Early British Synchrotrons, an Informal History
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Der Mythos Der Deutschen Atombombe
Langsame oder schnelle Neutronen? Der Mythos der deutschen Atombombe Prof. Dr. Manfred Popp Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Ringvorlesung zum Gedächtnis an Lise Meitner Freie Universität Berlin 29. Oktober 2018 In diesem Beitrag geht es zwar um Arbeiten zur Kernphysik in Deutschland während des 2.Weltkrieges, an denen Lise Meitner wegen ihrer Emigration 1938 nicht teilnahm. Es geht aber um das Thema Kernspaltung, zu dessen Verständnis sie wesentliches beigetragen hat, um die Arbeit vieler, gut vertrauter, ehemaliger Kollegen und letztlich um das Schicksal der deutschen Physik unter den Nationalsozialisten, die ihre geistige Heimat gewesen war. Da sie nach dem Abwurf der Bombe auf Hiroshima auch als „Mutter der Atombombe“ diffamiert wurde, ist es ihr gewiss nicht gleichgültig gewesen, wie ihr langjähriger Partner und Freund Otto Hahn und seine Kollegen während des Krieges mit dem Problem der möglichen Atombombe umgegangen sind. 1. Stand der Geschichtsschreibung Die Geschichtsschreibung über das deutsche Uranprojekt 1939-1945 ist eine Domäne amerikanischer und britischer Historiker. Für die deutschen Geschichtsforscher hatte eines der wenigen im Ergebnis harmlosen Kapitel der Geschichte des 3. Reiches keine Priorität. Unter den alliierten Historikern hat sich Mark Walker seit seiner Dissertation1 durchgesetzt. Sein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kaiser Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im 3. Reich beginnt mit den Worten: „The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics is best known as the place where Werner Heisenberg worked on nuclear weapons for Hitler.“2 Im Jahr 2016 habe ich zum ersten Mal belegt, dass diese Schlussfolgerung auf Fehlinterpretationen der Dokumente und auf dem Ignorieren physikalischer Fakten beruht.3 Seit Walker gilt: Nicht an fehlenden Kenntnissen sei die deutsche Atombombe gescheitert, sondern nur an den ökonomischen Engpässen der deutschen Kriegswirtschaft: „An eine Bombenentwicklung wäre [...] auch bei voller Unterstützung des Regimes nicht zu denken gewesen. -
ISOLDE and Nuclear Structure PG Hansen
CHS-35 February 1992 CERN LIBRARIES, GENEY A Illlllll l!llll ll llllllll lll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll llll llll CM-P00043022 The SC: ISOLDE and Nuclear Structure P.G. Hansen GENEVA 1992 The Study of CERN History is a project financed by institutions m several CERN Member States. This report presents preliminary findings, and is intended for incorporation into a more comprehensive study of CERN's history. It is distributed primarily to historians and scientists to provoke discussion, and NO PART OF IT SHOULD BE CITED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR. Comments and criticism are welcome, and should be sent to the author at Institute of Physics and Astronomy University of Aarhus DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark. Copyright History of CERN Project, Geneva, 1992 The SC: ISOLDE and Nuclear Structure P.G. Hansen GENEVA 1992 The SC: ISOLDE and Nuclear Structure P.G. Hansen Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University DK-8000 Aarhus 1. Introduction 2. The early interest in nuclear physics at CERN 2.1 The conferences on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure and Nuclei Far From Stability 2.2 CERN's Nuclear Structure Committee (1964-66) and other scientific committees 2.3 Studies of complex nuclear reactions by radiochemical methods 2.4 Open problems in nuclear physics in the sixties and seventies 3. Experiments with muons and pions 3.1 Muonic x-rays 3.2 Pions and nuclei 3.3 Tests of quantum electrodynamics and the masses of the pion and the muon 3.4 Scattering and production of pions on nuclei 3.5 Other experiments with muons 3.6 Looking back 4. -
Hitler's Uranium Club, the Secret Recordings at Farm Hall
HITLER’S URANIUM CLUB DER FARMHALLER NOBELPREIS-SONG (Melodie: Studio of seiner Reis) Detained since more than half a year Ein jeder weiss, das Unglueck kam Sind Hahn und wir in Farm Hall hier. Infolge splitting von Uran, Und fragt man wer is Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. The real reason nebenbei Die energy macht alles waermer. Ist weil we worked on nuclei. Only die Schweden werden aermer. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die nuclei waren fuer den Krieg Auf akademisches Geheiss Und fuer den allgemeinen Sieg. Kriegt Deutschland einen Nobel-Preis. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Wie ist das moeglich, fragt man sich, In Oxford Street, da lebt ein Wesen, The story seems wunderlich. Die wird das heut’ mit Thraenen lesen. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die Feldherrn, Staatschefs, Zeitungsknaben, Es fehlte damals nur ein atom, Ihn everyday im Munde haben. Haett er gesagt: I marry you madam. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Even the sweethearts in the world(s) Dies ist nur unsre-erste Feier, Sie nennen sich jetzt: “Atom-girls.” Ich glaub die Sache wird noch teuer, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. -
Accelerators, Colliders, and Snakes
P1: FDS October 14, 2003 15:16 Annual Reviews AR199-FM Ernest D. Courant 17 Sep 2003 18:1 AR AR199-NS53-01.tex AR199-NS53-01.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: IKH 10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110450 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 2003. 53:1–37 doi: 10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110450 Copyright c 2003 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved ACCELERATORS, COLLIDERS, AND SNAKES Ernest D. Courant Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973; email: [email protected] Key Words particle accelerators, storage ring, spin, polarized beams PACS Codes 01.60. q, 01.65. g + + ■ Abstract The author traces his involvement in the evolution of particle accelera- tors over the past 50 years. He participated in building the first billion-volt accelerator, the Brookhaven Cosmotron, which led to the introduction of the “strong-focusing” method that has in turn led to the very large accelerators and colliders of the present day. The problems of acceleration of spin-polarized protons are also addressed, with discussions of depolarizing resonances and “Siberian snakes” as a technique for miti- gating these resonances. CONTENTS 1. BEGINNINGS ...................................................... 2 1.1. Growing Up .................................................... 2 1.2. Rochester ...................................................... 4 1.3. Montreal ....................................................... 5 1.4. Cornell ........................................................ 6 2. BROOKHAVEN .................................................... 7 2.1. The Cosmotron -
Wolfgang GENTNER Research Director
Who is who in CERN Research Director Wolfgang GENTNER Synchro-cyclotron Division The group of visiting scientists headed Wolfgang Gentner then returned to by Prof. A. Lagarrigue, from the Eco'k Germany where he became Prof. W. Polyfechnique in Paris, arrived at the Bothe's assistant at the Kaiser Wilhelm 25 GeV synchrotron on 1 July. Institute (now the Max-Planck Institute) The group is placing a large piece of in Heidelberg. There, he continued his experimental equipment weighing near work on gamma rays. In particular, he ly 100 ions in the synchrotron beam. determined their photonuclear effects on This is a propane-freon bubble chamber all the elements. For this work, he used measuring 1 x 0.5 x 0.5 m, installed in gamma rays at 17 MeV—the highest en time to take its first photographs on ergy gamma rays which had so far been 22 July and take part in a long experi obtained—produced by the reaction of ment on 8 and 9 August. After Prof. lithium when bombarded by protons B. Hahn's Group from the Swiss Univer at an energy of a million electronvolt. sity of Fribourg, which will take part In October, Prof. Centner will resign The protons were provided by a 1 MeV in experiments during the whole of I960, from his duties as Research Director of Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator this is the second team of physicists the Synchro-cyclotron Division to be constructed by the young physicist. from the Member States to come and come Director of the Max-Planck Re At the beginning of 1939, Wolfgang work at CERN. -
The Virus House -
David Irving The Virus House - F FOCAL POINT Copyright © by David Irving Electronic version copyright © by Parforce UK Ltd. All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Copies may be downloaded from our website for research purposes only. No part of this publication may be commercially reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. To Pilar is the son of a Royal Navy commander. Imper- fectly educated at London’s Imperial College of Science & Tech- nology and at University College, he subsequently spent a year in Germany working in a steel mill and perfecting his fluency in the language. In he published The Destruction of Dresden. This became a best-seller in many countries. Among his thirty books (including three in German), the best-known include Hitler’s War; The Trail of the Fox: The Life of Field Marshal Rommel; Accident, the Death of General Sikorski; The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe; Göring: a Biography; and Nuremberg, the Last Battle. The second volume of Churchill's War appeared in and he is now completing the third. His works are available as free downloads at www.fpp.co.uk/books. Contents Author’s Introduction ............................. Solstice.......................................................... A Letter to the War Office ........................ The Plutonium Alternative....................... An Error of Consequence ......................... Item Sixteen on a Long Agenda............... Freshman................................................... Vemork Attacked..................................... -
Bruno Touschek in Germany After the War: 1945-46
LABORATORI NAZIONALI DI FRASCATI INFN–19-17/LNF October 10, 2019 MIT-CTP/5150 Bruno Touschek in Germany after the War: 1945-46 Luisa Bonolis1, Giulia Pancheri2;† 1)Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany 2)INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, P.O. Box 13, I-00044 Frascati, Italy Abstract Bruno Touschek was an Austrian born theoretical physicist, who proposed and built the first electron-positron collider in 1960 in the Frascati National Laboratories in Italy. In this note we reconstruct a crucial period of Bruno Touschek’s life so far scarcely explored, which runs from Summer 1945 to the end of 1946. We shall describe his university studies in Gottingen,¨ placing them in the context of the reconstruction of German science after 1945. The influence of Werner Heisenberg and other prominent German physicists will be highlighted. In parallel, we shall show how the decisions of the Allied powers, towards restructuring science and technology in the UK after the war effort, determined Touschek’s move to the University of Glasgow in 1947. Make it a story of distances and starlight Robert Penn Warren, 1905-1989, c 1985 Robert Penn Warren arXiv:1910.09075v1 [physics.hist-ph] 20 Oct 2019 e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. Authors’ ordering in this and related works alternates to reflect that this work is part of a joint collaboration project with no principal author. †) Also at Center for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. Contents 1 Introduction2 2 Hamburg 1945: from death rays to post-war science4 3 German science and the mission of the T-force6 3.1 Operation Epsilon . -
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS - JULY 1948 to DEC. 1950 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m72734s Author Cushman, Bonnie E. Publication Date 1951-03-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UCRL 1238 cy 2 r UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA TWO-WEEK LOAN COpy This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call Tech. Info. Division, Ext. 5545 . BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California. l1JNClASSIFHEJ" UCRL-1238 Unclassified - Physics Distribution UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA . , Radiation laboratory Contract No o ~v-7405-eng-48 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PARTICLE ACGELERATORS JULY 1948 TO DECEMBER 1950 Bonnie E. -
Quest 8.2 10/10 For
I NTERNATIONAL To Venture Beyond the Atmosphere The Foundation of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics And the Roots of West Geman Space Research BY ULF von RAUCHHAUPT German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur verwaltung) in Munich serves them Förderung der Wissenschaft - or MPG administratively. in short). Therefore, a rough sketch of The MPG constantly tries to adapt The Max Planck Institute for its most important features during the itself to changes in the world of science. Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE1) in period covered here may be appropri- One way of adaptation is to open up Garching, a small town 35 kilometers ate.2 new institutes when and where promis- north of Munich, ranks among the most Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser ing new fields of basic research are important space research facilities in Wilhelm Society (Kaiser-Wilhelm- opening up. As outlined below, this was Germany. It contributed to most of the Gesellschaft or KWG) and re-founded certainly the case for space research in scientific space missions in which the after the Second World War as the West Germany at the beginning of the country participated: from early sound- MPG, this organization devotes itself to 1960s. The autonomy of the institute ing rocket programs; the HEOS-1 satel- basic research which cannot, or not yet, directors -- dubbed the “Harnack lite in 1968 and the first German easily be pursued within the framework Principle”3 -- has a considerable impact national satellite AZUR in 1969; to of universities. To insure independence, on whether or how new Max Planck present missions such as XMM Newton the MPG is legally a private institution Institutes are founded. -
May/Jun 2020
CERNMay/June 2020 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WLCOMEE CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the May/June 2020 issue of CERN Courier. This month’s issue looks at the latest progress in niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) accelerator SUPER magnets for high-energy exploration. Discovered to be a superconductor more than half a century ago, and already in widespread commercial use in MRI CONDUCTOR scanners and employed on a giant scale in the under-construction ITER fusion THE RISE OF experiment, it is only recently that high-performance accelerator magnets made NIOBIUM-TIN from Nb3Sn have been mastered. The first use of Nb3Sn conductor in accelerator magnets will be the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), for which the first Nb3Sn dipole and quadrupole magnets have recently been tested successfully at CERN and in the US. As our cover feature describes, the demonstration of Nb3Sn in the HL-LHC also serves as a springboard to future hadron colliders, enabling physicists to reach significantly higher energies than are possible with present-generation niobium-titanium accelerator magnets. To this end, CERN and the US labs are achieving impressive results in driving up the performance of Nb3Sn conductor in various demonstrator magnets. Sticking with accelerators, this issue also lays out the possible paths towards a high-energy muon collider – long considered a dream machine for precision and discovery, but devilishly difficult in its details. We also describe the rapid progress being made at synchrotron X-ray sources, arguably the most significant application of accelerator science in recent decades, towards understanding the molecular structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. -
Heisenberg in the Atomic Age: Science and the Public Sphere Cathryn Carson Frontmatter More Information
Excerpt Index Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-43695-4 - Heisenberg in the Atomic Age: Science and the Public Sphere Cathryn Carson Frontmatter More information Heisenberg in the Atomic Age The end of the Second World War opened a new era for science in public life. Heisenberg in the Atomic Age explores the transformations of science’s public presence in the postwar Federal Republic of Germany. It shows how Werner Heisenberg’s philosophical commentaries, circulated in the mass media, secured his role as science’s public philosopher, and it reflects on his policy engagements and public political stands, which helped redefine the relationship between science and the state. With deep archival grounding, the book tracks Heisenberg’s interactions with intellectuals from Heidegger to Habermas and political leaders from Adenauer to Brandt. It also traces his evolving statements about his wartime research on nuclear fission for the National Socialist regime. Working between the history of science and German history, the book’s central theme is the place of scientific rationality in public life – after the atomic bomb, inthewakeoftheThirdReich. Cathryn Carson is Associate Professor of History and Director of the Office for History of Science and Technology at the University of California, Berkeley. She is coeditor, with David A. Hollinger, of Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections and chair of the editorial board of Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Excerpt Index Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-43695-4 - Heisenberg in the Atomic Age: Science and the Public Sphere Cathryn Carson Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Excerpt Index Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-43695-4 - Heisenberg in the Atomic Age: Science and the Public Sphere Cathryn Carson Frontmatter More information publications of the german historical institute Washington, D.C. -
THE EVOLUTION of HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS* Ernestd
o@@ _,#_j. '__ 1100WayneAvenue,Suite, 100 &,"_: ,e_,;5 ' ,,_1_.. ¢s,_ Association for Information and Image Management -- ._'_'_._ _ Centimeter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 mm 1 2 3 4 5 Inches 111111.0|_11111_IlUI_ ,. |_ I lUlINIllllgIIII1 TO RIIH STRNORRDS 5 _-"_ BY QPPLIED IMRgE, INC. _ "__ o__ -_- Workshop on Beam Instabilities in Storage Rings (_/0 ...,_o jj Hefei, China July 25-30, 1994 BNL-60659 THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS* ErnestD. Courant BrookhavenNationalLaboratory In thislectureI would liketo tracehow highenergyparticleaccel- eratorshave grown from toolsused foresotericsmall-scaleexperimentsto thegiganticprojectsof today. The firstexperimentusingparticlaeccelerationto exploretheforces of natureissupposedto have takenplacearound 1589 (althoughmany historiansspo, ilsportths attheyare,thinkthatitneverhappened).Galileo dropped a lightand a heavy particlepresu, mablya pebbleand a stone, from theLTP (LeaningTower ofPisa)and notedthattheytook thesame amount oftime,thusdemonstratingthatgravityisa universalforceacting thesame way on everything. The particleenergyinthisexperimentwas about5 millionthsofan electron-voltperatomicmass unit.Sincethen we have progressedup to a TeV (10l_electron-volts),and expectto topthatintheforeseeablfeuture by anotherfactorof20 or so - so altogethethr e specifiecnergywillhave gone up by closeto 102°,thatisa hundred billionbillion! How didallthiscome about? Acceleratorshave been devisedand builtfortwo reasons:In the first place, by physicists who needed high energy particles in order to have a means to explore the interactions between particles that probe the fun- damental elementary forces of nature. And conversely, sometimes accel- erator builders produce new machines for higher energy than ever before just because it can be done, and then challenge potential users to make new discoveries with the new means at hand. These two approaches or motivations have gone hand in hand.