DOCSLIB.ORG

He Who Touches the Weapon Becomes Other: a Study of Participation in Armed Groups in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
He Who Touches the Weapon Becomes Other: a Study of Participation in Armed Groups in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of The The London School of Economics and Political Science He who touches the weapon becomes other: A Study of Participation in Armed groups In South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo Gauthier Marchais A thesis submitted to the Department of International Development of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, January 2016 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgment is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 107 254 words. Gauthier Marchais London, January 2016 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 17 1.1. The persisting puzzle of participation in armed groups ............................................................... 26 1.1.1. Clarification of concepts ....................................................................................................... 26 1.1.2. Old question, new attention .................................................................................................. 27 1.1.3. Strengths and limitations of current framings of participation ............................................. 29 1.1.4. Articulating different levels of analysis ................................................................................ 32 1.2. Towards a multi-level framing of participation ............................................................................ 34 1.2.1. The political economy of labour mobilization and control ................................................... 35 1.2.2. The “social Architecture” of armed mobilization and control ............................................. 42 1.2.3. Individual dimensions of participation ...................................................................................... 53 1.3. Dissertation Road Map ................................................................................................................. 57 CHAPTER TWO: ARMED MOBILIZATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 60 2.1. A brief history of labour mobilization in eastern Congo .............................................................. 61 2.1.1. Pre-colonial political organization in eastern Congo ............................................................ 61 2.1.2. Labour in the colony: The Extractive imperative ................................................................. 63 2.1.3. Political Power and Rebellion after Independence ............................................................... 68 2.2. The Congo Wars .......................................................................................................................... 71 2.2.1. Precursors to the First Congo War ....................................................................................... 72 2.2.2. The AFDL War in eastern Congo ......................................................................................... 74 2.2.3. The Second Congo War of 1998-2003 ...................................................................................... 76 2.2.4. War and Peace in the Post- Sun City era ................................................................................... 78 2.2.5. The post-Goma Conference era ............................................................................................ 81 2.3. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER THREE: CONSIDERATIONS ON METHODS .................................... 89 3.1. The mixed methods approach....................................................................................................... 89 3.2. Justification of the case ................................................................................................................ 91 3.3. “Understanding” Africa: Ontology and Positionality ................................................................... 92 3.3.1. Fitting Uncomfortable shoes ................................................................................................ 92 3.3.2. The academics of the mirror: The village, the chief and the community .................................. 93 3.4. Researching Armed Conflict: Methodological and Ethical Considerations ................................. 94 3.4.1. Accessing the “field” and respondents ................................................................................. 94 3.4.2. Reconstituting histories of armed mobilization .................................................................... 97 3 3.5. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 104 CHAPTER FOUR: GRASSROOTS PROCESSES OF ARMED MOBILIZATION IN THE MAYI-MAYI MOVEMENT ..................................................................... 105 4.1. The Mayi-Mayi Insurgency as a social movement ..................................................................... 107 4.1.1. Strength and modularity of an insurgent repertoire ............................................................ 107 4.2. Social processes of armed mobilization ..................................................................................... 111 4.2.1. Mobilization in Bukavu ...................................................................................................... 111 4.2.2. Mobilization in rural South Kivu ........................................................................................ 118 4.3. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 128 CHAPTER FIVE: CAPTURE AND CONTROL IN THE MAI-MAI MOVEMENT .................................................................................................................................. 131 5.1. Centralization and fragmentation of the Mayi-Mayi movement ................................................ 132 5.1.2. Building the Mayi- Mayi Army .......................................................................................... 135 5.2.2. Recruitment as Taxation ..................................................................................................... 139 5.2. Recruitment and Control in a Polarized social Context.............................................................. 142 5.2.1. Recruitment through networks of family and peer ............................................................. 144 5.2.2. Control over recruits ........................................................................................................... 149 5.3. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 152 CHAPTER SIX: CISAYURA’S MEN: ARMED MOBILISATION IN THE KALEHE MIDLANDS ............................................................................................ 155 6.1. Background to the Armed Conflict in Kalehe ............................................................................ 156 6.1.1. War and polarization under the AFDL and the RCD ......................................................... 157 6.2. Mobilization and counter-Mobilization under RCD rule ........................................................... 158 6.2.1. The Local Defence mobilization in Mbinga Sud ................................................................ 162 6.2.2. Military integration and the defection ................................................................................ 166 6.3. Cisayura’s mobilization in Lemera and Kasheke ....................................................................... 168 6.3.1. Confusion and counter-insurgency in the aftermath of the defection ................................. 169 6.3.2. Crafting control: Individual and collective processes of participation ............................... 171 6.3.3. The Mayi-Mayi Kalehe and the constitution of a counter-authority .................................. 177 6.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................. 182 CHAPTER SEVEN : ARMED MOBILIZATION IN THE HIGHLANDS OF KALEHE .................................................................................................................. 185 7.1. Background to the Highlands Conflicts ..................................................................................... 188 7.1.1. The Highlands: A frontier within a frontier region ............................................................. 188 7.1.2. Land, Taxes, and Political Representation in the Highlands .............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identity, Territory, and Power in the Eastern Congo Rift Valley Institute | Usalama Project
    RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT UNDERSTANDING CONGOLESE ARMED GROUPS SOUTH KIVU IDENTITY, TERRITORY, AND POWER IN THE EASTERN CONGO RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT South Kivu Identity, territory, and power in the eastern Congo KOEN VLASSENROOT Published in 2013 by the Rift Valley Institute 1 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1DF, United Kingdom PO Box 52771 GPO, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya THE USALAMA PROJECT The Rift Valley Institute’s Usalama Project documents armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The project is supported by Humanity United and Open Square, and undertaken in collaboration with the Catholic University of Bukavu. THE RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political, and economic development. THE AUTHOR Koen Vlassenroot is Professor of Political Science and director of the Conflict Research Group at the University of Ghent. He is associated to the Egmont Institute and a RVI fellow. He co-authored Conflict and Social Transformation in Eastern DR Congo (2004) and co-edited The Lord’s Resistance Army: Myth or Reality? (2010). He is the lead researcher on the DRC for the Justice and Security Research Programme. CREDITS RVI ExECUTIVE DIRECTOR: John Ryle RVI PROgRAMME DIRECTOR: Christopher Kidner RVI USALAMA PROJECT DIRECTOR: Jason Stearns RVI USALAMA DEPUTY PROJECT DIRECTOR: Willy Mikenye RVI Great LAKES PROgRAMME MANAgER: Michel Thill RVI Information OFFICER: Tymon Kiepe EDITORIAL consultant: Fergus Nicoll Report DESIgN: Lindsay Nash Maps: Jillian Luff, MAPgrafix PRINTINg: Intype Libra Ltd., 3/4 Elm Grove Industrial Estate, London SW19 4HE ISBN 978-1-907431-25-8 COVER CAPTION Congolese woman carrying firewood in the hills of Minembwe, South Kivu (2012).
    [Show full text]
  • The Eastern Front and the Struggle Against Marginalization
    3 The Eastern Front and the Struggle against Marginalization By John Young Copyright The Small Arms Survey Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. It serves © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva 2007 as the principal source of public information on all aspects of small arms and First published in May 2007 as a resource centre for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activ- ists. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Depart- permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by ment of Foreign Affairs, and by contributions from the Governments of Bel- law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- gium, Canada, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should United Kingdom. The Survey is also grateful for past and current project-spe- be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. cific support received from Australia, Denmark, and New Zealand. Further Small Arms Survey funding has been provided by the United Nations Development Programme, Graduate Institute of International Studies the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, the Geneva 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland International Academic Network, and the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.
    [Show full text]
  • Catastrophes Naturelles Sud-Kivu
    Deux mini-stations d’épuration d’eau installées sur les rivières Mulongwe et Kamvivira et près de 50 points de chloration de l’eau assurent la disponibilité de l’eau potable aux populations sinistrés d’Uvira Briefing Humanitaire hebdomadaire Bukavu, 8 mai 2020 Coronavirus: aperçu national de l’épidémie • 23 cas confirmés au Kongo Central le 05 mai 2020 • Depuis le début de l’épidémie (10 mars 2020), 897 cas confirmés, 119 guéris et 36 décès . • 16 nouvelles personnes guéries en date du 07 mai • Les 7 provinces touchées : • • Kinshasa : 844 cas ; • Kongo Central : 29 cas ; • Haut-Katanga : 10 cas ; • Nord-Kivu : 7 cas ; • Sud-Kivu : 4 cas ; • Ituri : 2 cas ; • Kwilu : 1 cas. • ROUGEOLE : • 50 nouveaux cas de rougeole sur les deux dernières semaines, soit un cumul de 1 792 cas de janvier à début mai; • Une baisse de moitié par rapport aux deux semaines précédentes. Sud-Kivu • Fizi, Minova, Bunyakiri et Kalole restent en tête du nombre de Profil cas • Zéro décès de rougeole depuis au moins 4 semaines épidémiologique • CHOLERA: • 244 nouveaux cas enregistrés les deux dernières semaines, ce qui amène le total provincial à 2 323 cas de janvier à début mai • Zéro décès depuis deux semaines; ce qui dénote une certaine efficacité dans la prise en charge médicale. • Augmentation du nombre de cas à Fizi, Minova, Bagira et Idjwi, Katana et Kadutu (par ordre d’importance) • 08 nouveaux cas à Uvira; 07 cas en S17 et 01 seul cas en S18; ce qui fait un tableau épidémiologique relativement sous contrôle dans le contexte d’inondation • Paludisme • Plus
    [Show full text]
  • UN Security Council, Children and Armed Conflict in the DRC, Report of the Secretary General, October
    United Nations S/2020/1030 Security Council Distr.: General 19 October 2020 Original: English Children and armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report, submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) and subsequent resolutions, is the seventh report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It covers the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 March 2020 and the information provided focuses on the six grave violations committed against children, the perpetrators thereof and the context in which the violations took place. The report sets out the trends and patterns of grave violations against children by all parties to the conflict and provides details on progress made in addressing grave violations against children, including through action plan implementation. The report concludes with a series of recommendations to end and prevent grave violations against children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and improve the protection of children. 20-13818 (E) 171120 *2013818* S/2020/1030 I. Introduction 1. The present report, submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) and subsequent resolutions, is the seventh report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and covers the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 March 2020. It contains information on the trends and patterns of grave violations against children since the previous report (S/2018/502) and an outline of the progress and challenges since the adoption by the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict of its conclusions on children and armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in July 2018 (S/AC.51/2018/2).
    [Show full text]
  • DR Congo Aerodromes and Helipads Directory 1
    DR Congo Aerodromes and Helipads 2012 Directory Aviation Air Terminal Unit MONUSCO 2nd Edition, February 2015 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Sources Landing sites information included in this document have been gathered from the following sources: • DR Congo Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP); • MONUSCO reconnaissance mission reports; • Airlines crews and other aviation infrastructure users; • Different aeronautical publications (Jeppesen manuals, aeronautical charts, etc.). Some of the landing sites regularly receive aircraft performing commercial and/or chartered flights, whereas other sites are occasionally used for special tasks (e.g. UN/NGOs missions, monitoring …), or have been inspected or maintained quite long ago. For these reasons, latter sites may not always be serviceable. Therefore, it is advisable to ascertain the current status of any site before considering its possible use. Abbreviations ALS: Landing strip (Airstrip); here indicates any unpaved landing strip which can be used for light fixed wing aircraft operations, and where no assistance is provided to the users. APT: Airport; here indicates any aerodrome where a minimum of aviation services are rendered to the users. ft: feet/foot (1 ft = 0.3048 m) HLS: Helicopter Landing Site; here indicates any site which can be used for helicopter operations. IATA: three-letter codes defined by IATA for identifying airports and cities around the world (IATA - International Air Transport Association). ICAO: four-character alphanumeric codes defined by ICAO for identifying each airport around the world (ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization). m: meters (1 m = 3.2808 ft) RWY: Runway; here indicates any paved landing strip which can be used for fixed wing aircraft operations. T: ton(s) Disclaimer Nothing in this booklet should be taken to constitute professional information or a formal recommendation, and we hereby exclude any liability whatsoever relating to the use of this document content, which actually should be considered as informal information only.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Briefing
    Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°91 Kinshasa/Nairobi/Brussels, 4 October 2012. Translation from French Eastern Congo: Why Stabilisation Failed government improves political dialogue and governance in I. OVERVIEW both the administration and in the army in the east, as rec- ommended by Crisis Group on several previous occasions. Since Bosco Ntaganda’s mutiny in April 2012 and the sub- sequent creation of the 23 March rebel movement (M23), In the short term, this crisis can be dealt with through the violence has returned to the Kivus. However today’s crisis following initiatives: bears the same hallmarks as yesterday’s, a consequence of the failure to implement the 2008 framework for resolu- the negotiation and monitoring of a ceasefire between tion of the conflict. Rather than effectively implementing the Congolese authorities and the M23 by the UN; the 23 March 2009 peace agreement signed by the gov- the reactivation of an effective and permanent joint ver- ernment and the CNDP (National Council for the Defence ification mechanism for the DRC and Rwandan border, of the People), the Congolese authorities have instead only as envisaged by the ICGLR, which should be provided feigned the integration of the CNDP into political institu- with the necessary technical and human resources; tions, and likewise the group appears to have only pretend- ed to integrate into the Congolese army. Furthermore in the addition of the individuals and entities that support- the absence of the agreed army reform, military pressure ed the M23 and other armed groups to the UN sanctions on armed groups had only a temporary effect and, more- list and the consideration of an embargo on weapons over, post-conflict reconstruction has not been accompa- sales to Rwanda; nied by essential governance reforms and political dia- the joint evaluation of the 23 March 2009 agreement logue.
    [Show full text]
  • Le Président Du Conseil De Sécurité Présente
    Le Président du Conseil de sécurité présente ses compliments aux membres du Conseil et a l'honneur de transmettre, pour information, le texte d'une lettre datée du 2 juin 2020, adressée au Président du Conseil de sécurité, par le Groupe d’experts sur la République démocratique du Congo reconduit suivant la résolution 2478 (2019) du Conseil de sécurité, ainsi que les pièces qui y sont jointes. Cette lettre et les pièces qui y sont jointes seront publiées comme document du Conseil de sécurité sous la cote S/2020/482. Le 2 juin 2020 The President of the Security Council presents his compliments to the members of the Council and has the honour to transmit herewith, for their information, a copy of a letter dated 2 June 2020 from the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo extended pursuant to Security Council resolution 2478 (2019) addressed to the President of the Security Council, and its enclosures. This letter and its enclosures will be issued as a document of the Security Council under the symbol S/2020/482. 2 June 2020 UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES POSTAL ADDRESS-ADRESSE POSTALE: UNITED NATIONS, N.Y. 10017 CABLE ADDRESS -ADRESSE TELEGRAPHIQUE: UNATIONS NEWYORK REFERENCE: S/AC.43/2020/GE/OC.171 2 juin 2020 Monsieur Président, Les membres du Groupe d’experts sur la République démocratique du Congo, dont le mandat a été prorogé par le Conseil de sécurité dans sa résolution 2478 (2019), ont l’honneur de vous faire parvenir leur rapport final, conformément au paragraphe 4 de ladite résolution.
    [Show full text]
  • From Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’ Transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) from Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’
    paper 50 From Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’ Transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) From Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’ Transition in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) by Björn Aust and Willem Jaspers Published by ©BICC, Bonn 2006 Bonn International Center for Conversion Director: Peter J. Croll An der Elisabethkirche 25 D-53113 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-911960 Fax: +49-228-241215 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bicc.de Cover Photo: Willem Jaspers From Resource War to ‘Violent Peace’ Table of contents Summary 4 List of Acronyms 6 Introduction 8 War and war economy in the DRC (1998–2002) 10 Post-war economy and transition in the DRC 12 Aim and structure of the paper 14 1. The Congolese peace process 16 1.1 Power shifts and developments leading to the peace agreement 17 Prologue: Africa’s ‘First World War’ and its war economy 18 Power shifts and the spoils of (formal) peace 24 1.2 Political transition: Structural challenges and spoiler problems 29 Humanitarian Situation and International Assistance 30 ‘Spoiler problems’ and political stalemate in the TNG 34 Systemic Corruption and its Impact on Transition 40 1.3 ‘Violent peace’ and security-related liabilities to transition 56 MONUC and its contribution to peace in the DRC 57 Security-related developments in different parts of the DRC since 2002 60 1.4 Fragility of security sector reform 70 Power struggles between institutions and parallel command structures 76 2. A Tale of two cities: Goma and Bukavu as case studies of the transition in North and South Kivu
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Conflict Motives: M23
    Mapping Conflict Motives: M23 1 Front Cover image: M23 combatants marching into Goma wearing RDF uniforms Antwerp, November 2012 2 Table of Contents Introduction 4 1. Background 5 2. The rebels with grievances hypothesis: unconvincing 9 3. The ethnic agenda: division within ranks 11 4. Control over minerals: Not a priority 14 5. Power motives: geopolitics and Rwandan involvement 16 Conclusion 18 3 Introduction Since 2004, IPIS has published various reports on the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Between 2007 and 2010 IPIS focussed predominantly on the motives of the most significant remaining armed groups in the DRC in the aftermath of the Congo wars of 1996 and 1998.1 Since 2010 many of these groups have demobilised and several have integrated into the Congolese army (FARDC) and the security situation in the DRC has been slowly stabilising. However, following the November 2011 elections, a chain of events led to the creation of a ‘new’ armed group that called itself “M23”. At first, after being cornered by the FARDC near the Rwandan border, it seemed that the movement would be short-lived. However, over the following two months M23 made a remarkable recovery, took Rutshuru and Goma, and started to show national ambitions. In light of these developments and the renewed risk of large-scale armed conflict in the DRC, the European Network for Central Africa (EURAC) assessed that an accurate understanding of M23’s motives among stakeholders will be crucial for dealing with the current escalation. IPIS volunteered to provide such analysis as a brief update to its ‘mapping conflict motives’ report series.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcano Eruption Goma, DRC Situation Report #4 1St June2021
    UNICEF DRC | Volcano Eruption (Goma) Situation Report Volcano Eruption Goma, DRC Situation Report #4 1st June2021 Situation Overview The sudden eruption of Mount Nyiragongo on the evening of 22 May 2021, led to two lava flows towards Kibumba park as well as Buhene and Kibati in the North-East of Goma, DRC. 32 people died as a direct result of the eruption (either burned by the lava or asphyxiated by fumes), including three children, while 40 have been reported missing1. As of 26 May, it is estimated that the eruption directly affected 20 villages within the groupements of Kibati, Munigi and Mutaho, with an estimated 3,629 burned houses 2 . According to the WASH cluster 3 , over 195,000 people might have Map 1: Location of the evacuated and host areas (source: UNICEF) difficulty in accessing safe water due to a disabled water reservoir directly damaged by the lava. while access to electricity was cut off in large parts of Goma city. Seven schools (five primary schools4 and two secondary schools) and 37 health centers 5 have been affected by the volcanic eruption. During the night of 27 May, the government decided to evacuate ten neighbourhoods of Goma city (Majengo, Mabanga Nord, Mabanga Sud, Bujovu, Virunga, Murara, Mapendo, Mikeno, Kayembe, Le Volcan) towards Sake, thus leading to important population movements and increased humanitarian needs, before asking the population to go to the town of Rutshuru instead on May 28. As of June 1st, according OCHA6, this evacuation has led to the displacement of around 234,000 people in DRC, with around 63,000 people displaced to Sake, around 67,000 to Minova, around 53,000 to Rutshuru, 11,000 to Lubero, 40,000 to Bukavu.
    [Show full text]
  • Relations Extérieures Et Communication
    Scan the QR code or Ctrl+clic on the icon below to Relations extérieures et Communication view our videos. https://ucbukavu.ac.cd/ – Super Lacus Ac Montes Splendens 02 Bugabo, Avenue de la Mission, Commune de Kadutu, Ville de Bukavu REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO MISE AU POINT SUR LES SITUATIONS UPDATE ON LOCAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SANITAIRE ET SECURITAIRE LOCALES STATUS N°009 – 15 MAI 2020 N°009 – 15 MAY 2020 SITUATION SECURITAIRE SECURITY STATUS La situation sécuritaire est relativement calme dans The security situation in Bukavu City is relatively la Ville de Bukavu. Une personne a été blessée et calm. One person was injured and valuables were des biens de valeur emportés lors d’une attaque taken during an attack by armed men against a des hommes armés contre une famille à family in Mulambula, Bagira District. In Ibanda Mulambula en Commune de Bagira. En Commune District, a woman working at Ruzizi I border d’Ibanda, une femme œuvrant à la frontière Ruzizi (between DRC and Rwanda) was deprived of her 1er a été dépouillée de son sac à main contenant purse containing a large amount of money and une importante somme d’argent et autres objets other valuables. In Uvira Territory, two alleged de grande valeur. En territoire d’Uvira, deux thieves, one being a Burundian, were caught by the présumés voleurs, dont un de nationalité population and handed over to the National Army burundaise, ont été attrapés par la population et (FARDC) in Luvungi. In Kabare Territory, passengers remis aux FARDC à Luvungi. Les passagers de cinq of five vehicles from Bukavu to Mugogo and véhicules en provenance de Bukavu pour les Walungu commercial centers were looted by centres commerciaux de Mugogo et Walungu ont armed bandits in Cidodobo.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Tools to Constrain the Origin of Gold from Confl Ict-Affected and High-Risk Areas
    Analytical Tools to Constrain the Origin of Gold from Confl ict-affected and High-Risk Areas Scoping Study Based on the DR Congo Imprint Commissioned by: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources) Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover Germany Authors: Felix Hruschka, Frank Melcher, Birgit Kain-Bückner Technisches Büro für Bergwesen Hruschka & Lehrstuhl für Geologie und Lagerstättenlehre der Montanuniversität Leoben Contact: Désirée Ruppen, Philip Schütte Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover [email protected] Date: November 2016 ISBN: 978-3-943566-35-2 (PDF) Cover Photographs: © Felix Hruschka (links) © Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (mitte) © Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (rechts) Copyright: © 2016 Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Analytical Tools to Constrain the Origin of Gold from Confl ict-affected and High-Risk Areas Scoping Study Based on the DR Congo By Felix Hruschka, Frank Melcher, Birgit Kain-Bückner Leoben, November 2016 Analytical Tools to Constrain the Origin of Gold from Conflict-affected and High-Risk Areas – Scoping Study Based on the DR Congo By: F. Hruschka, F. Melcher and B. Kain-Bückner Analytical Tools to Constrain the Origin of Gold from Conflict-affected and High-risk Areas Scoping Study Based on the DR Congo Citation Please cite this report as “Hruschka, F., Melcher, F., Kain-Bückner, B. (2016): Analytical Tools to Constrain the Origin of Gold from Conflict-affected and High-risk areas: Scoping Study Based on the DR Congo. ISBN 978-3- 943566-35-2, Contract study for the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR).” Acknowledgement This report was commissioned by the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) within the bilateral German program with the Ministry of Mines / Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
    [Show full text]