Index

A Delta, 55, 107, 187 Abstraction, 3, 6, 45, 97, 116, 141, 330, 356, desert, 45, 48, 97, 495 710, 717, 722–726 discharge, 30, 127 desalination, and recharge (ADR), 369, 379 El-Minia, 74 rates, 31, 56, 123, 152, 346, 358, 364, 372, fissured carbonate rock, 8, 695 377, 489, 525, 540, 736, 746 fissured hard rock (FHRAS), 8, 555 wells, 41, 362, 364, 368, 380, 494, 517, 723 Gaza (Palestine), 339, 340, 358, 377 Aeolian deposits/sediments, 83, 85, 91, 93, 95, , 75 395 Holocene, 62, 69, 429 Aeration, 21, 299, 301 karstified carbonate, 342, 555 soil, 148 , 65–68 Agriculture, 6, 141 Miocene, 36, 40, 227, 247, 700, 715, 717, drainage water, reuse, 118 719 irrigation, 107 Moghra, 8, 56, 554 rain-fed, 114 Nile Delta, 3, 45, 187, 329, 372, 394, 463, water demand, 119 489, 550, 587, 650, 710, 731 Agrochemicals, 69, 70 central, 187 Albite, 288 Nile Valley, 550, 587 Aldka Kaolin mine, 86 Nubian sandstone (NSAS), 7, 107, 120, Alluvial deposits, 46, 91–94, 278, 586, 691 126, 342, 545, 553, 555, 585, 590, Alluvial plains, 15, 95, 237, 390, 395, 712 615 Aluminum, 37, 62, 75, 151 Oligocene, 393 Ammonia, 69, 280, 291, 294, 625, 630, 637, Pleistocene, 57, 62, 65, 163, 164, 166, 235, 642, 743 245, 343, 392–395, 429, 431, 438, Ammonium, 37, 39, 64, 291, 292, 625 468, 741 Animal wastes, 150 Pliocene, 25, 58, 235, 246, 715, 741 Anorthite, 288 , 67 Apatite, 92, 294, 295 Quaternary, 67, 425, 468, 480, 497, 511– Aquiclude, 26, 29, 244, 343, 515, 587, 651, 695 520, 551, 627, 650, 687, 693–707, AQUIFEM-, 1, 491 709, 715–718, 724, 737, 743, 744, Aquifers, Assiut, 71 747 carbonate, 107, 121, 144, 342, 555, 587, recharge, 30 695 salinization, 127 coastal, 8, 34, 107, 143, 329, 355, 426, 552, , 70 588, 716, 734–737, 741 Tertiary, 553, 587

A. M. Negm (ed.), Groundwater in the Nile Delta, 753 Hdb Env Chem (2019) 73: 753–760, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-94283-4, © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 754 Index

Aquitard, 26, 27, 128, 343, 515, 590, 700, Climate change, 4, 7, 10, 12, 47, 128, 141, 332, 711, 739 373, 489, 496, 525, 535, 559, 733, ArcGIS, 500, 687, 719 737, 743 Arsenic, 625, 630, 636, 637, 642, 643, 743 , 397 Artificial neural network (ANN), 346, 377, 560 Coastal aquifer systems, 8, 34, 122, 143, 275– Assessment, 213, 388, 493, 500, 535, 545, 302, 329–349, 355–380, 426, 462, 625, 731 490, 552, 587, 700, 734 High Dam (AHD), 7, 24, 31, 34, 37, 45, Conductance, 195, 520, 651, 702, 705 97, 113, 119, 276, 649 drain bed, 702 Conductivity, hydraulic, 187, 196, 213, 222, 227, 308, 388, 429, 468, 516, 695, B 717, 734, 745 Bacteria, 5, 69, 151 Continuous electrical sounding (CES), 220 Barium, 625, 637, 642, 651 Copper (Cu), 40, 63, 275, 281, 296, 630, 651, Barriers, subsurface, 359–364 652, 656, 661 Beni Salama depression, 166, 431 Corn/maize, 97, 98, 146, 465 Bicarbonate, 287, 300, 478, 625, 637, 642, 651, Corrosive ratio (CR), 637, 657 655, 659, 660 Cotton, 97, 98, 465 ions, 300, 660 Crop water, 143, 145, 153, 734, 740 Bilqas formation, 187, 190, 196, 207, 468, 478, 628, 650, 741 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 319 D Biodegradation, 308, 311–316 Dakhla Oasis, 126, 554, 585, 590, 595, 600– Boron, 38, 64, 334, 659, 671 619, 738, 743 Brackish water, 5, 11, 14, 25, 37, 46, 60, 69, 137, branch, 14, 23, 51, 54, 94, 343, 465, 141, 151, 227, 247, 266, 277, 302, 508, 539, 649, 687–707, 740, 744, 340, 346, 363, 425, 673, 735, 741 747 desalination, 361, 371 Depositional environment, 161 Brines, 150, 288, 340, 347, 371, 380, 463, 478, Desalination, 6, 7, 47, 116, 117, 347, 357–378, 482, 737, 743, 746 742, 748 Direct current inversion, 213 Direct current resistivity (DCR), 213, 214, 250, C 427, 741, 745 Cadmium (Cd), 62, 275, 281, 296, 630 Dirichlet conditions, 720 Calcite, 91, 161, 176, 180, 183, 289, 395, Disinfection, 310 478–481, 741 Dolomite, 137, 161, 180, 183, 244, 395, 557, Calcium, 40, 182, 288–292, 300, 625, 633, 637, 741 642, 651–654 Drainage, controlled, 141, 144–146, 153 carbonate, 81, 287, 479 Drinking water, 39, 64, 69, 109, 120, 293, 299, feldspar, 288 626, 648, 700 Capillary upflow, 144 contamination, 296, 302, 742 Carbonates, 108, 133, 290, 302, 478, 742 infections, 738 ions, 287 nitrate, 293 minerals, 161, 183, 288, 395 phosphorus, 295 CEDARE, 585 quality index (WQI), 625, 639, 647, 652, Chloride, 40, 69, 284–288, 625, 630, 633, 637, 667 642, 651–661, 673–676 standards, 3, 6, 39, 347 Chlorine, 63, 286 surface water, 6 Chlorite, 88, 89, 179 wells, 38 Chromium, 275, 281, 296 Dunes, 16, 46, 278, 362, 449, 497, 500, 712 Citrus, 81, 97 stabilized, 429, 449 Clay minerals, 88, 89, 161, 179, 194, 395, 741 Dupuit-Forchheimer model, 363 Index 755

E Formation factor, 192 Lake, 54, 94 Forward osmosis (FA), 380 Effluents, industrial, 3, 37, 45, 62, 97, 151 El Hagif Formation, 166, 431 El Khashab canal, 75 G El-, 46, 50, 79–85 Genetic algorithm (GA), 224, 358, 366, 368, El-Farafra Oasis, 8, 590–604, 610–618, 743 379, 560, 582, 743 El-Hagar canal, 75, 404, 515 modified (MGA), 545, 564, 574, 582 El-Nasr canal, 108, 134, 247, 279, 390, Geoelectrical cross sections, 227, 230, 392, 404 256, 435 El-Nubariya canal, 235, 247, 713, 720, 725, 744 Geoelectrical maps, 449 El-Rayan Valley, 79 Geoelectrical resistivity, 222, 235, 394, 425, El-Saff canal, 75 737, 742, 746 El-Salam canal, 51 Geophysical methods, 731, 735 Electrical conductivity (EC), 218, 249, 275, GIS, 45, 596, 704 283, 471, 625, 633, 659 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), Electrical double layer (EDL), 218, 223 47, 731 Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), 427 Granulometry, 172 Electrode arrays, 219, 220, 433 Grey model (GM), 560, 562, 582 Electromagnetic method (EM), 248 modified (MGM), 545, 560, 564 ELERIC-T SYSCAL-R2, 432 Groundwater, 3–747 Endocrine disruptors, 309 abstraction, 3, 7, 45, 57, 710, 722, 734, 740, Environmental degradation, 45, 97 744 Eonile, 18, 49 allocation, 120 Erosion, coastal, 345 contamination, 62, 214, 248, 329, 332, 347, Ethiopia, 18, 36, 47, 91, 115, 134, 733 643, 732, 735, 747 Evaporation, 8, 12, 26, 30, 56, 119, 147, 182, rural, 625 196, 245, 276, 363, 554, 568, 694, deep, 7, 36, 47, 107, 109, 480, 647, 665, 700, 711, 735 675, 732 Evaporites, 151, 277, 288, 735 degradation, 109, 338, 735 Evapotranspiration, 12, 56, 145, 147, 150, 499, flow system, 365, 387, 390, 431, 461, 466, 649, 694, 719, 725, 744 480, 482, 736, 746 potential, 506, 509 integrated model, 511 Extreme learning machine (ELM), 307, 312 modeling, 737 system (GMS) 739 origins, 36 F potential, 36, 122, 585, 738 Feedforward neural network (FFNN), 311 quality, 6, 38, 60, 195, 227, 248, 299, 330, FEFLOW, 340, 346, 492, 738 461, 590, 626, 647, 726, 732, 738, Feldspar, 91, 92, 161, 180, 183, 288, 395, 741 743, 745 Fertilizers, 6, 37, 39, 62, 75, 116, 129, 150–153, shallow, 107, 390, 462, 588, 660, 732, 735, 288, 293, 627, 745 740 Finite difference method (FDM), 518, 559 use, 34, 54, 109, 332, 732, 733 Finite element method (FEM), 545, 559 Guano, 295 Fissured carbonate rock aquifer, 8 Gypsum, 81, 94, 183, 278, 290, 302, 741, 742 Fissured hard rock aquifer (FHRAS), 8, 555 Fivefold cross-validation, 307 Flooding, 83, 113, 114 H flash floods, 114, 122, 740 Halite, 284, 288 Floodplains, 17, 30, 36, 47, 67, 89, 91, 245, Haplocalcids, 83 342, 550, 694, 715 Haplogypsids, 83 Fluvial deposits, 81 Haplosalids, 83 Food, production, 108–112, 120, 128, 733 Hardness (total), 70, 137, 289, 633, 652, 654 security, 45, 97, 130, 740 Health, 6, 75, 116, 131, 293, 307, 329, 627, Foreshore plain, 14 648, 738, 747 756 Index

Heavy metals, 5, 118, 153, 275, 309, 356, 627, Lakes, coastal, 14, 53, 54, 470 745 Land, reclamation, 143 Hematite, 161, 180, 183, 395, 741 resources, 76 Herbicides, 6, 129, 151, 153, 745 subsidence, 345 Holocene aquifer, 62, 69, 429 use, 16, 687 Hydraulic conductivity, 189, 196, 314, 388, change, 387 429, 468, 516, 595, 602, 695, 702, Leaching, 60, 69, 113, 129, 137, 148, 182 717–720, 734, 745 Lead (Pb), 62, 275, 296, 652 Hydrogen ion activity (pH), 281, 651 Limestone, 71, 75, 79, 81, 86, 107, 120, 216, Hydrogeochemistry, 36, 461, 650, 738 238, 429, 550, 568, 595, 615 Hydrogeophysics, 213 HYDRUS2D, 363 M Magnesium, 275, 625, 637–639, 642, 651, I 652, 661 Illite, 88, 89, 96, 161, 179–182, 194, 395 Magnesium carbonate, 289 Induced polarization (IP), 214, 218, 250, 735 Magnesium hazard (MH), 657, 672 Industrialization, 119, 143 Maize/corn, 97, 98, 146, 465 Infections, 648, 738 Management, 709, 731 Infiltration, 7, 30, 47, 62, 75, 129, 142, 150, integrated, 152, 745 245, 276, 287, 300, 310, 362, 478, Manganese (Mn), 40, 62, 275, 281, 625, 630, 496, 625, 720, 739, 747 637–639, 642, 651, 658–679 rate, 25, 319, 693, 715 Manzala Lagoon, 21, 52 Injection wells, 340, 347, 361–364, 372 Manzala Lake, 94, 689–704 Insecticides, 129 Marmarican homocline, 165 Integrated MT3DMS transport (IMT), 518 Mercury (Hg), 75 Integrated water resource management Metals, 6, 75, 296, 302 (IWRM), 586 alkaline earth, 288 Intrinsic permeability, 193 heavy, 5, 118, 153, 275, 309, 356, 627, 745 Iron, 62, 275, 625, 652 trace, 150, 151 Irrigation, 3, 45 Micropollutants, removal, 310–323, 742 drainage network, 23 Formation, 187, 197, 469 excess, 147, 248, 276, 286, 394, 497, 499, Modelling, 329, 585, 687 521, 715, 720 Models, integrated, 489 flooding, 700, 724 MODFLOW, 39, 58, 339, 489, 496, 587, 593, water quality index (IQW), 647, 658, 671 602, 611, 615, 687, 711, 733, 738, Island phosphate (guano), 295 744 Ismailia Canal, 702 Modified genetic algorithm (MGA), Isosalinity contour, 61 545, 565 Modified grey model (MGM), 545, 564 Moghra aquifer, 8, 56, 554 K Monocultures, 129 Kaolinite, 86, 88, 89, 94, 96, 161, 176–183, Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), 307, 316 194, 288, 395, 741 Montmorillonite, 88 Kelley’s index (KI), 657, 672 Motobes well, 461 , 545, 553, 557, 568–572, 582, 590, 600–620, 743 N Neonile, 19, 49 L Nickel, 40, 63, 275, 281, 296, 301 Lacustrine deposits, 46, 83, 84, 94, 96, 182 Nile Delta, eastern, 51 Lagoons, coastal, 54 northwestern, 387, 425 Lake Nasser, 51, 76, 85–90 western, 709 Index 757

Nitrates, 37, 39, 62, 69, 151, 275, 292, 296, Porosity, 27, 162, 187, 192, 213, 249, 431, 302, 356, 478, 626, 630, 633, 652, 468–470, 516–518, 552, 593, 696, 660, 742 701, 717, 719, 734 Nitrites, 38, 64, 291 Potassium, 6, 37, 62, 151, 182, 288, 625, 642, Nitrocalcite, 293 654 Nitroglauberite, 293 Poverty, 131 Nubian sandstone aquifer system (NSAS), 7, Precipitation, 8, 13, 76, 97, 113, 182, 279, 496, 107, 120, 123, 126, 342, 545, 553, 556, 693, 740 555, 585, 590, 615 Prenile, 17, 18, 49 Protonile, 17, 18 Pulled array continuous electrical sounding O (PACES), 220 Oil borings, 344 Pump and treat (P&T), 373, 378 Oil field brine, 150 Pumping, 4, 29, 46, 58, 276, 357, 490, 545, Organic micropollutants (OMPs), 307, 736 590, 702, 733–747 Overextraction, 149, 152 excessive, 4, 227, 329, 331, 346, 427, 733 Overpopulation, 47, 143, 236, 345, 733 overpumping, 45, 60, 97, 149, 215, 276, Overpumping, 45, 60, 97, 149, 215, 276, 302, 302, 337, 340, 345, 462, 725, 735 337, 340, 345, 462, 725, 735 rates, 45, 58, 97, 357–368, 377, 530, 561, 593, 707, 746

P Paleonile, 18, 49 Q Palygroskite, 94 Qarun Lake, 79, 81, 84, 96, 118 Peat, layers/deposits, 19, 190, 628 Qattara Depression, 8, 25, 107, 121, 554, 557, Permeability, 65, 123, 162, 187–207, 223, 711 300, 335, 343, 360, 390, 468, 551, Qattrani Mountain, 79 734 Quartz, 18, 19, 94, 161, 176, 180, 183, 193, index (PI), 657, 671, 673, 675 296, 395, 741 Personal care products (PPCPs), 310 Quartzite, 216 Pesticides, 6, 60, 70–75, 112, 116, 129, Quaternary aquifer, 67, 425, 468, 480, 497, 150–153 511–520, 551, 627, 650, 687, 693– Petrochemicals, 64 707, 709, 715–718, 724, 737, 743, Petrov-Galerkin formulation, 368 744, 747 pH, 281, 651 Quaternary sediments, 15, 28, 67, 166, 238, Pharmaceuticals, 309, 310 390, 431, 650, 691, 712 Phosphates, 37, 38, 62, 69, 151, 280, 294–296, 302 Phosphorites, 295 R Phosphorus, 6, 291, 625, 637 Rainfall, 3, 6, 12, 47, 53, 65, 113, 122, 245, Piezometric head, 31–35, 149, 331, 347, 493, 276, 490, 693, 712, 732 518, 724, 738, 743 groundwater recharge, 8, 30, 113, 142, 496, Piezometric levels, 431, 546, 554–577, 723 535, 740 Piezometric maps, 55, 614 harvesting, 302 Pollution, 3, 39, 56, 109, 141, 150, 162, 276, Rainwater, recharge, 6, 107, 122, 283, 295 291, 309, 358, 371, 482, 627, 648, Rayah El Beheiry/Behiri, 393, 713, 717, 725, 742, 745 744 agriculture, 141 Rayah El Nasseri, 393, 713, 717, 725, 744 groundwater, 5, 69, 150–153, 162, 378, 627, Recent working production wells (RWPWs), 647, 745 546 oil, 150 Recharge, agricultural, 497 Population, 13, 331, 355, 732 artificial, 5, 309, 340, 357, 361 growth, 4, 340, 357, 648, 688 natural, 357, 360, 427 overpopulation, 47, 143, 236, 345, 733 seepage, 722 758 Index

Recharge and abstraction (R&A), 373, 378 Sediments, 17, 46 Reclamation, irrigation, 143 clastic, 184, 558, 569, 745 projects, 38, 51, 132, 163, 215, 236, 380, fluvial, 76, 83 392, 431, 497, 687, 715 Holocene, 21, 89, 395 Research Institute for Groundwater (RIGW), Miocene, 17, 164, 395 25, 57, 280, 585, 650, 700, 717 Neogene, 164, 238 Residual sodium carbonates (RSC), 300, 647, Oligocene, 17, 94, 164 652, 657, 671, 680 Paleocene, 17 Resistivity, 67, 187, 742, 746 Pleistocene, 16, 36, 163, 173, 286, 296, 691, electrical, rocks, 249 693 Reverse osmosis (RO), 299, 362, 380 Pliocene, 18, 75, 89, 164, 395, 410 Rice, 97, 98, 141, 146, 465, 467, 473, 478, 494 Quaternary, 15, 28, 67, 166, 238, 390, 431, branch, 15, 23, 28, 39, 51, 56, 121, 650, 691, 712 243, 343, 393, 429, 470, 511, 649, Seepage, 26, 30, 45, 116, 276, 343, 420, 431, 711–725 495, 625, 707, 711, 722, 743, 746 Septic tanks, 151, 625 Sewage, 5, 37–39, 64, 69, 75, 92, 118, 150– S 153, 626, 637, 641, 745, 747 Sahara, 545, 548, 588, 743 treatment plant (STP), 150, 309 Salhia canal, 108 Shale, 18, 25, 86, 187, 191, 216, 244, 249, 438, Saline water, 8, 36, 96, 248, 300, 462, 552 468, 555, 595 abstraction, 357, 363, 378, 380, 742 Shoreline, changes, 12 intrusion, 54, 151, 346, 372, 377, 492, 709 history, 21 Salinity, 107, 151, 183, 187, 649, 688, 715, Silting, 51 734, 738, 740 Simulation-optimization models, 365 groundwater, 25, 37, 40, 60, 69, 149, 183, Sinai, 6, 8, 51, 114, 121, 342, 547, 553, 588 188, 200, 215, 491, 496, 715, 734 Single electrical sounding (SES), 220 soil, 80, 88, 129, 373, 649, 688, 709 Single hidden layer feedforward neural up-coning, 45 networks (SLFNs), 312 Salinization, 35, 109, 128, 141, 153, 227, 275– Single-layer feedforward neural network 303, 329, 394, 467, 735, 740 (SLFFNN), 312 Salitorrents, 79 , 50, 107, 110, 121, 134–138, 555, Salorthids, 79 588, 740 Salts, 6, 53, 94, 116, 151, 277, 283, 288, Smectite, 89, 96, 161, 176–183, 194, 395, 741 394, 473 Soda niter, 293 mobilization, 151 Sodicity, 107, 133 Saltwater intrusion, 329, 355, 489, 736 Sodium, 40, 63, 69, 107, 138, 288, 302, 479, control, 355 625, 636, 642, 654, 671 Sandstone aquifer, 586 Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), 300 Sarah Khor, 87 Sodium feldspar, 288 Schlumberger array, 220 Soil aquifer treatment (SAT), 307–323, 736 Sea level rise (SLR), 10, 37, 141, 149, 332, 346, Soils, aeration, 148 373, 489, 525, 528, 535, 743 El-Faiyum, 79 Sea spray, 151, 277 maps, 77–84, 499, 504 SEAWAT, 346, 489 Soybeans, 97, 146 Seawater, desalination, 6, 7, 47, 116, 117, 347, Strontium, 625 357–378, 742, 748 Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), 462 intrusion, 37, 40, 45, 60, 97, 148, 248, 275, Subsurface drainage, controlled 329, 355, 394, 425, 461, 491, 552, vs. uncontrolled, 145 637, 649, 671, 732, 736 Subsurface thermal regime, 387, 473, 746 Sedimentology, 161, 731, 734 Sugar crops, 97, 98 Index 759

Sulfate, 37, 40, 62, 75, 286, 295, 302, 625, 630, W 642, 651, 655 Wadi El-, 122 Sulin diagram, 295 Wadi El-Assiuti, 72 Surface ponds, recharge of aquifer, 368 Wadi El-Farigh, 25, 135, 238, 244, 247 Surface terrain, 79 Wadi El-Mathula, 67, 69 Surface water, groundwater relationship, 25 Wadi El-Natrun, 11, 23, 36, 58, 107, 112, 131, Sustainability, 47, 58, 112, 118, 130, 152, 372, 144, 163, 235–268, 322, 390, 429, 394, 583, 731, 739, 744, 745 500, 554, 711, 715, 735, 740 Sustainable development, 45, 213, 236, 687, Wadi El-Tumulat, 92 709, 731, 748 Wadi Qena, 48, 67, 69 Swamps, 45, 46 Wastes, agricultural, 292 animal, 150 domestic, 292, 637, 642 T industrial, 6, 37, 60, 151 Tala well, 461, 476–482, 737 unsafe, 649 Temperature, distributions, subsurface, 401 Wastewater, 3, 626, 648 profiles, borehole, 399 canals, 75 subsurface, 461 industrial, 6, 38, 150 Thermal modeling, 1D, 387 infiltration, 322 Tile drains/drainage, 24, 65, 700, 713, 745 leakage, 40, 64 Time domain electromagnetic (TEM) survey, reuse, 307 235 treated, 47, 110, 118, 357–363, 368, 732, Torrifluvents, 79 740 Torripsamments, 83 treatment, 39, 308, 371 Toshka project, 51, 85, 723 treatment plants, 69, 310 Total dissolved salt (TDS), 195 untreated, 276, 735 Total dissolved solids (TDS), 115, 120, 195, Water, availability, 47, 97, 109, 113, 128, 307, 275, 302, 333, 625, 630, 651, 654 733 Toxicity, 292, 300, 309, 659–661 budget, 7, 58, 496, 499, 701, 705, 721–725, Trace elements, 37, 62, 64, 151, 296–301, 625, 744 660 Nile Delta aquifer, 498 Transmissivity, 28, 74, 144, 319, 468, 552, 561, demand, 3, 24, 119, 329, 357, 710, 733 570, 587, 593, 598, 695, 717 sectoral, 119 Treatment, recharge, abstraction, and freshwater, 4, 34, 47, 143, 152, 545, 586, desalination (TRAD), 371, 379 648, 709, 733, 747 TRIWACO, 717 injection, 361–364, 518 quality, 3, 64, 275, 586, 627, 735, 745 assessment, 647, 660, 732, 738 U index (WQI), 625, 639, 652, 743 Uncertainty analysis, 545, 559 resources, 3, 45, 142 Urbanization, 120, 141, 143, 215, 303, 309, salinity, 36, 71, 137, 187, 195, 207, 227, 340, 490, 734, 748 248, 335, 347, 468, 633, 740 Ustifluvents, 79 scarcity, 45, 47, 110, 119, 340, 547, 731, 740 sodic, 107 V use efficiency, 145, 153, 303, 745, 748 Variable-density flow (VDF), 518 virtual, 45 Vegetable(s), crops, 129, 429 Water hyacinth, 151 Vermiculite, 94 Waterlogging, 31, 35, 40, 58, 107, 129, 137, Vertical electrical soundings (VES), 235 141, 148, 153, 394, 498, 627, 688, Vulnerability zones, 62 709, 713, 725, 740 760 Index

Wells, abstraction rates, 489 X relocation, 358 X-ray diffractometry (XRD), 161, 167, 183 Western Nile Delta, 161 WetSpass model, 499 Wheat, 97, 98, 134, 145, 148 Z Winds, 161 Zinc (Zn), 40, 63, 75, 275, 281, 296, 299, 625, speed, 499, 506 630–632, 636–642, 651–670, 679