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Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America's Fusion Program
Elisheva Coleman May 4, 2004 Spring Junior Paper Advisor: Professor Mahoney Greek Fire: Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America’s Fusion Program This paper represents my own work in accordance with University regulations The author thanks the Program in Plasma Science and Technology and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory for their support. Introduction The second largest building on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s campus today stands essentially abandoned, used as a warehouse for odds and ends. Concrete, starkly rectangular and nondescript, Building 431 was home for over a decade to the Astron machine, the testing device for a controlled fusion reactor scheme devised by a virtually unknown engineer-turned-physicist named Nicholas C. Christofilos. Building 431 was originally constructed in the late 1940s before the Lawrence laboratory even existed, for the Materials Testing Accelerator (MTA), the first experiment performed at the Livermore site.1 By the time the MTA was retired in 1955, the Livermore lab had grown up around it, a huge, nationally funded institution devoted to four projects: magnetic fusion, diagnostic weapon experiments, the design of thermonuclear weapons, and a basic physics program.2 When the MTA shut down, its building was turned over to the lab’s controlled fusion department. A number of fusion experiments were conducted within its walls, but from the early sixties onward Astron predominated, and in 1968 a major extension was added to the building to accommodate a revamped and enlarged Astron accelerator. As did much material within the national lab infrastructure, the building continued to be recycled. After Astron’s termination in 1973 the extension housed the Experimental Test Accelerator (ETA), a prototype for a huge linear induction accelerator, the type of accelerator first developed for Astron. -
The Birth and Childhood of a Couple of Twin Brothers V
Proceedings of ICFA Mini-Workshop on Impedances and Beam Instabilities in Particle Accelerators, Benevento, Italy, 18-22 September 2017, CERN Yellow Reports: Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1/2018, CERN-2018-003-CP (CERN, Geneva, 2018) THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF A COUPLE OF TWIN BROTHERS V. G. Vaccaro, INFN Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy Abstract The context in which the concepts of Coupling Imped- Looking Far ance and Universal Stability Charts were born is de- scribed in this paper. The conclusion is that the simulta- Even before the successful achievements of PS and neous appearance of these two concepts was unavoidable. AGS, the scientific community was aware that another step forward was needed. Indeed, the impact of particles INTRODUCTION against fixed targets is very inefficient from the point of view of the energy actually available: for new experi- At beginning of 40’s, the interest around proton accel- ments, much more efficient could be the head on colli- erators seemed to quickly wear out: they were no longer sions between counter-rotating high-energy particles. able to respond to the demand of increasing energy and intensity for new investigations on particle physics. With increasing energy, the energy available in the Inertial Frame (IF) with fixed targets is incomparably Providentially important breakthrough innovations smaller than in the head-on collision (HC). If we want the were accomplished in accelerator science, which pro- same energy in IF using fixed targets, one should build duced leaps forward in the performances of particle ac- gigantic accelerators. In the fixed target case (FT), ac- celerators. cording to relativistic dynamics, an HC-equivalent beam should have the following energy. -
Accelerators, Colliders, and Snakes
P1: FDS October 14, 2003 15:16 Annual Reviews AR199-FM Ernest D. Courant 17 Sep 2003 18:1 AR AR199-NS53-01.tex AR199-NS53-01.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: IKH 10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110450 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 2003. 53:1–37 doi: 10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110450 Copyright c 2003 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved ACCELERATORS, COLLIDERS, AND SNAKES Ernest D. Courant Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973; email: [email protected] Key Words particle accelerators, storage ring, spin, polarized beams PACS Codes 01.60. q, 01.65. g + + ■ Abstract The author traces his involvement in the evolution of particle accelera- tors over the past 50 years. He participated in building the first billion-volt accelerator, the Brookhaven Cosmotron, which led to the introduction of the “strong-focusing” method that has in turn led to the very large accelerators and colliders of the present day. The problems of acceleration of spin-polarized protons are also addressed, with discussions of depolarizing resonances and “Siberian snakes” as a technique for miti- gating these resonances. CONTENTS 1. BEGINNINGS ...................................................... 2 1.1. Growing Up .................................................... 2 1.2. Rochester ...................................................... 4 1.3. Montreal ....................................................... 5 1.4. Cornell ........................................................ 6 2. BROOKHAVEN .................................................... 7 2.1. The Cosmotron -
N.Y. 11F73 INS Mcsnff IS Wum\I I EDITOR's FOREWORD
BNL 51377 MOOKHAVfN NATIONAL LAKMtATORY IRC* N.Y. 11f73 INS MCSNff IS WUm\i i EDITOR'S FOREWORD The planning and organization of this celebration was done by John Blewett, Ted Kycia, Vinnie LoDestro, Lyle Smith and Carl Thien, under the general direction of Ronald Rau and with the invaluable assistance of Kit D'Ambrosio. The logo which graces the cover of these symposium proceedings was de- signed by Per Dahl. The job of transcribing the tapes was done by Anna Kissel, and it was often a challenging one! I am to blame for the editing, which I hope has not distorted history too much. Joyce Ricciardelli has very ably produced the final manuscript and seen it through the complex process of publica- tion. All of us took pleasure and pride in celebrating the AGS and in putting this book together, and we hope you enjoy it. - iii - Preface On March 17, 1960, a beam was first introduced into the newly constructed Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. On March 26, a hundred turns of circulation were achieved, and on July 29 the beam WJS first accelerated to the design energy of 30 GeV. Thus, hewever one defines the exact start of life during the series of steps by which a new accelerator is made operational, the year 1960 marks the start-up of the AGS, and in 1980 we cele- brate the twentieth anniversary of that event. The AGS, together with the newly functioning PS at CERN, carried particle physics into a new world of higher energies and unanticipated discoveries. The AGS and the PS both embodied the new principle of strong focusing and demonstrated that, with its aid, a new era of particle accelerators haJ opened. -
Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America's Early Fusion
J Fusion Energ DOI 10.1007/s10894-011-9392-5 REVIEW ARTICLE Greek Fire: Nicholas Christofilos and the Astron Project in America’s Early Fusion Program Elisheva R. Coleman • Samuel A. Cohen • Michael S. Mahoney Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 Abstract The Astron project, conducted from 1956 Introduction to1973 at Livermore National Laboratory, was the brain- child of Nicholas Christofilos, a Greek engineer with no The second largest building on the Lawrence Livermore formal physics credentials. Astron’s key innovation was National Laboratory’s campus today stands essentially the E-layer, a ring of relativistic electrons within a mag- abandoned, used as a warehouse for odds and ends. Con- netic mirror device. Christofilos predicted that at sufficient crete, starkly rectangular and nondescript, Building 431 E-layer density the net magnetic field inside the chamber was home for over a decade to the Astron machine, the would reverse, creating closed field lines necessary for testing device for a controlled fusion reactor scheme improving plasma confinement. Although Astron never devised by an unknown engineer-turned-physicist named achieved field reversal, it left important legacies. As a Nicholas C. Christofilos. Building 431 was originally cylindrical device designed to contain toroidal plasmas, it constructed in the late 1940s before the laboratory even was the earliest conception of a compact torus, a class that existed, for the Materials Testing Accelerator (MTA), the includes the Spheromak and the FRC. The linear induction first experiment performed at the Livermore site. By the accelerator, developed to generate Astron‘s E-layer, is now time the MTA was retired in 1955, the Livermore lab had used in many applications. -
Laboratori Nazionali Di Frascati
10 1.2 From the Editors Sergey Ivanov, IHEP, Protvino. 142281, Russia Mail to: [email protected] Yuri Shatunov, BINP, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia Mail to: Yu.M.Shatunov@ inp.nsk.ru Theme section of this issue, which was compiled under a tight time schedule, is Accelerator Activities in Russia. This topic is disclosed in form of a representative selection of reports presented during the recent 22nd Russian Particle Accelerator Conference. The entire scope of those presentations is available via the JACOW web site at www.jacow.org/r10/. The editors thank the JACOW collaboration for permission of advanced paper publishing of the selected papers from the conference proceedings electronic volume. 2 Letters to the Editors 2.1 A Letter to the Editors Alexander Chao SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA Mail to: [email protected] Enzo Haussecker and I just submitted a report ―Influence of Accelerator Science on Physics Research‖ (see Sec 2.2) for your consideration to be included in the ICFA Beam Dynamics Newsletter. That report has an intended technical nature and was written as a technical report. After completing the study, however, I have a few comments to add, not as part of the report, but as my personal comments. I am sending them to see if they might also be included in the Newsletter. 1. To me, this report underscores a general lack of recognition of the contributions by accelerator science to the advancement of physics and other sciences. Indeed, the first initiation of this study has been based on the observation that accelerator science has sometimes been considered a supporting science and not quite worthy of its own standing, in spite of the wealth of facts speaking to the contrary. -
Nicholas Christofilos.Htm
Emailing: Nicholas Christoilos.htm Subject: Emailing: Nicholas Christofilos.htm From: Rosalind Peterson <[email protected]> Date: 9/24/2011 8:47 AM To: "INFO >> Rosalind Peterson" <[email protected]> Nicholas Christofilos.htm 1 of 12 9/24/2011 8:48 AM Emailing: Nicholas Christoilos.htm 2 of 12 9/24/2011 8:48 AM Emailing: Nicholas Christoilos.htm Nicholas ConstanƟne Christofilos Michael Lahanas 3 of 12 9/24/2011 8:48 AM Emailing: Nicholas Christoilos.htm Griechische Wissenschaftler Another image Nicholas Constantine Christofilos (Νικόλαος Χριστοφίλου) (16.12.1916 – 24.9.1972) Greek-American physicist. Similar as Nikola Tesla he was an amazing personality. He was born in Boston, USA and raised in Greece. Christofilos was working for an Athens elevator company when he became interested in high-energy particle physics. He worked on large scale projects mainly for military purposes. His strong focusing principle that was found by others later independently reduces the dimension and costs of accelerators necessary to achieve beams of a given energy. With this principle more energetic beams allowed to increase our knowledge of the fundamental constituents of the world. Other ideas of Christofilos that have been realized are antennas of almost continental dimensions using millions of Watts to produce extreme low frequency waves for submarine communication, or the generation of Van Allen Belt like artificial radiation belts formed by explosions of hydrogen nuclear bombs in the upper atmosphere, that also can produce electromagnetic short intense pulses able to destroy all electronic devices over a very large area. The radiation could destroy Soviet satellites in orbit and disturb the majority of military communication carried over HF and VHF radio frequency bands. -
Article Accelerator, a Device That Use Electric and Magnetic Fields to Raise the Energy of Electrons, Protons and Ions to Energies Far Above Thermal Levels
article accelerator, a device that use electric and magnetic fields to raise the energy of electrons, protons and ions to energies far above thermal levels. In the acceleration process the particle velocities are increased (particles are accelerated), often to levels extremely close to the speed of light. The most important types of accelerators are electrostatic accelerators, cyclotron, synchrotrons, and linear accelerators. The technologies that constitute modern accelerators are numerous and varied. They include generators of radio-frequency power, fast electronics and feedback systems, complex diagnostic instrumentation and controls, ultra-high vacuum components, powerful, high precision magnets - both room temperature and cryogenic and sophisticated alignment and support systems. Accelerators were once referred to as "atom smashers" because a primary impetus for their development was as a tool for the investigation of the properties of atomic nuclei and "elementary" particles. Although many small accelerators are made as medical tools (such as for radiation therapy) and for industrial applications (such as ion implantation in semi-conductors), the major use of large accelerators is as an instrument for research. The accelerator is sometimes called the "physicists microscope". Physicists use many forms of ionizing radiation as the microprobes to study the structure of matter on an ever smaller scale. To study nuclear and sub-nuclear processes, the probe radiation may be protons, electrons or ions. Quantum mechanics tells us that a beam of particles has an associated wavelength, just as a beam of light does. That wavelength decreases as the energy of the beam increases. The smaller the wavelength of the radiation, the smaller the objects that can be "seem" or probed but the larger and more complex the size of the accelerator. -
NUCLEAR FUSION Half a Century of Magnetic Con®Nement Fusion Research
NUCLEAR FUSION Half a Century of Magnetic Con®nement Fusion Research NUCLEAR FUSION Half a Century of Magnetic Con®nement Fusion Research C M Braams and P E Stott Institute of Physics Publishing Bristol andPhiladelphia # IOP Publishing Ltd 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Multiple copying is permitted in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency under the terms of its agreement with Universities UK (UUK). British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0 7503 0705 6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available Commissioning Editor: John Navas Production Editor: Simon Laurenson Production Control: Sarah Plenty Cover Design: Fre de rique Swist Marketing: Nicola Newey and Verity Cooke Published by Institute of Physics Publishing, wholly owned by The Institute of Physics, London Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK US Oce: Institute of Physics Publishing, The Public Ledger Building, Suite 1035, 150 South Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA Typeset by Academic Technical, Bristol Printed in the UK by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall To Lieke and Olga Thanks for your patience and encouragement Contents Preface xi Prologue xiii 1 The road -
2.5 the Birth and Childhood of the Coupling Impedance and Stability Maps
60 2.5 The Birth and Childhood of the Coupling Impedance and Stability Maps Vittorio Giorgio Vaccaro Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. Sezione di Napoli Mail to: [email protected] At beginning of sixties important breakthrough innovations were already accomplished in accelerator science, which produced leaps forward in the performances of particle accelerators. 2.5.1 The First Breakthrough Innovation: the Phase Stability The basic principles of synchrotron design (phase stability) were proposed independently by Vladimir Veksler in the Soviet Union (1944) and Edwin McMillan in the United States (1945). According to this principle, it is possible to accelerate bunches of charged particles of finite dimensions. Based on the principles stated by Vladimir Veksler and Edwin McMillan a proton synchrotron was built at Brookhaven National Laboratory, named Cosmotron. Its construction started in 1948 and it reached its full energy in 1953. It was the first particle accelerator to exceed the GeV wall, accelerating protons to 3.3 GeV. Since when Brookhaven's Cosmotron went into operation in the early 1950's, scientists knew that achieving the higher energies was going to be a difficult problem. Calculations showed that, using existing technology, building a proton accelerator 10 times more powerful than the 3.3GeV Cosmotron would require 100 times as much steel. 2.5.2 The Second Breakthrough Innovation: the Alternating Gradient While the first strictly used the toroid shape, the strong focusing principle independently discovered by Nicholas Christofilos (1949) and Ernest Courant (1952) allowed the complete separation of the accelerator into the guiding magnets and focusing magnets, shaping the path into a round-cornered polygon.