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CIVIL CONTROL of the MILITARY in ZAMBIA Godfrey Haamweela

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CIVIL CONTROL of the MILITARY in ZAMBIA Godfrey Haamweela CIVIL CONTROL OF THE MILITARY IN ZAMBIA Godfrey Haamweela Nachitumbi Haantobolo (Student Number 0407161F) Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Supervisor: Prof Gavin Cawthra, Director / Chair, Centre for Defence and Security Management. Co-supervisor: Prof Bizeck Jube Phiri, Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zambia. 8th May, 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract...................................................................................................................6 Declaration .............................................................................................................8 Dedication...............................................................................................................9 Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................10 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................11 1 Introduction and background.....................................................................13 1.1 Introduction............................................................................................13 1.2 Background to and objectives of the study............................................16 1.3 Area and period of study........................................................................21 1.4 Civil control of the military in Northern Rhodesia, 1900-1963 ............23 1.5 Civil control of the military in Zambia: The First Republic, 1964–72..24 1.6 Civil control of the military in Zambia: the Second Republic (1973-91) ...............................................................................................................26 1.7 Civil control of the military in Zambia: the Third Republic (1991–2004) ...............................................................................................................27 1.8 Organisation of the thesis ......................................................................28 2 Statement of the problem and methodology..............................................29 2.1 Statement of the problem.......................................................................29 2.2 Significance of the study........................................................................29 2.3 Research methodology...........................................................................30 2.4 The origins of qualitative methodology.................................................31 2.5 Data collection .......................................................................................32 2.6 The interview process ............................................................................34 2.7 Data analysis and interpretation.............................................................35 2.8 Advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative methodology in case studies ....................................................................................................35 3 Literature review..........................................................................................37 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................37 3.2 Existing literature on civil-military relations in Zambia .......................37 3.3 The concept of civil-military relations: definitions ...............................38 3.4 General theory of civil-military relations ..............................................41 3.5 Civil-military relations in Africa ...........................................................51 3.6 Civil-military relations in democratic transitions ..................................60 3.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................66 4 Civil control of the military in British-ruled Northern Rhodesia, 1900- 1963................................................................................................................73 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................73 4.2 The conquest and colonisation of Northern Rhodesia by the British South Africa Company (BSAC), 1900-1924.........................................73 2 4.3 Establishment of the BSAC Police Force..............................................74 4.4 Establishment of the North-Eastern Rhodesia Police Force..................75 4.5 Establishment of the North-Western Rhodesia Police Force.................76 4.6 The amalgamation of North-Western and North-Eastern Rhodesia......78 4.7 Impact of BSAC land and labour policies on civil control of the military in Northern Rhodesia, 1900-1924..........................................................79 4.8 Labour demands on Africans, land alienation, famine, and civil control of the military: 1900-1924 .....................................................................81 4.9 The demand for military labour and food requisitions from Africans in Northern Rhodesia: 1914-1918..............................................................83 4.10 African reaction to land alienation, hut tax and labour..........................85 4.11 Civil control of the military in Northern Rhodesia as a British Protectorate: 1924-1963.........................................................................88 4.12 The role of the Legislative Council .......................................................89 4.13 Composition and functions of the Executive Council ...........................91 4.14 Composition and functions of the judiciary...........................................92 4.15 Establishment of the Northern Rhodesia Regiment, 1924-39 ...............92 4.16 Recruitment policies for the Northern Rhodesia Regiment: 1924-195395 4.17 The recruitment of Africans for military service: 1940.........................95 4.18 Establishment of the Northern Rhodesia Defence Force.......................96 4.19 Roles of the Northern Rhodesia Regiment and Northern Rhodesia Defence Force after World War II.......................................................100 4.20 Expenditure on and procurement for the Northern Rhodesia Regiment and Northern Rhodesia Defence Force: 1924-1963 ............................101 4.21 Financial control over the military in Northern Rhodesia after World War II...................................................................................................103 4.22 The impact of land and labour policies on civil control of the military in Northern Rhodesia: 1924-1963............................................................104 4.23 The impact of the 1935 and 1940 mineworkers’ strikes on civil control of the military ......................................................................................106 4.24 Civil control of the military during the nationalist struggle for independence in Northern Rhodesia, 1950-1964.................................109 4.25 The impact of World War II on nationalist movements and civil control of the military in Northern Rhodesia ...................................................111 4.26 African nationalism and civil control of the military in Northern Rhodesia, 1951-1963 ...........................................................................113 4.27 The Northern Rhodesia Regiment and Defence Force under the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland: 1953-1963............................121 4.28 Conclusion ...........................................................................................127 5 Civil Control of the Military in Zambia: The First Republic, 1964-1972 128 5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................128 5.2 Policy guiding military institutional development in post-independence Zambia .................................................................................................129 5.3 Consensual Measures Affecting Control of the Military in the First Republic...............................................................................................129 5.4 The Defence Council ...........................................................................131 3 5.5 Office of the Command Secretary .......................................................133 5.6 The restructuring of military institutions in post-colonial Zambia......135 5.7 Military recruitment and training, and the Zambianisation of the defence force .....................................................................................................136 5.8 The selection and training of army officers.........................................138 5.9 The Zambianisation of the defence force ............................................140 5.10 Physical military institutional establishment .......................................143 5.11 The Zambia National Service ..............................................................146 5.12 Integration of the Zambia Army, Zambia Air Force, and Zambia National Service...................................................................................148 5.13 The defence budget..............................................................................150 5.14 Emergency powers passed by the House of Assembly........................156 5.15 UNIP and the alienation of members of the Lumpa Church, 1964-8..158 5.16 Implications of the Lenshina uprising for civil control of the military161
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