Accelerators, Colliders, and Snakes
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論文 / 著書情報 Article / Book Information
論文 / 著書情報 Article / Book Information 題目(和文) 誘導加速シンクロトロンにおける広帯域加速と バリアバケツを用いた ビームハンドリング Title(English) Wide-band acceleration and barrier bucket beam handlings in the induction synchrotron 著者(和文) 由元崇 Author(English) Takashi Yoshimoto 出典(和文) 学位:博士(工学), 学位授与機関:東京工業大学, 報告番号:甲第10210号, 授与年月日:2016年3月26日, 学位の種別:課程博士, 審査員:高山 健,堀岡 一彦,小栗 慶之,長谷川 純,林崎 規託,菊池 崇志 Citation(English) Degree:, Conferring organization: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Report number:甲第10210号, Conferred date:2016/3/26, Degree Type:Course doctor, Examiner:,,,,, 学位種別(和文) 博士論文 Category(English) Doctoral Thesis 種別(和文) 要約 Type(English) Outline Powered by T2R2 (Tokyo Institute Research Repository) Summary “Wide-band acceleration and barrier bucket beam handlings in the induction synchrotron” Since the invention of accelerator at the beginning of the 20th century, so many accelerators has been built and dedicated to the progress in science and technology, especially on the cutting edges of modern particle physics. In the accelerator history, one of the most important inventions is the synchrotron independently invented by Vladimir Veksler and by Edwin McMillan in 1945. It is a circular machine that can produce high energy beams efficiently. The succeeding prominent invention is the principle of strong focusing which was conceived by Nicholas Christofilos in 1949 and found by Ernest Courant, M. Stanley Livingston, and H. Snyder at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1952 without recognizing the work of Christofilos. The third one is that of separate-function strong-focusing invented by Toshio Kitagaki, which takes a crucial role to realize flexible accelerators such as various synchrotron radiation source or colliders. There are two streams in the frontier of modern synchrotron; one stream is the energy frontier such as Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the other is the intensity (or luminosity) frontier such as Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) or Super-KEKB in Japan. -
Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America's Fusion Program
Elisheva Coleman May 4, 2004 Spring Junior Paper Advisor: Professor Mahoney Greek Fire: Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America’s Fusion Program This paper represents my own work in accordance with University regulations The author thanks the Program in Plasma Science and Technology and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory for their support. Introduction The second largest building on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s campus today stands essentially abandoned, used as a warehouse for odds and ends. Concrete, starkly rectangular and nondescript, Building 431 was home for over a decade to the Astron machine, the testing device for a controlled fusion reactor scheme devised by a virtually unknown engineer-turned-physicist named Nicholas C. Christofilos. Building 431 was originally constructed in the late 1940s before the Lawrence laboratory even existed, for the Materials Testing Accelerator (MTA), the first experiment performed at the Livermore site.1 By the time the MTA was retired in 1955, the Livermore lab had grown up around it, a huge, nationally funded institution devoted to four projects: magnetic fusion, diagnostic weapon experiments, the design of thermonuclear weapons, and a basic physics program.2 When the MTA shut down, its building was turned over to the lab’s controlled fusion department. A number of fusion experiments were conducted within its walls, but from the early sixties onward Astron predominated, and in 1968 a major extension was added to the building to accommodate a revamped and enlarged Astron accelerator. As did much material within the national lab infrastructure, the building continued to be recycled. After Astron’s termination in 1973 the extension housed the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA), a prototype for a huge linear induction accelerator, the type of accelerator first developed for Astron. -
The Birth and Childhood of a Couple of Twin Brothers V
Proceedings of ICFA Mini-Workshop on Impedances and Beam Instabilities in Particle Accelerators, Benevento, Italy, 18-22 September 2017, CERN Yellow Reports: Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1/2018, CERN-2018-003-CP (CERN, Geneva, 2018) THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF A COUPLE OF TWIN BROTHERS V. G. Vaccaro, INFN Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy Abstract The context in which the concepts of Coupling Imped- Looking Far ance and Universal Stability Charts were born is de- scribed in this paper. The conclusion is that the simulta- Even before the successful achievements of PS and neous appearance of these two concepts was unavoidable. AGS, the scientific community was aware that another step forward was needed. Indeed, the impact of particles INTRODUCTION against fixed targets is very inefficient from the point of view of the energy actually available: for new experi- At beginning of 40’s, the interest around proton accel- ments, much more efficient could be the head on colli- erators seemed to quickly wear out: they were no longer sions between counter-rotating high-energy particles. able to respond to the demand of increasing energy and intensity for new investigations on particle physics. With increasing energy, the energy available in the Inertial Frame (IF) with fixed targets is incomparably Providentially important breakthrough innovations smaller than in the head-on collision (HC). If we want the were accomplished in accelerator science, which pro- same energy in IF using fixed targets, one should build duced leaps forward in the performances of particle ac- gigantic accelerators. In the fixed target case (FT), ac- celerators. cording to relativistic dynamics, an HC-equivalent beam should have the following energy. -
N.Y. 11F73 INS Mcsnff IS Wum\I I EDITOR's FOREWORD
BNL 51377 MOOKHAVfN NATIONAL LAKMtATORY IRC* N.Y. 11f73 INS MCSNff IS WUm\i i EDITOR'S FOREWORD The planning and organization of this celebration was done by John Blewett, Ted Kycia, Vinnie LoDestro, Lyle Smith and Carl Thien, under the general direction of Ronald Rau and with the invaluable assistance of Kit D'Ambrosio. The logo which graces the cover of these symposium proceedings was de- signed by Per Dahl. The job of transcribing the tapes was done by Anna Kissel, and it was often a challenging one! I am to blame for the editing, which I hope has not distorted history too much. Joyce Ricciardelli has very ably produced the final manuscript and seen it through the complex process of publica- tion. All of us took pleasure and pride in celebrating the AGS and in putting this book together, and we hope you enjoy it. - iii - Preface On March 17, 1960, a beam was first introduced into the newly constructed Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. On March 26, a hundred turns of circulation were achieved, and on July 29 the beam WJS first accelerated to the design energy of 30 GeV. Thus, hewever one defines the exact start of life during the series of steps by which a new accelerator is made operational, the year 1960 marks the start-up of the AGS, and in 1980 we cele- brate the twentieth anniversary of that event. The AGS, together with the newly functioning PS at CERN, carried particle physics into a new world of higher energies and unanticipated discoveries. The AGS and the PS both embodied the new principle of strong focusing and demonstrated that, with its aid, a new era of particle accelerators haJ opened. -
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PARTICLE ACCELERATORS - JULY 1948 to DEC. 1950 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0m72734s Author Cushman, Bonnie E. Publication Date 1951-03-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UCRL 1238 cy 2 r UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA TWO-WEEK LOAN COpy This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call Tech. Info. Division, Ext. 5545 . BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California. l1JNClASSIFHEJ" UCRL-1238 Unclassified - Physics Distribution UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA . , Radiation laboratory Contract No o ~v-7405-eng-48 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PARTICLE ACGELERATORS JULY 1948 TO DECEMBER 1950 Bonnie E. -
May/Jun 2020
CERNMay/June 2020 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WLCOMEE CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the May/June 2020 issue of CERN Courier. This month’s issue looks at the latest progress in niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) accelerator SUPER magnets for high-energy exploration. Discovered to be a superconductor more than half a century ago, and already in widespread commercial use in MRI CONDUCTOR scanners and employed on a giant scale in the under-construction ITER fusion THE RISE OF experiment, it is only recently that high-performance accelerator magnets made NIOBIUM-TIN from Nb3Sn have been mastered. The first use of Nb3Sn conductor in accelerator magnets will be the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), for which the first Nb3Sn dipole and quadrupole magnets have recently been tested successfully at CERN and in the US. As our cover feature describes, the demonstration of Nb3Sn in the HL-LHC also serves as a springboard to future hadron colliders, enabling physicists to reach significantly higher energies than are possible with present-generation niobium-titanium accelerator magnets. To this end, CERN and the US labs are achieving impressive results in driving up the performance of Nb3Sn conductor in various demonstrator magnets. Sticking with accelerators, this issue also lays out the possible paths towards a high-energy muon collider – long considered a dream machine for precision and discovery, but devilishly difficult in its details. We also describe the rapid progress being made at synchrotron X-ray sources, arguably the most significant application of accelerator science in recent decades, towards understanding the molecular structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. -
THE EVOLUTION of HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS* Ernestd
o@@ _,#_j. '__ 1100WayneAvenue,Suite, 100 &,"_: ,e_,;5 ' ,,_1_.. ¢s,_ Association for Information and Image Management -- ._'_'_._ _ Centimeter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 mm 1 2 3 4 5 Inches 111111.0|_11111_IlUI_ ,. |_ I lUlINIllllgIIII1 TO RIIH STRNORRDS 5 _-"_ BY QPPLIED IMRgE, INC. _ "__ o__ -_- Workshop on Beam Instabilities in Storage Rings (_/0 ...,_o jj Hefei, China July 25-30, 1994 BNL-60659 THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH ENERGY ACCELERATORS* ErnestD. Courant BrookhavenNationalLaboratory In thislectureI would liketo tracehow highenergyparticleaccel- eratorshave grown from toolsused foresotericsmall-scaleexperimentsto thegiganticprojectsof today. The firstexperimentusingparticlaeccelerationto exploretheforces of natureissupposedto have takenplacearound 1589 (althoughmany historiansspo, ilsportths attheyare,thinkthatitneverhappened).Galileo dropped a lightand a heavy particlepresu, mablya pebbleand a stone, from theLTP (LeaningTower ofPisa)and notedthattheytook thesame amount oftime,thusdemonstratingthatgravityisa universalforceacting thesame way on everything. The particleenergyinthisexperimentwas about5 millionthsofan electron-voltperatomicmass unit.Sincethen we have progressedup to a TeV (10l_electron-volts),and expectto topthatintheforeseeablfeuture by anotherfactorof20 or so - so altogethethr e specifiecnergywillhave gone up by closeto 102°,thatisa hundred billionbillion! How didallthiscome about? Acceleratorshave been devisedand builtfortwo reasons:In the first place, by physicists who needed high energy particles in order to have a means to explore the interactions between particles that probe the fun- damental elementary forces of nature. And conversely, sometimes accel- erator builders produce new machines for higher energy than ever before just because it can be done, and then challenge potential users to make new discoveries with the new means at hand. These two approaches or motivations have gone hand in hand. -
Early British Synchrotrons, an Informal History
Technical Report RAL-TR-97-01 1 Early British Synchrotrons, An Informal History J D Lawson February 1997 COUNCIL FOR THE CENTRAL LABORATORY OF THE RESEARCH COUNCILS 0 Council for the Central laboratory of the Research Councils 1997 Enquiries about copyright, reproduction and requests for additional copies of this report should be addressed to: The Central Laboratory of the Research Councils Library and Information Services Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Ch i lton Didcot Oxfordshire OX1 1 OQX Tel: 01 235 445384 Fox: 01 235 446403 E-mail libraryQrl.ac.uk ISSN 1358-6254 Neither the Council nor the Laboratory accept any responsibility for loss or damage arising from the use of information contained in any of their reports or in any communication about their tests or investigations. Technical Report RAL-TR-97-011 EARLY BRITISH SYNCHROTRONS, AN INFORMAL HISTORY Presented as the third PICKAVANCE MEMORIAL LECTURE, at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, 15 October 1996 by J D Lawson Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton OXON OXllOQX TABLE OF CONTENTS Reface 1 Introduction 1 2 Early Plans at Malvern: The Worlds First Synchrotron 2 3 Design and Construction of the 30 MeV Machines 6 4 Design Features of the 30 MeV Machines 7 5 A Failed Experiment, Links With Fusion, and an Impractical Suggestion 12 6 Experiments in 'Machine Physics' 14 7 Beam Extraction 17 8 The Glasgow and Oxford Synchrotrons 18 9 Experimental Programmes on the Electron Synchrotrons 22 10 The Design and Construction of the Birmingham Proton Synchrotron 24 11 Work at Hamell for CERN, 1951-3 35 References and notes 42 Preface The material in this report is an extension of that presented by the author at the Birmingham Synchrotron 40th Anniversary Reunion, held on 16 September 1993. -
Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America's Early Fusion
J Fusion Energ DOI 10.1007/s10894-011-9392-5 REVIEW ARTICLE Greek Fire: Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America’s Early Fusion Program Elisheva R. Coleman • Samuel A. Cohen • Michael S. Mahoney Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 Abstract The Astron project, conducted from 1956 Introduction to1973 at Livermore National Laboratory, was the brain- child of Nicholas Christofilos, a Greek engineer with no The second largest building on the Lawrence Livermore formal physics credentials. Astron’s key innovation was National Laboratory’s campus today stands essentially the E-layer, a ring of relativistic electrons within a mag- abandoned, used as a warehouse for odds and ends. Con- netic mirror device. Christofilos predicted that at sufficient crete, starkly rectangular and nondescript, Building 431 E-layer density the net magnetic field inside the chamber was home for over a decade to the Astron machine, the would reverse, creating closed field lines necessary for testing device for a controlled fusion reactor scheme improving plasma confinement. Although Astron never devised by an unknown engineer-turned-physicist named achieved field reversal, it left important legacies. As a Nicholas C. Christofilos. Building 431 was originally cylindrical device designed to contain toroidal plasmas, it constructed in the late 1940s before the laboratory even was the earliest conception of a compact torus, a class that existed, for the Materials Testing Accelerator (MTA), the includes the Spheromak and the FRC. The linear induction first experiment performed at the Livermore site. By the accelerator, developed to generate Astron‘s E-layer, is now time the MTA was retired in 1955, the Livermore lab had used in many applications. -
Laboratori Nazionali Di Frascati
10 1.2 From the Editors Sergey Ivanov, IHEP, Protvino. 142281, Russia Mail to: [email protected] Yuri Shatunov, BINP, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia Mail to: Yu.M.Shatunov@ inp.nsk.ru Theme section of this issue, which was compiled under a tight time schedule, is Accelerator Activities in Russia. This topic is disclosed in form of a representative selection of reports presented during the recent 22nd Russian Particle Accelerator Conference. The entire scope of those presentations is available via the JACOW web site at www.jacow.org/r10/. The editors thank the JACOW collaboration for permission of advanced paper publishing of the selected papers from the conference proceedings electronic volume. 2 Letters to the Editors 2.1 A Letter to the Editors Alexander Chao SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA Mail to: [email protected] Enzo Haussecker and I just submitted a report ―Influence of Accelerator Science on Physics Research‖ (see Sec 2.2) for your consideration to be included in the ICFA Beam Dynamics Newsletter. That report has an intended technical nature and was written as a technical report. After completing the study, however, I have a few comments to add, not as part of the report, but as my personal comments. I am sending them to see if they might also be included in the Newsletter. 1. To me, this report underscores a general lack of recognition of the contributions by accelerator science to the advancement of physics and other sciences. Indeed, the first initiation of this study has been based on the observation that accelerator science has sometimes been considered a supporting science and not quite worthy of its own standing, in spite of the wealth of facts speaking to the contrary. -
Man-Made Accelerators (Earth-Based)
Man-Made Accelerators (Earth-Based) Ron Ruth SLAC Outline of Talk • Introduction • History of Particle Acceleration • Basic Principles – What are the forces? – Acceleration and radiation – Synchronism – Basic device ideas, linear circular – Beams and physics – Storage ring colliders – Electron Linear Accelerators – The next window: linear colliders • The present generation – Storage Ring Factories –LHC – Linear colliders: ILC • The next generations – Two beam colliders – Laser acceleration – Plasma acceleration – Muon colliders Cosmic Ray Spectrum • OK, OK, so our beam so our energy is a bit lower than yours. • Only TeV scale now. • But we have got you with flux, if not energy. • More on that later. From ‘The Evolution of Particle Accelerators and Colliders’ by Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky “WHEN J. J. THOMSON discovered the electron, he did not call the instrument the was using an accelerator, but an accelerator it certainly was. He accelerated particles between two electrodes to which he had applied a difference in electric potential. He manipulated the resulting beam with electric and magnetic fields to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of cathode rays. Thomson achieved his discovery by studying the properties of the beam itself—not its impact on a target or another beam, as we do today. Accelerators have since become indispensable in the quest to understand Nature at smaller and smaller scales. And although they are much bigger and far more complex, they still operate on much the same physical principles as Thomson’s device.” [1897] Livingston Chart • Graph of concepts • Points are devices • Energy is plotted in terms of the laboratory energy when colliding with a proton at rest to reach the same center of mass energy. -
Nicholas Christofilos.Htm
Emailing: Nicholas Christoilos.htm Subject: Emailing: Nicholas Christofilos.htm From: Rosalind Peterson <[email protected]> Date: 9/24/2011 8:47 AM To: "INFO >> Rosalind Peterson" <[email protected]> Nicholas Christofilos.htm 1 of 12 9/24/2011 8:48 AM Emailing: Nicholas Christoilos.htm 2 of 12 9/24/2011 8:48 AM Emailing: Nicholas Christoilos.htm Nicholas ConstanƟne Christofilos Michael Lahanas 3 of 12 9/24/2011 8:48 AM Emailing: Nicholas Christoilos.htm Griechische Wissenschaftler Another image Nicholas Constantine Christofilos (Νικόλαος Χριστοφίλου) (16.12.1916 – 24.9.1972) Greek-American physicist. Similar as Nikola Tesla he was an amazing personality. He was born in Boston, USA and raised in Greece. Christofilos was working for an Athens elevator company when he became interested in high-energy particle physics. He worked on large scale projects mainly for military purposes. His strong focusing principle that was found by others later independently reduces the dimension and costs of accelerators necessary to achieve beams of a given energy. With this principle more energetic beams allowed to increase our knowledge of the fundamental constituents of the world. Other ideas of Christofilos that have been realized are antennas of almost continental dimensions using millions of Watts to produce extreme low frequency waves for submarine communication, or the generation of Van Allen Belt like artificial radiation belts formed by explosions of hydrogen nuclear bombs in the upper atmosphere, that also can produce electromagnetic short intense pulses able to destroy all electronic devices over a very large area. The radiation could destroy Soviet satellites in orbit and disturb the majority of military communication carried over HF and VHF radio frequency bands.