Der Mythos Der Deutschen Atombombe
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Wie Es Zur Gründung Des Instituts Für Hochenergiephysik Kam
HEPHY-PUB-997 24 Nov. 2016 (rev. 19 Sep. 2017) Wie es zur Gründung des Instituts für Hochenergiephysik kam Winfried A. Mitaroff Institut für Hochenergiephysik der ÖAW, Wien ∗ Zusammenfassung Nach dem Beitritt Österreichs zur Europäischen Organisation für Kernforschung (CERN) im Jahr 1959 und bescheidenen Anfängen an der Universität Wien wurde 1966 mit der Gründung des Instituts für Hochenergiephysik (HEPHY) durch die Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW) der Grundlagenforschung auf dem Gebiet der experimentellen Teilchenphysik in unserem Land eine solide Entwicklungsmöglichkeit eröffnet. In den seither vergangenen 50 Jahren war das Institut im Rahmen internationaler Kollaborationen an einer Vielzahl von Experimenten an Großforschungsanlagen (vorwiegend, aber nicht ausschließlich, bei CERN) beteiligt – darunter auch an so bedeutenden, welche später zu Physik-Nobelpreisen geführt haben. Hierzu hat es wichtige Beiträge geleistet, insbesondere in den Bereichen Detektorentwicklung, Datenanalyse und Phänomenologie. Die vorliegende Studie zielt auf die Vorgeschichte, welche schließlich zur Institutsgründung führte. Als Quellen dienten Sitzungsprotokolle und Tätigkeitsberichte, Institutsbroschüren, Autobiografien, sowie persönliche Erinnerungen. Dieser Artikel stellt den ersten Teil eines Beitrags zur Monografie “175 Jahre Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften” (Wien 2022) dar, welcher die wissenschaftliche Institutsgeschichte bis zur Gegenwart beschreiben wird. 1 Einleitung Die Hochenergiephysik als selbständige Wissenschaftsdisziplin -
Willibald Jentschke –
European organization for nuclear research Willibald Jentschke – Willibald Jentschke founder of DESY and former Director"General of CERN passed away on March + on 18 December 1959. Jentschke became its first director and remained in this position until 1970. Jentschke served as Director-General of CERN Laboratory I – the original Meyrin site – from 1971–75. During the same period, John Adams was Director-General of the neighbouring Laboratory II, where the new SPS pro- ton synchrotron was being construct- ed. Having two Directors-General was an unusual and delicate situation, but to their eternal credit Jentschke and Adams handled it well. Jentschke oversaw the exploitation of important new investments, including an ambi- tious research programme for neutri- no physics. In 1973, this effort enabled physicists to discover the neutral cur- rents of the weak interaction. Faced with a major discovery, CERN was nervous. However, Jentschke ensured that the result went on record as one Born in Vienna, Willibald Jentschke of the Laboratory’s great achieve- obtained his Ph.D. in nuclear physics ments. at the age of 24. He continued working in this field in Vienna for many years. As Director-General of CERN In 1951, he became director of the Jentschke wrote in 1975: "I believe cyclotron laboratory at the University that we must base our future plans on of Illinois. When the University of international collaboration, certainly Hamburg offered him the chair for within Europe, or perhaps, if condi- experimental physics in 1955 he tions eventually permit, within a wider requested funds to create a modern context." This vision is now becoming research facility in Germany. -
Bringing out the Dead Alison Abbott Reviews the Story of How a DNA Forensics Team Cracked a Grisly Puzzle
BOOKS & ARTS COMMENT DADO RUVIC/REUTERS/CORBIS DADO A forensics specialist from the International Commission on Missing Persons examines human remains from a mass grave in Tomašica, Bosnia and Herzegovina. FORENSIC SCIENCE Bringing out the dead Alison Abbott reviews the story of how a DNA forensics team cracked a grisly puzzle. uring nine sweltering days in July Bosnia’s Million Bones tells the story of how locating, storing, pre- 1995, Bosnian Serb soldiers slaugh- innovative DNA forensic science solved the paring and analysing tered about 7,000 Muslim men and grisly conundrum of identifying each bone the million or more Dboys from Srebrenica in Bosnia. They took so that grieving families might find some bones. It was in large them to several different locations and shot closure. part possible because them, or blew them up with hand grenades. This is an important book: it illustrates the during those fate- They then scooped up the bodies with bull- unspeakable horrors of a complex war whose ful days in July 1995, dozers and heavy earth-moving equipment, causes have always been hard for outsiders to aerial reconnais- and dumped them into mass graves. comprehend. The author, a British journalist, sance missions by the Bosnia’s Million It was the single most inhuman massacre has the advantage of on-the-ground knowl- Bones: Solving the United States and the of the Bosnian war, which erupted after the edge of the war and of the International World’s Greatest North Atlantic Treaty break-up of Yugoslavia and lasted from 1992 Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP), an Forensic Puzzle Organization had to 1995, leaving some 100,000 dead. -
Sterns Lebensdaten Und Chronologie Seines Wirkens
Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens Diese Chronologie von Otto Sterns Wirken basiert auf folgenden Quellen: 1. Otto Sterns selbst verfassten Lebensläufen, 2. Sterns Briefen und Sterns Publikationen, 3. Sterns Reisepässen 4. Sterns Züricher Interview 1961 5. Dokumenten der Hochschularchive (17.2.1888 bis 17.8.1969) 1888 Geb. 17.2.1888 als Otto Stern in Sohrau/Oberschlesien In allen Lebensläufen und Dokumenten findet man immer nur den VornamenOt- to. Im polizeilichen Führungszeugnis ausgestellt am 12.7.1912 vom königlichen Polizeipräsidium Abt. IV in Breslau wird bei Stern ebenfalls nur der Vorname Otto erwähnt. Nur im Emeritierungsdokument des Carnegie Institutes of Tech- nology wird ein zweiter Vorname Otto M. Stern erwähnt. Vater: Mühlenbesitzer Oskar Stern (*1850–1919) und Mutter Eugenie Stern geb. Rosenthal (*1863–1907) Nach Angabe von Diana Templeton-Killan, der Enkeltochter von Berta Kamm und somit Großnichte von Otto Stern (E-Mail vom 3.12.2015 an Horst Schmidt- Böcking) war Ottos Großvater Abraham Stern. Abraham hatte 5 Kinder mit seiner ersten Frau Nanni Freund. Nanni starb kurz nach der Geburt des fünften Kindes. Bald danach heiratete Abraham Berta Ben- der, mit der er 6 weitere Kinder hatte. Ottos Vater Oskar war das dritte Kind von Berta. Abraham und Nannis erstes Kind war Heinrich Stern (1833–1908). Heinrich hatte 4 Kinder. Das erste Kind war Richard Stern (1865–1911), der Toni Asch © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018 325 H. Schmidt-Böcking, A. Templeton, W. Trageser (Hrsg.), Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55735-8 326 Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens heiratete. -
Chapter 6 the Aftermath of the Cambridge-Vienna Controversy: Radioactivity and Politics in Vienna in the 1930S
Trafficking Materials and Maria Rentetzi Gendered Experimental Practices Chapter 6 The Aftermath of the Cambridge-Vienna Controversy: Radioactivity and Politics in Vienna in the 1930s Consequences of the Cambridge-Vienna episode ranged from the entrance of other 1 research centers into the field as the study of the atomic nucleus became a promising area of scientific investigation to the development of new experimental methods. As Jeff Hughes describes, three key groups turned to the study of atomic nucleus. Gerhard Hoffman and his student Heinz Pose studied artificial disintegration at the Physics Institute of the University of Halle using a polonium source sent by Meyer.1 In Paris, Maurice de Broglie turned his well-equipped laboratory for x-ray research into a center for radioactivity studies and Madame Curie started to accumulate polonium for research on artificial disintegration. The need to replace the scintillation counters with a more reliable technique also 2 led to the extensive use of the cloud chamber in Cambridge.2 Simultaneously, the development of electric counting methods for measuring alpha particles in Rutherford's laboratory secured quantitative investigations and prompted Stetter and Schmidt from the Vienna Institute to focus on the valve amplifier technique.3 Essential for the work in both the Cambridge and the Vienna laboratories was the use of polonium as a strong source of alpha particles for those methods as an alternative to the scintillation technique. Besides serving as a place for scientific production, the laboratory was definitely 3 also a space for work where tasks were labeled as skilled and unskilled and positions were divided to those paid monthly and those supported by grant money or by research fellowships. -
Veröffentlichungen Und Vorträge
Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge Veröffentlichungen und Vorträge 287 288 DESY-Kolloquien Festkolloquium für Günter Wolf M. DERRICK (ANL Argonne/USA) The Physics Interplay between Hadron and Electron Facilities. 10 Jahre DESY Zeuthen R. PECCEI (UCLA/USA) Festkolloquium The Deep Inelastic Trail. 3.12.2002 A. WAGNER (DESY Hamburg/D) Begrüßung. DESY Lecture Series in Memory of Prof. Dr. W. Jentschke J. WANKA (Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur des Landes Brandenburg) W.K.H. PANOFSKY (Univ. Stanford/USA) Grußwort. The Danger Posed by Nuclear Weapons. 5.12.2002 H. SCHUNCK (BMBF, Berlin/D) Transformation oder Urknall – Physik in Deutschland 10 Jahre danach. V. SOERGEL (Univ. Heidelberg/D) Academic Training 1992 – DESY wird größer: Erinnerung an die Entstehung von DESY Zeuthen. U. GENSCH (DESY Zeuthen/D) P. SCHMÜSER (Univ. Hamburg/D) DESY Zeuthen heute. Basic Elements of Accelerator Physics. 18.–20.02.2002 C. SPIERING (DESY Zeuthen/D) Neutrinoastrophysik – Vom Baikalsee zum Südpol. G. WEIGLEIN (Univ. of Durham/GB) Electroweak Physics: Preparing for TESLA. D. ECKSTEIN (CERN Geneva/CH) 13.–15.05.2002 Struktur des Protons und die starke Kraft. V. MÜLLER (Astrophys. Inst. Potsdam/D) D. PLEITER (DESY Zeuthen/D) Astrophysics and Cosmology. Parallelrechner und Physik auf dem Gitter. 7./8.10.2002 J. ILLANA (Univ. Hamburg/D) Hunting for Precision at High Energies. S. RIEMANN (DESY Zeuthen/D) Vorträge – Physik bei TESLA – Ursprung der Masse. Innerbetriebliche Fortbildung Einführung in die Ausstellung: TESLA – Licht der Zukunft A. WAGNER (DESY Hamburg/D) S. SACK (Hamburg/D) Unternehmensberater – Was tun die eigentlich wirklich? 30.01.2002 16.1.2002 H.-F. GRAF (Hamburg/D) A. -
Kerne, Kooperation Und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung In
Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte Herausgegeben von Mitchell G. Ash und Carola Sachse Band 3 Silke Fengler Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) 2014 Böhlau Verlag Wien Köln Weimar The research was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) : P 19557-G08 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Datensind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Umschlagabbildung: Zusammentreffen in Hohenholte bei Münster am 18. Mai 1932 anlässlich der 37. Hauptversammlung der deutschen Bunsengesellschaft für angewandte physikalische Chemie in Münster (16. bis 19. Mai 1932). Von links nach rechts: James Chadwick, Georg von Hevesy, Hans Geiger, Lili Geiger, Lise Meitner, Ernest Rutherford, Otto Hahn, Stefan Meyer, Karl Przibram. © Österreichische Zentralbibliothek für Physik, Wien © 2014 by Böhlau Verlag Ges.m.b.H & Co. KG, Wien Köln Weimar Wiesingerstraße 1, A-1010 Wien, www.boehlau-verlag.com Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist unzulässig. Lektorat: Ina Heumann Korrektorat: Michael Supanz Umschlaggestaltung: Michael Haderer, Wien Satz: Michael Rauscher, Wien Druck und Bindung: Prime Rate kft., Budapest Gedruckt auf chlor- und säurefrei gebleichtem Papier Printed in Hungary ISBN 978-3-205-79512-4 Inhalt 1. Kernforschung in Österreich im Spannungsfeld von internationaler Kooperation und Konkurrenz ....................... 9 1.1 Internationalisierungsprozesse in der Radioaktivitäts- und Kernforschung : Eine Skizze ...................... 9 1.2 Begriffsklärung und Fragestellungen ................. 10 1.2.2 Ressourcenausstattung und Ressourcenverteilung ......... 12 1.2.3 Zentrum und Peripherie ..................... 14 1.3 Forschungsstand ........................... 16 1.4 Quellenlage ............................. -
Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Werner Heisenberg And
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science PREPRINT 203 (2002) Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project* Horst Kant Werner Heisenberg’s (1901-1976) involvement in the German Uranium Project is the most con- troversial aspect of his life. The controversial discussions on it go from whether Germany at all wanted to built an atomic weapon or only an energy supplying machine (the last only for civil purposes or also for military use for instance in submarines), whether the scientists wanted to support or to thwart such efforts, whether Heisenberg and the others did really understand the mechanisms of an atomic bomb or not, and so on. Examples for both extreme positions in this controversy represent the books by Thomas Powers Heisenberg’s War. The Secret History of the German Bomb,1 who builds up him to a resistance fighter, and by Paul L. Rose Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project – A Study in German Culture,2 who characterizes him as a liar, fool and with respect to the bomb as a poor scientist; both books were published in the 1990s. In the first part of my paper I will sum up the main facts, known on the German Uranium Project, and in the second part I will discuss some aspects of the role of Heisenberg and other German scientists, involved in this project. Although there is already written a lot on the German Uranium Project – and the best overview up to now supplies Mark Walker with his book German National Socialism and the quest for nuclear power, which was published in * Paper presented on a conference in Moscow (November 13/14, 2001) at the Institute for the History of Science and Technology [àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ ËÒÚÓËË ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÓÁ̇ÌËfl Ë ÚÂıÌËÍË ËÏ. -
ISOLDE and Nuclear Structure PG Hansen
CHS-35 February 1992 CERN LIBRARIES, GENEY A Illlllll l!llll ll llllllll lll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll llll llll CM-P00043022 The SC: ISOLDE and Nuclear Structure P.G. Hansen GENEVA 1992 The Study of CERN History is a project financed by institutions m several CERN Member States. This report presents preliminary findings, and is intended for incorporation into a more comprehensive study of CERN's history. It is distributed primarily to historians and scientists to provoke discussion, and NO PART OF IT SHOULD BE CITED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR. Comments and criticism are welcome, and should be sent to the author at Institute of Physics and Astronomy University of Aarhus DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark. Copyright History of CERN Project, Geneva, 1992 The SC: ISOLDE and Nuclear Structure P.G. Hansen GENEVA 1992 The SC: ISOLDE and Nuclear Structure P.G. Hansen Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University DK-8000 Aarhus 1. Introduction 2. The early interest in nuclear physics at CERN 2.1 The conferences on High-Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure and Nuclei Far From Stability 2.2 CERN's Nuclear Structure Committee (1964-66) and other scientific committees 2.3 Studies of complex nuclear reactions by radiochemical methods 2.4 Open problems in nuclear physics in the sixties and seventies 3. Experiments with muons and pions 3.1 Muonic x-rays 3.2 Pions and nuclei 3.3 Tests of quantum electrodynamics and the masses of the pion and the muon 3.4 Scattering and production of pions on nuclei 3.5 Other experiments with muons 3.6 Looking back 4. -
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: a Study in German Culture
Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft838nb56t&chunk.id=0&doc.v... Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project A Study in German Culture Paul Lawrence Rose UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1998 The Regents of the University of California In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday Preferred Citation: Rose, Paul Lawrence. Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, 1939-1945: A Study in German Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft838nb56t/ In affectionate memory of Brian Dalton (1924–1996), Scholar, gentleman, leader, friend And in honor of my father's 80th birthday ― ix ― ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For hospitality during various phases of work on this book I am grateful to Aryeh Dvoretzky, Director of the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, whose invitation there allowed me to begin work on the book while on sabbatical leave from James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia, in 1983; and to those colleagues whose good offices made it possible for me to resume research on the subject while a visiting professor at York University and the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1990–92. Grants from the College of the Liberal Arts and the Institute for the Arts and Humanistic Studies of The Pennsylvania State University enabled me to complete the research and writing of the book. -
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: the PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 Vincent Jonathan Houghton, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida Department of History The subject of this dissertation is the U. S. atomic intelligence effort against both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the period 1942-1949. Both of these intelligence efforts operated within the framework of an entirely new field of intelligence: scientific intelligence. Because of the atomic bomb, for the first time in history a nation’s scientific resources – the abilities of its scientists, the state of its research institutions and laboratories, its scientific educational system – became a key consideration in assessing a potential national security threat. Considering how successfully the United States conducted the atomic intelligence effort against the Germans in the Second World War, why was the United States Government unable to create an effective atomic intelligence apparatus to monitor Soviet scientific and nuclear capabilities? Put another way, why did the effort against the Soviet Union fail so badly, so completely, in all potential metrics – collection, analysis, and dissemination? In addition, did the general assessment of German and Soviet science lead to particular assumptions about their abilities to produce nuclear weapons? How did this assessment affect American presuppositions regarding the German and Soviet strategic threats? Despite extensive historical work on atomic intelligence, the current historiography has not adequately addressed these questions. THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 By Vincent Jonathan Houghton Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Jon T. -
Hitler's Uranium Club, the Secret Recordings at Farm Hall
HITLER’S URANIUM CLUB DER FARMHALLER NOBELPREIS-SONG (Melodie: Studio of seiner Reis) Detained since more than half a year Ein jeder weiss, das Unglueck kam Sind Hahn und wir in Farm Hall hier. Infolge splitting von Uran, Und fragt man wer is Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. The real reason nebenbei Die energy macht alles waermer. Ist weil we worked on nuclei. Only die Schweden werden aermer. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die nuclei waren fuer den Krieg Auf akademisches Geheiss Und fuer den allgemeinen Sieg. Kriegt Deutschland einen Nobel-Preis. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Wie ist das moeglich, fragt man sich, In Oxford Street, da lebt ein Wesen, The story seems wunderlich. Die wird das heut’ mit Thraenen lesen. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Die Feldherrn, Staatschefs, Zeitungsknaben, Es fehlte damals nur ein atom, Ihn everyday im Munde haben. Haett er gesagt: I marry you madam. Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn. Even the sweethearts in the world(s) Dies ist nur unsre-erste Feier, Sie nennen sich jetzt: “Atom-girls.” Ich glaub die Sache wird noch teuer, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, Und fragt man, wer ist Schuld daran, So ist die Antwort: Otto Hahn.