness of slopes in the city’s hilly and mountainous terrain is one of the most important factors contributing to landslide susceptibility, but the anthropogenic impact resulting from uncoordinated urban sprawl and land cover change additionally plays a crucial role in exacerbating the vulnerability of neighbourhoods. This thesis utilizes GIS software to provide cartographic material for landslide risk assessment in Bukavu and the city’s surroundings. It examines risk exposure related to slope inclination of densely built-up areas, the spatial development of the city and urban growth tenden- cies, and complements these aspects with information about land cover and the terrain. Keywords: Bukavu, Landslides, Environmental Risks, GIS, Urban Growth, Slope Inclination, Land Cover, D. R. Congo, South Kivu, Satellite Data, Digital Elevation Model 1 1. Introduction: In the past decades, the topic of urban settlements and their exposure to damage caused by environmental hazards has become a major research subject in both the social sciences and the natural sciences. Its transdisciplinary relevance originates from the fact that in many past sce- narios catastrophic events were linked to multiple interrelated factors (see Chang, Slaymaker 2002; Douglas et al. 2008; Satterthwaite, Sverdlik, Brown 2019). While in a worldwide context different types of hazards vary naturally in their origin, scope and impact, it has repeatedly been shown how exacerbated vulnerability of urban communities and higher prevalence of environ- mental disasters are influenced by anthropogenic activity (Petley 2012; Thomalla et al. 2006, 43-44). This can be observed in relation to human-made climatic change and cases of extreme weather events (Eckstein, Hutfils, Winges 2018, 9-11; Bele, Sonwa, Tiani 2014, 332-334) as well as on regional level where land cover alteration, population growth and settlement in risk- prone areas have resulted in intensification of damage suffered from environmental disasters in urban settings (Usamah 2017, 36-49; Jones 1992). A wide range of urban hazards pose a potential threat to the security of people living in cities and municipal areas that are located in vulnerable regions, depending on the respective geolog- ical and climatic conditions. For example, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are reoccurring phenomena in zones of high tectonic activity, putting urban centres and smaller settlements alike at risk of being affected by destructive natural disasters (Thouret 1999). Many such inci- dents occur in hot-spot regions like the East African Rift (EAR) (D’Oreye et al. 2011), the subduction zone west of Indonesia (Marfai et al. 2008; Hadi 2008) or the fault systems in New Zealand (Dionisio, Pawson 2016). In coastal regions they can furthermore be exposed to tsuna- mis, as is the case along the Circum-Pacific Belt (see Liu et al. 2007; Dionisio, Pawson 2016), or suffer from increased damage by hurricanes, as for example recent incidents on the southern coast of the United States of America have shown (Curtis, Fussell, DeWaard 2015; Zhang, Peacock 2010; Olshansky 2006; Olshansky et al. 2008). Moreover, human settlements in many places of the world can experience flooding during times of high seasonal precipitation or ex- treme weather events (Ozkan, Tarhan 2016, 374; Chan 2011). The context of urban hazards is therefore a broad field that has to deal with multidimensional scenarios where humans may or may not play a significant role in causing a specific type of hazardous event. Yet, their exposure to such risks and the impact disasters have on urban spaces depend on the adaptive and preventive capabilities of societies as well as their ability and create hazard-resilient spaces of living.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Relations Extérieures Et Communication
    Scan the QR code or Ctrl+clic on the icon below to Relations extérieures et Communication view our videos. https://ucbukavu.ac.cd/ – Super Lacus Ac Montes Splendens 02 Bugabo, Avenue de la Mission, Commune de Kadutu, Ville de Bukavu REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO MISE AU POINT SUR LES SITUATIONS UPDATE ON LOCAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SANITAIRE ET SECURITAIRE LOCALES STATUS N°009 – 15 MAI 2020 N°009 – 15 MAY 2020 SITUATION SECURITAIRE SECURITY STATUS La situation sécuritaire est relativement calme dans The security situation in Bukavu City is relatively la Ville de Bukavu. Une personne a été blessée et calm. One person was injured and valuables were des biens de valeur emportés lors d’une attaque taken during an attack by armed men against a des hommes armés contre une famille à family in Mulambula, Bagira District. In Ibanda Mulambula en Commune de Bagira. En Commune District, a woman working at Ruzizi I border d’Ibanda, une femme œuvrant à la frontière Ruzizi (between DRC and Rwanda) was deprived of her 1er a été dépouillée de son sac à main contenant purse containing a large amount of money and une importante somme d’argent et autres objets other valuables. In Uvira Territory, two alleged de grande valeur. En territoire d’Uvira, deux thieves, one being a Burundian, were caught by the présumés voleurs, dont un de nationalité population and handed over to the National Army burundaise, ont été attrapés par la population et (FARDC) in Luvungi. In Kabare Territory, passengers remis aux FARDC à Luvungi. Les passagers de cinq of five vehicles from Bukavu to Mugogo and véhicules en provenance de Bukavu pour les Walungu commercial centers were looted by centres commerciaux de Mugogo et Walungu ont armed bandits in Cidodobo.
    [Show full text]
  • Governance, Conflict, and Precarious Property Rights in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo Kasper Hoffmann, Mariève Pouliot, and Godefroid Muzalia
    LAND GOVERNANCE IN BUKAVU | MARCH 2019 Constructed Anarchy: Governance, Conflict, and Precarious Property Rights in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo Kasper Hoffmann, Mariève Pouliot, and Godefroid Muzalia 1 Congo Research Briefs | Issue 1 Photo from Panzi Land issues are at the heart of the Congolese conflicts (Huggins 2010; Vlassenroot 2004; Mathieu et al. 1999; Mararo 1997). Land issues have mainly been analyzed as a rural phenomenon. More recently, however, scholars have shown that land issues are crucially important in urban areas as well (Büscher 2012; Wagemakers et al. 2009; Büscher 2018; Büscher and Vlassenroot 2010; Peyton 2018). Land is a key resource and its attribution is of vital economic and political concern across societal groups. Crucially, therefore, the control of land is a key determinant of power in the Congo. Land is not only important as a material resource; it is also woven into many aspects of social life for Congo’s urban residents. Occupation and possession of land are important sources of prestige and self-esteem, and it contributes in no small way to determining people’s social, economic, and political positions in society (Büscher 2012). Hence, land issues relate to questions of property more broadly, and as such implicates social, economic, and political power relations in the widest sense (Lund and Boone 2013, 1). In this policy brief we analyze the nexus between conflict, assert their authority to exercise jurisdiction over land issues and to property rights, and land governance in the Panzi neighborhood of justify the extraction of unofficial income from Panzi residents. In Bukavu, the provincial capital of South Kivu.
    [Show full text]
  • Expanding Use of Household Water Treatment in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo Results and Lessons Learned
    EXPANDING USE OF HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT IN SOUTH KIVU, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED PROGRAM CONTEXT in rural areas have access to improved water sources. Even then, water from an improved One of the largest countries in Africa in both water source may not be safe. Transport and size and population, the Democratic Republic storage of water can be major periods of re- of Congo (DRC) is one of the poorest contamination. The urban/rural divide carries in the world. According to the 2010 UN over into access to sanitation as well: only Development Index, it ranks 168th out of 4% of households in rural areas have access 169 countries, ahead of only Zimbabwe.1 For to improved sanitation compared to 36% in DRC’s 71 million people, life expectancy is a urban areas. relatively short 48 years, due to continuing civil conflict and high rates of poverty, disease The lack of safe water, adequate hygiene, and and famine.2 This high level of conflict has sanitation negatively impacts child health led to a humanitarian crisis in the country, and adds to the high mortality rate (148 per especially in the eastern regions. 1,000 live births). In 2007, 16% of children under age five had diarrhea during the two According to the 2010 Multiple Indicator weeks preceding the Demographic and Health Cluster (MICS) survey, only 47% of the Survey (DHS).4 According to the 2010 MICS population has access to improved water survey, this has grown to 18%.5 sources. 3There is also a significant urban/ rural disparity in water access.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission D'évaluation Des Besoins Humanitaires Province Du
    1 Bureau de Coordination des Affaires Humanitaires Nations Unies OCHA République Démocratique du Congo _________________________________________________ Mission d’évaluation des besoins humanitaires Province du Sud­Kivu Mission d’évaluation des besoins humanitaires 2005 2 LE SUD­KIVU La Province du Sud Kivu est située à l’Est de la République Démocratique du Congo. Elle est limitée : ­ au Nord par la Province du Nord Kivu, ­ à l’Est par les Républiques du Rwanda, du Burundi et de la Tanzanie, ­ au Sud par la Province du Katanga et ­ à l’Ouest par la Province du Maniema. ­ Avec une superficie de 65.129 km², la Province compte 3.464.082 habitants 1 pour une densité de 53 habitants / km². Le Sud Kivu est subdivisé en huit territoires qui sont : Fizi, Idjwi, Kabare, Mwenga, Shabunda, Uvira, Walungu et Kalehe. A ces Territoires s’ajoute la ville de Bukavu avec ses trois communes : Bagira, Ibanda et Kadutu. Le relief du Sud Kivu est subdivisé en 2 ensembles : l’Est est montagneux alors que le Centre et l’Ouest sont dominés par des plateaux. On observe un bas relief dans la plaine de la Ruzizi entre Uvira et Kamanyola. Le climat est fortement influencé par l’altitude. L’est de la province jouit d’un climat de montagne où la saison sèche dure 3 à 4 mois de juin à septembre. A l’ouest (dans les territoires de Shabunda et de Mwenga), le climat est de type équatorial, par contre, la plaine de la Ruzizi connaît un microclimat. On y rencontre deux lacs : le lac Kivu au nord et le Lac Tanganyika au sud.
    [Show full text]
  • Relations Extérieures Et Communication
    Scan the QR code or Ctrl+clic on the Relations extérieures et Communication icon below to watch our videos. https://ucbukavu.ac.cd/ – Super Lacus Ac Montes Splendens 02 Bugabo, Avenue de la Mission, Commune de Kadutu, Ville de Bukavu REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO MISE AU POINT SUR LES SITUATIONS UPDATE ON LOCAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SANITAIRE ET SECURITAIRE LOCALES STATUS N°014 – 31 JUILLET 2020 N°014 – 31 JULY 2020 SITUATION SECURITAIRE SECURITY STATUS La ville de Bukavu était relativement calme pendant la Bukavu Town was relatively calm during the second half of July deuxième quinzaine du mois de juillet 2020 bien que certains 2020 although some troubles were recorded in South Kivu troubles ont été enregistrés en province du Sud-Kivu. province. In Bagira District, one person was killed, another En Commune de Bagira, une personne a été tuée, une autre wounded and several goods taken by armed men on Chilagira blessée et plusieurs biens emportés par des hommes armés and Kachelewa avenues. sur avenue Chilagira et Kachelewa. A lifeless body of a man of about 30 was found in Wesha River Un corps sans vie d’un homme d’environ 30 ans a été retrouvé in Cikonyi, Bagira District. dans la rivière Wesha à Cikonyi, en Commune de Bagira. In Mwenga Territory, several people were killed and houses set En Territoire de Mwenga, plusieurs personnes ont été tuées et on fire during an attack by Gumino and Twirwaneho militiamen des maisons incendiées lors d’une attaque des miliciens de coalition against Kipupu village in Itombwe Sector. coalition Gumino et Twirwaneho contre le village Kipupu dans In Uvira Territory, one person was killed by armed bandits on le secteur d’Itombwe.
    [Show full text]
  • Relations Extérieures Et Communication
    Relations extérieures et Communication https://ucbukavu.ac.cd/ – Super Lacus Ac Montes Splendens 02 Bugabo, Avenue de la Mission, Commune de Kadutu, Ville de Bukavu REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO MISE AU POINT SUR LES SITUATIONS UPDATE ON LOCAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SANITAIRE ET SECURITAIRE LOCALES STATUS N°006 – 31 MARS 2020 N°006 – 31 MARCH 2020 SITUATION SECURITAIRE SECURITY STATUS Un homme d’une vingtaine d’années a été A man in his twenties was murdered by armed men assassiné par des hommes en armes sur Avenue on Fariala 2 Avenue, Nyakavogo district in Bagira Fariala 2 au quartier Nyakavogo en Commune de Township. In Walungu Territory, a man was killed Bagira. Un homme a été tué par des hommes by armed men in Izege village. The reasons for this armés à Izege en territoire de Walungu. Les raisons attack have not been clarified. de cette attaque n’ont pas été élucidées. In Kabare Territory, an alleged kidnapper was Un présumé kidnappeur a été brûlé vif après la burned alive after the discovery of three lifeless découverte de trois corps sans vie des bodies of minor children aged 16, 14 and 9 on the enfants mineurs de 16, 14 et 9 ans au bord du lac shore of Lake Kivu in Buhehe village. Kivu dans le village de Buhehe en Territoire de Bullets were heard during the exchange of fire Kabare. between armed bandits and police in Buholo 4 in Des coups de balles ont été entendus lors des échanges de tirs entre bandits armés et policiers à Kadutu Township.
    [Show full text]
  • He Who Touches the Weapon Becomes Other: a Study of Participation in Armed Groups in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of The
    The London School of Economics and Political Science He who touches the weapon becomes other: A Study of Participation in Armed groups In South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo Gauthier Marchais A thesis submitted to the Department of International Development of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, January 2016 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgment is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 107 254 words. Gauthier Marchais London, January 2016 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 17 1.1. The persisting puzzle of participation in armed
    [Show full text]
  • D R Congo : Earthquake in Great Lakes Region Issued on 8 Feb 2008
    UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - Democratic Republic of Congo D R Congo : Earthquake in Great Lakes region Issued on 8 Feb 2008 An earthquake of magnitude 6.1 on the Richter’s scale stroke the pro- J"!(Katana Dead: 1 person Injured: 22 persons vince of South Kivu, in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo on Sun- day 3 February 2008 at 07H35 GMT (09H35 local time). Kalehe Idjwi !( Nyakalengwa Lwiro 10 Schools damaged ! 12 Churches damaged The epicentre of the earthquake lies approximately 20 km north of Kakondo Kabare Dead: 2 persons ! the provincial capital, Bukavu, near the localites of Kivumu and Bira- Bukavu Injured: 20 persons Mirunga va. A series of successive aftershocks occurred again today. Walungu ! Shabunda Mbayo IDJWI Impact of the earthquake South Kivu Uvira ! Buhandahanda ! Mwenga Kamakombe • 7 confirmed deaths. Some 447 injured persons have been treated. ! Luhihi • According to the Mayor of Bukavu, a total of 250 buildings were ! Ishungu ! destroyed in Kabare, Walungu, Kalehe, Idjwi territories, including the Stshombo 99 already identified in Bukavu town ! Mushweswe Butorangwe Kavumu Kuvumu ! ! Response J"! Fizi ¼ Mululu ! 1. Non-Food Items/Emergency Shelters/Food: 250 buildings destroyed in .! Mulangani Bukavu, Kabare, Walungu, Tshibinda ! ! Epicenter Kalehe, Idjwi territories 05010025 1,729 affected families received assistance (1,050 families in Bukavu, Luamisole Magnitude: 6.1 M and 679 in the surroundings) KilometresKalonge Mulungu ! ! ! Depth: 33 km 10 km Bukavu: KABARE • UNHCR and local NGO partner ADSSE: non-food assistance to 202 Miti J"!(BiravaBirava affected families in the Commune of Ibanda 20 km ! Kanonzi ! • IRC: NFI kits to 848 affected families through the Rapid Response Mechanism (RRM) (230 in Ndendere neighbourhood, 584 registered Mulalo Mushuva families in the Commune of Bagira).
    [Show full text]
  • Note: This Translation Has Been Prepared by the Registry for Internal Purposes and Has No Official Character 14687
    Note: This translation has been prepared by the Registry for internal purposes and has no official character 14687 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING ARMED ACTIVITIES ON THE TERRITORY OF THE CONGO (DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO v. UGANDA) SECOND PHASE QUESTION OF REPARATION MEMORIAL OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO VOLUME 7 (Annexes 4.15 to 4.28) September 2016 [Translation by the Registry] LIST OF ANNEXES Volume 7 Annexes 4.15 to 4.28 Annex Page 4.15 Lotus Group, Report of the Kisangani Lotus Group, 15 October 1998 1 4.16 Organization of African Unity, Council of Ministers, Seventieth Ordinary 34 Session, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the DRC, 6-10 July 1999 4.17 South Kivu Civil Society — Collective of South Kivu (DRC) Youth 35 Organizations and Associations (COJESKI), Events in the occupied provinces of the DRC — large-scale violations of human rights and international humanitarian law reaching fever pitch, Six-monthly report covering the period from 1 April to 30 September 1999, October 1999 4.18 Lotus Group, The Consequences of Rivalries within the Rebel Alliances and 85 Factions in North-Eastern Congo. The Kisangani War, September 1999 4.19 Lotus Group, Conflict between Uganda and Rwanda in Kisangani, Kisangani, 86 May 2000 4.20 Lotus Group, Rapport sur la guerre de six jours à Kisangani, July 2000 99 4.21 MONUC, Historic record of Kisangani cease-fire operation, 19 June 2000 99 4.22 United Nations Security Council, Third report of the Secretary-General on the 100 United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, document S/2000/566, 12 June 2000 4.23 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-seventh Session, Report on 113 the situation of human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, submitted by the Special Rapporteur, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo
    COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 8 FEBRUARY 2008 RDS-IND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 8 FEBRUARY 2008 Contents PREFACE LATEST NEWS EVENTS IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, FROM 1 FEBRUARY 2008 TO 7 FEBRUARY 2008 REPORTS ON DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 1 FEBRUARY 2008 AND 7 FEBRUARY 2008 Paragraphs Background information 1. GEOGRAPHY.......................................................................................1.01 Map - DRC ..................................................................................... 1.05 Eastern DRC ................................................................................. 1.06 2. ECONOMY...........................................................................................2.01 3. HISTORY.............................................................................................3.01 History to 1997..............................................................................3.01 The Laurent Kabila Regime 1997 ................................................3.02 The Joseph Kabila Regime 2001.................................................3.04 Events of 2007 ..............................................................................3.05 4. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS .....................................................................4.01 5. CONSTITUTION....................................................................................5.01 6. POLITICAL SYSTEM .............................................................................6.01
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of Congo: Cholera in South Kivu; Emergency Appeal No
    DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Appeal 05EA004 OF CONGO: CHOLERA IN 15 March 2007 SOUTH KIVU FINAL REPORT The Federation’s mission is to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity. It is the world’s largest humanitarian organization and its millions of volunteers are active in over 185 countries. In Brief Final Report; Period covered: 24 February to 24 August 2005; Final appeal coverage: 105.7%. <Click here to go directly to the attached Final Financial Report> Emergency Appeal history: • Emergency Appeal was launched on 24 February 2005 for CHF 258,000 (USD 217,000 or EUR 176,700) for 4 months to assist 200,000 beneficiaries. • Operations Update no. 1 was issued on 24 February 2005. • Operations Update no. 2, issued on 3 October 2005, extended the operation’s timeframe until 24 August 2005. • Disaster Relief Emergency Funds (DREF) allocated: CHF 50,000. All activities for this operation were completed by 24 August 2005 and an Interim Final Report was issued on 18 November 2005. The Interim Final Report stipulated that a Final Report would be issued once all financial bookings were completed. This Final Report is being issued to announce that all expenditures have been booked and the project is now closed. This operation was aligned with the International Federation's Global Agenda, which sets out four broad goals to meet the Federation's mission to "improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity". Global Agenda Goals: • Reduce the numbers of deaths, injuries and impact from disasters. • Reduce the number of deaths, illnesses and impact from diseases and public health emergencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of Congo, Second Quarter 2020
    DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, SECOND QUARTER 2020: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) compiled by ACCORD, 25 March 2021 Number of reported incidents with at least one fatality Number of reported fatalities National borders: GADM, 6 May 2018b; administrative divisions: GADM, 6 May 2018a; incid- ent data: ACLED, 12 March 2021; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, SECOND QUARTER 2020: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 25 MARCH 2021 Contents Conflict incidents by category Number of Number of reported fatalities 1 Number of Number of Category incidents with at incidents fatalities Number of reported incidents with at least one fatality 1 least one fatality Battles 322 185 1026 Conflict incidents by category 2 Violence against civilians 299 183 635 Development of conflict incidents from June 2018 to June 2020 2 Riots 91 36 56 Protests 85 1 1 Methodology 3 Strategic developments 56 0 0 Conflict incidents per province 4 Explosions / Remote 1 0 0 violence Localization of conflict incidents 4 Total 854 405 1718 Disclaimer 6 This table is based on data from ACLED (datasets used: ACLED, 12 March 2021). Development of conflict incidents from June 2018 to June 2020 This graph is based on data from ACLED (datasets used: ACLED, 12 March 2021). 2 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, SECOND QUARTER 2020: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 25 MARCH 2021 Methodology on what level of detail is reported.
    [Show full text]