Antonia -Indonesian in Kaltara Oct 2018.Pptx

The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Towards a characterizaon of the language spoken in Kalimantan Utara: Middle Indonesian, Common Indonesian or Regional Indonesian? Notes on morphosyntax

Antonia Soriente University of Naples 'L'Orientale’

A Research on Variees of Malayic Languages Workshop at TUFS, Tokyo 13- 14 October 2018

Variees of Malayic Languages

Copyrighted materials of the author. TUFS, Tokyo 1 The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Overview

• This paper has a twofold • It intends to discuss objecve. some methodological • It intends to discuss the issues related to data features of the collecon. Indonesian spoken in the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan, how to label it, (Middle Indonesian as suggested by Errington, 2014, Common Indonesian or Regional Indonesian)

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

• Through the preliminary analysis of naturalisc recordings of the language performed in the town of Tarakan and in the village of Sekatak and some elicitaons, I will provide some examples of the language.

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

• The other issue that will be discussed in this paper is the use of an instrument like the SCOPIC images (Social Cognion Parallel Interview Corpus) of the Jackal and Crow story (San Roque et al, 2012) that should be recognized as a neutral instrument able to produce easily comparable data among diﬀerent variees of Malay/Indonesian spoken in the Archipelago. • In fact, this instrument has limitaons because it biases in favor of quite standardized language which necessarily conﬂicts with the target collecon.

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

• Language ecology of Kaltara/North-East Borneo • Malay/Indonesian spoken in the area • Review of bibliography • Data collecon • Methodology • Problems

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 Language ecology of Malay variants in Kaltara and surroundings • What kind of Malay/Indonesian? • Quesons • Despite the presence of two tradional Malay dialects in the • How to determine that adjacent Provinces of Kalm certain variees played a (Kalimantan Timur), Berau Malay in small or no role in the Berau and Kutai Malay in Kutai emerging language of Kartanegara , and the overwhelming interethnic communicaon? role of Banjarese in East Kalimantan, • Are there disncve features the language of interethnic of these variees that do communicaon spoken in Kaltara did appear or not appear in not totally develop from those Kaltara/North-East three dialects but, probably, aside Indonesian? from the naonal language (used in the educaon systems, in the press • What are typical features of etc), from Indonesian that spread in Berau, Kutai Malay and the area thanks to the many Banjarese? immigrants from South Kalimantan (Banjar), South Sulawesi (Bugis and Makassar ) as well as from Jawa.

Copyrighted• materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

BORNEO

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Kaltara

• 2012 • 650,000 inhabitants • 4 Kabupaten, 1 Kota • Originally part of Bulungan Sultanate (under Sulu Sultanate) • 40% Jawa (transmigrasi) • South Sulawesi • Lun Daye • Kenyah • Murut • Bulungan • Tidung • Kutai

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Tarakan

• Tarakan 25000 people of dﬀerent origin (Bugis, (33,57%), Jawa (25,54%), Banjar (7,49%) Tidung (7,47%), Toraja (4,42%), Cina (3,85%), Bulungan (2,4%), Others (15,26%). • Tidung spread also in KTT Muruc 25000 people

• Tidung = Melayu Dayak • Dayak conversion to Islam as ‘masuk Melayu’ – Change of religion signiﬁes change of ethnic idenﬁcaon

• Original inhabitants of Tarakan

• What kind of Malay do Tarakan people speak today? • Regional Indonesian? • What do other people speak?

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 Original Malay of North-East Kalimantan • Melayu Kutai (300,000) • Melayu Berau (11,200) • Kutai and Bulungan • Berau Sultanate Sultanates

• Banjar (3,500,000) • South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan (language of wider communicaon)

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 Vernacular Malay and Regional Indonesian • Berau Malay • Kutai Malay • Regional Indonesian

• Indonesian spoken in areas not aﬀected by • Banjar Malay these Vernacular languages • Ponanak Malay • Sabah Malay (Sulu Sultanate) • Brunei Malay

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Literature review

• Abd. Rachman Rahim Bahasa Kutai dalam njauan linguisk 1975. • Regional Indonesian • Achmad Badrah Kamus Bahasa Kutai. 2000. • Banjar • Collins Preliminary notes on Berau Malay. 1994. • Collins. Kutay Malay: variaon and historical change. 1996 Borneo research Council. • Collins, J. The Malayic variants of Eastern Borneo in Schulze et al. 2006 Southeast Asia: linguisc and cultural studies in honour of Bernd Nothofer. Oo Harrassowitz Verlag. hlm. 42. • Suryadikara truktur Bahasa Kutai Pusat Bahasa. 1978,1979, 1981, 1986. • blogs

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 Collins 2006 Malayic variants in East Kalimantan • Diﬀerent Malay • Many communies of dialects spoken in East speakers of Banjar Kalimantan despite the Malay late age of this area (7 • Makassar Malay yupa inscripons in • Jakarta Malay Sanskrit from the late 4° century) • Manado Malay • Kutai Malay • Java Malay • Kutai Lakes Malay • Cultural and language complexity • Berau Malay

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Berau Malay (few descripons)

• Proverbs • raba to grope • Wordlists • rabba to collapse • Collins descripon • tabu mosque drum (1994) • tabbu sugar cane • No gloal phonemes • salam peace (h ?) • sallam dive • PMP*ǝ has shied to /a/ > three vowel system a i u > geminaon of consonants following /ǝ/

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 Kutai Malay and Kutai lakes Malay

• Kutai Malay • Kutai lakes Malay • Phonologically similar • Like Berau Malay to Malay spoken in the merge of */ǝ/ and */a/ west in Johor and Riau in /a/ but further /a/ to /ǝ/ before voiceless • Lexical diﬀerences consonants • koyo? dog lamma? grease • jukut ﬁsh dǝtang come • etam we (incl) tabbǝl thick mǝca read

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 A classiﬁcaon of eastern Borneo Malay dialects (Collins 2006)

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 What is the role of other PDM and Indonesian? • Manado Malay • Indonesian • Makassar Malay • Standard • Ponanak Malay • Regional • Jakarta Indonesian

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

• The Malay dialects that • Banjarese is spoken as a local developed in the old language among the many Sultanates of Berau, Kutai and Banjarese newcomers. Bulungan are nowadays only • It is not a language of wide used within the borders of communicaon unlike in East the small communies Kalimantan (see Samarinda). speaking them, whereas a regional variant of Indonesian was brought along by the many immigrants coming to seek jobs in these new developing regions over the last forty years, in parcular Bugis, Banjarese and Javanese.

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Data collecon

• Parcipant observaon • No speciﬁc feature of • Recordings collected Berau or Kutai Malay during the language • No speciﬁc name for documentaon project the interethnic from speakers of local language languages (Kenyah and • Bahasa Indonesia/ Punan). Bahasa Melauyu • Few lexical items • Suda(h) • Parcles ba, na, ka

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Methodology

• Data for this paper • Elicitaons come from ﬁeldwork • (Jackal and crow, undertaken in the wordlists) towns of Tarakan and • Naturalisc data Sekatak in Kaltara (conversaons, among speakers of uerances freely diﬀerent backgrounds. produced by speakers)

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Methodology

• Diﬀerent kinds of data • Elicitaon smuli? • Directed conversaons? • Free narraves/conversaons

• Who are the informants? • The original inhabitants of Tarakan, the Tidung. • People from diﬀerent background: Kenyah, Lun Daye, Murut. • The newcomers: Banjar, Bugis, Javanese, Chinese. • The new generaons • People with Malay background: Kutai, Berau, Banjar

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

The data

• Jackal and Crow • Free conversaons (6m+5f) • Ipin and friends (Tidung, • Ipin (Tidung) Bulusu’) • Desi, Amna, Iksan (Tidung) • Ipin and ﬁshermen (Tidung) • Fatma (Bugis) • Sri and mother (Punan) • Sri, Nur (Punan) • Safril looking for gold • Yancer (Kenyah Oma (Bugis) Longh)) • Fatma and Safril (Bugis) • Hendra-Hilman (Banjar) • Nanda, Heri (Berau) • Punan children • Nanda, Bode, Heri (Berau)

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Some features of Indonesian in Kaltara Pronouns • Personal pronouns • Pronoun substutes • 1 aku • Ibu/Bapak • 2 kou/kau – kita • Bang/Ka’ • 3 ia • Mas/Mba’ (neutral) • 1 kami • De’ • 2 kamu/kalian • Man (Paman) • 3 dorang • Te (Tante) • Cil (younger aune) • Julak (older) • Ko/Nya • Bro • Goi • Aki/Nene • Miss

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Morphology

• Be- • -kan • N- (MeN-) • -i • Te-/ter- • -in • Ke-an • Di-

• Ku- • Kou/kau-

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Other

• Negaon • Features from the • Nda/da colloquial variant spoken in the capital, and hence might be characterized as • Genive a sort of koine. • Juxtaposon • One feature here is in • punya use through the enre archipelago, the applicave suﬃx -in that alternates with a more widespread -kan and the mulfunconal preposion sama.

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Few lexical examples

• air tohor • sama • tudai • kaya’ • kapah • pas • umbus • • buras sudah • lir • parcles ba, na, ka • pingken • si • nda/nggak • kumpau

•

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Suda(h)

• urgency making sudah like • Temporal/aspectual in Papuan Malay (Kluge meaning 2014:500) • makan suda = sudah makan • makan suda = ayo makan • saya nggal suda = saya • kalau pulang sekolah nggal dulu (ojek driver to berlajar suda Kenyah passenger) • Nikah sudah • tamu ini mau berangkat suda • bro kita makan suda • (on the phone to the Bugis (Javanese Passenger to ojek driver) Banjar taxi driver from Balikpapan)

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Bro

• bro kita berangkat (punan Tuvu’ to Punan Aput)

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Ba parcle

• kamu ba EMPH • Ponanak Malay ba with • anu ba FILL the same funcon • kuat dikit ba (Punan Tuvu’ while playing badminton with a Kenyah) • ada ba answer to the queson: masih ada banyak babi di hutan di hulu? • Boleh ba

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 Two recordings of the Jackal and crow story from the same speaker • Ipin (jackal with • Ipin (Jackal without pictures) pictures) • transcripon • transcripon

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 Free conversaon mixed Tidung speakers • Elan text • Pas • Nikah sudah • Mendatangi • Kubilang • Nda • nyari

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018 Free conversaon Punan speakers • Video • Kubilang • Sri - ibu • Nyabu • Nda • Ngelayani • Ba • Sama • Kuyakin • Suda kupukul

Copyrighted materials of the author. The Second International Workshop on Malay Varieties October 13-14, 2018

Temporary conclusion Is there a ‘language’ in Kaltara/Northeast Borneo?

• How to name this variant? • Though no accurate comparison • Regional Indonesian between the local Malay variees Mixed language has been done, it can be said that a new variety has emerged borne by • the universal educaon and the Can it be listed among the Colloquial study of the standard language by variees (Paaw 2008)? people being raised in environments where other languages are mother • A kind of middle Indonesian? tongues based on colloquial (Errington 2013 (Middle Indonesian Indonesian and local taste. – Kupang Malay) • The local Malay dialects of the area • mixed use of languages creates a mainly Berau Malay in East way to speak that is socially Kalimantan and Kutai Malay in intermediary Tenggarong do not seem to play a parcular role in this interethnic language.