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155 Impact of Groundwater Quality Status on Its Sustainable Use Case Study: Northwest of Giza, Egypt Samir R. Awad, Zeinab M. El

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155 Impact of Groundwater Quality Status on Its Sustainable Use Case Study: Northwest of Giza, Egypt Samir R. Awad, Zeinab M. El Impact of Groundwater Quality Status on its Sustainable Use Case study: Northwest of Giza, Egypt Samir R. Awad, Zeinab M. El Fakharany Associate Professor, Research Institute for Groundwater (RIGW), National Water Research Center (NWRC) Email: [email protected], ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8251-8492 Abstract: The research area is located in the northwest of Giza city. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the groundwater quality status and the hazardous impacts for sustainable uses. Chemical results showed that the total dissolved solids (TDS) in drains are ranging between 633 mg/l and 1746 mg/l and nitrate (NO3) concentrations range from 48 mg/l to 88 mg/l. High TDS in the groundwater reaching 4768 mg/l and high concentrations of nitrate more than 45 mg/l are found only in the western and southwestern parts of the study area referring to agricultural and domestic wastes. Simulation of groundwater flow using MODFLOW indicated that the aquifer in the modeled area is recharged dominantly from excess irrigation water and leakage from irrigation network. Both MODPATH and MT3DMS results confirmed that contaminants migrate downward and extending into the unconfined highly vulnerable aquifer part, which affected the groundwater sustainable use. [Samir R. Awad, Zeinab M. El Fakharany. Impact of Groundwater Quality Status on its Sustainable Use Case study: Northwest of Giza, Egypt. Nat Sci 2020;18(1):155-170]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 21. doi:10.7537/marsnsj180120.21. Keywords: Groundwater; quality; wastewater; MODFLOW; sustainable use; Giza, Egypt 1. Introduction and human activities on groundwater and related Greater Cairo is the most populous area in Egypt environment (Namitha et al. 2019, Zhou and Li, 2011, with estimates of around 18 million citizens. The Loucks et al., 1985). Moreover, groundwater modeling domestic wastewater quantity raised due to high gained wide application due to the availability of intensity of the population. There are approximately modern software packages and powerful computers. 164 wastewater treatment plants in Egypt mainly Many studies have been followed out on numerical execute the secondary treatment. Only three plants groundwater modeling for assessment and execute primary treatment: two in Alexandria and one management (Namitha et al. 2019, Khalaf and Gad, in Cairo (Abu Rawash wastewater treatment plant 2015, Chao et al. 2010, Senthilkumar and Elango, WWTP). The capability of the current primary Abu 2004, Balazova et al. 2002), as well as studies deal Rawash WWTP in Cairo is 1.2 million m3/day, which with the pollution and the contamination of does not meet the legal requirements. Excess sewage groundwater (Zeidan et al., 2013, El-Araby,2008, amounts are discharged without treatment causing Shamrukh,2001). Therefore, the present study aims at water pollution in drains and subsequently evaluating the groundwater quality status in the contributing pollution loads to the Rosetta branch. northwest of Giza city and the hazardous impacts for Only primary treatment will remain insufficient to sustainable use. satisfy environmental and legal limitations. the The research area is present in the northwest of provision of at least secondary treatment facilities is Giza city among longitudes from 31° to 31° 10' E and essential to meet the conditions and to improve the latitudes from 30° to 30° 10' N (Figure 1). There is a water quality and environment of the receiving water main wastewater treatment plant at Abu Rawash area bodies. The wastewater utilities were created in 1981 with maximum effluents 1,450,000 m3/day and 1979 by Presidential Decrees (MHUUD, 2010). (Mohamed, 2015). The whole drainage system In Egypt, groundwater is performing a vital role discharges treated with untreated wastewater into in development. Therefore, it is necessary to take in Barakat drain that reaches the extension of El Mouhit mind the hydrogeology of the groundwater aquifer and drain and then El Rahawy drain that discharges finally its vulnerability to pollution to protect it from huge amounts of wastewater at the Rosetta branch, pollution. Nowadays, groundwater model has become therefore it has harmful impacts on its water quality an essential tool for hydrogeologists to perform due to its high organic loads (Mohamed, 2015). various tasks including helps in formulating the management strategy, the assessment and forecast of 2. Description of the Study Area groundwater, the discovery of groundwater pollution The present study area is marked by a gentle 155 Nature and Science 2020;18(1) http://www.sciencepub.net/nature NSJ slope in topographic features, where ground elevation Old alluvial plain covers the western part varies between less than 20 m +msl at the east and forming gravel terraces (Said, 1990). It contains new greater than 50 m + msl at the southwestern portions reclaimed lands irrigated using groundwater and partly (EGSA, 1997). The geomorphologic features in the reused drainage water to cover water the shortage in study area include i) The young alluvial plain; ii) The some locations. old alluvial plain, and iii) El Hassana dome and El Hassana dome is a geologic structure bounding slopes. covering an area of one square kilometer, which is Young alluvial plains cover the eastern part located about 23 km northwest from Cairo (Said, that contains the old cultivated lands, irrigation canals, 1990). drains and towns with the extensive population. Figure 1: Location of the present study area on Google earth image. The air temperature (T) rises in summer with semi-pervious layers (Figure 2). There is a direct maximum average values exceeding 40 ºC during contact between surface water and subsurface. There July, while minimum average values below 14are are many open drains in the study area that are giving measured during January. The relative humidity (R.H.) a chance for the wastewater and excess irrigation reaches its maximum average values of 55% in July water to move down to the subsurface causing and August and its minimum values of 37% in April recharge to the groundwater aquifer. (Sharaky et al. 2017). Evaporation intensity (Ev) is a The geological map, as shown in figure 2, shows significant factor affecting water quality, particularly the surface outcrops of different geological formations where groundwater is close to the ground surface. The and structures in the study area (EGPCO, CONOCO, rainfall effect on the surface and groundwater is 1987, RIGW, 1989). The Quaternary aquifer consists insignificant, especially during summer due to limited of consecutive layers of sand and gravels intercalated quantity (UNDP, 2013). by clay lenses. Its maximum thickness is about 200 m in the northern part and decreases to the south 3. Hydrogeological Setting reaching 100 m in the south. Also, the aquifer The surface water system includes the El thickness vanishes westward until the Quaternary Mansuriya canal that is passing through pervious and sediments overlap with the tertiary sediments of 156 Nature and Science 2020;18(1) http://www.sciencepub.net/nature NSJ Miocene, Oligocene or older rocks (Figure 3). The saturated with groundwater especially northeastern thickness of Miocene sediments is about 50 m of sand portion. The groundwater exists dominantly under free and clay. Oligocene basalts are occasionally water table conditions (unconfined) to semi-confined underlying the Miocene and overlying the Oligocene where semi-pervious clay cap covers the aquifer, sediments. The layer forming the Quaternary aquifer is especially in the eastern parts. Figure 2: Geological map of the study area (after EGPCO, CONOCO, 1987). 157 Nature and Science 2020;18(1) http://www.sciencepub.net/nature NSJ Figure 3: Hydrogeological cross sections (after RIGW, 1989). Table 1: locations and sources of water samples. Sample Code Well Depth (m. -GL) Depth to Water Table (m. -GL) Groundwater Levels (m. +msl) W1 65 6,5 12 W2 48 7.3 11.5 W3 62 11.5 12.6 W4 70 1.5 14 W5 35 8.5 12 W6 65 10 11 W7 56 5 12.5 W8 54 10.5 12 W9 35 8 12.5 Mn. C El Mansouriya Canal Dn1 El Mouhit Drain Dn2 El Mansouriya Drain Dn3 El Mouhit Drain 158 Nature and Science 2020;18(1) http://www.sciencepub.net/nature NSJ 4. Material and Methods spectrophotometer and the highly sensitive analytical Geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical methods have been used. Thirteen water samples have data have been collected and inventoried in the been examined for dissolved chemical constituents fieldwork and used for the present study (Table 1). (EC, pH, K, Ca, Na, Mg, HCO3, SO4, Cl, NO3 and Data about groundwater levels were collected and some trace elements. measured in wells to update the groundwater levels The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is a simple map. Then, groundwater vulnerability map used for method used to evaluate the danger of high sodium quantifying the availability of pollutants from concentrations in irrigation water (Freeze and Cherry, hazardous sources to reach groundwater. 1979). Wilcox classification diagram has used to Standard methods of water sampling and distinguish the groundwater samples for irrigation uses chemical investigations was applied for major cations (Wilcox 1955). Electrical conductivity (EC) shows the and anions, nutrients and trace elements contents in salinity hazard and SAR ratio shows the alkalinity groundwater and surface water samples. All these hazard. Water types divided into four categories (S1, chemical analyses have been carried out in the Central S2, S3,
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