Ngos Als Teil Der Zivilgesellschaft Im Demokratischen Transitions- Und Konsolidierungsprozess Zambias

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Ngos Als Teil Der Zivilgesellschaft Im Demokratischen Transitions- Und Konsolidierungsprozess Zambias Die Rolle der NGOs als Teil der Zivilgesellschaft im demokratischen Transitions- und Konsolidierungsprozess Zambias Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Sozialwissenschaft der Ruhr-Universität Bochum - Fakultät für Sozialwissenschaft - vorgelegt von Beatrix Waldenhof aus Münster (Westfalen) Bochum 2003 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ...................................................................................................1 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen..................................................................................6 Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen.................................................................................8 Einleitung.............................................................................................................. 12 1 Die theoretische Einbettung ........................................................................ 14 1.1 Demokratische Transition und Konsolidierung als Phasen des Systemwechsels ..................................................................................................... 14 1.1.1 Der transitionstheoretische Rahmen........................................................ 15 1.1.1.1 Der Begriff Systemwechsel findet Eingang in die Transitionsforschung ..........16 1.1.1.2 Die Analyse der Systemwechsel als Folge der dritten Demokratisierungswelle18 1.1.1.3 Transitionstheoretische Erklärungsansätze nach dem Epochenbruch von 1989: Zur Koexistenz der Paradigmen System - Struktur - Akteur ..............................................23 1.1.1.3.1 Makro-soziologische Ansätze: Die system- und modernisierungstheoretische Renaissance .................................................................................................................................25 1.1.1.3.2 Mesoebene: Die strukturalistischen Theorien als Bindeglied zwischen system- und akteursorientierten Ansätzen ............................................................................................28 1.1.1.3.3 Mikro-soziologische Ansätze: Die Akteurstheorien entzaubern den Determinismus systemischer und strukturalistischer Annahmen .......................................31 1.1.2 Der demokratietheoretische Rahmen ......................................................34 1.2 Das Konzept der Zivilgesellschaft................................................................36 1.2.1 Der Diskurs der Zivilgesellschaft in den Sozialwissenschaften: Ein Konzept macht Karriere ........................................................................................36 Inhaltsverzeichnis 2 1.2.2 Die Hauptprofiteure des Konzepts: NGOs als umworbene Protagonisten der Zivilgesellschaft ..............................................................................................45 1.3 Synthese: Zivilgesellschaft und Systemwechsel...........................................50 1.3.1 Anlehnung an das funktionalistische Konzept von Zivilgesellschaft ...... 51 1.3.1.1 Demokratische Funktionen der Zivilgesellschaft: Idealmodelle im Lichte empirischer Befunde..................................................................................................................55 1.3.1.2 Zivilgesellschaft als analytische Kategorie im Systemwechselprozess................60 1.3.2 Einflussfaktoren auf die Genese der Zivilgesellschaft.............................64 1.3.3 Phasenabhängige Entwicklungsverläufe der Zivilgesellschaft................ 71 1.3.4 Fazit: Zur Ambivalenz der Zivilgesellschaft im Systemwechsel..............75 1.4 Der Ansatz der Arbeit...................................................................................78 1.4.1 Das Forschungsdesign .............................................................................78 1.4.2 Der Forschungsstand ............................................................................... 81 2 Zambia: Anatomie eines Systemwechsels auf der Makroebene..................87 2.1 Die Ära Kaunda: 27 prägende Jahre .............................................................87 2.1.1 Die Erste Republik: Politische Entwicklungen nach 1964 ......................89 2.1.1.1 Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung: Kupferboom und Verstaatlichung................96 2.1.1.2 Die Genese der Zivilgesellschaft............................................................................100 2.1.1.2.1 Die christlichen Missionscenter als Wiege des zambischen Nationalismus .101 2.1.1.2.2 Die Gewerkschaftsbewegung: Zur Paradoxie einer staatlich verordneten Stärkung 104 2.1.2 Die Zweite Republik: „One-party participatory democracy“ ab 1973 ... 107 2.1.2.1 Wirtschaftlicher Niedergang ohne politische Reaktion......................................109 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3 2.1.2.2 Zivilgesellschaft im Einparteisystem: Wider der „culture of silence“ ?............112 2.1.2.2.1 Die christlichen Kirchen auf Konfrontationskurs ...........................................114 2.1.2.2.2 Die Gewerkschaftsbewegung zeigt ihre politischen Muskeln ........................117 2.1.3 Fazit: Die Voraussetzungen für Reformen aus der Ära Kaunda.............119 2.2 Der politische Liberalisierungsprozess von 1989 bis 1991.......................... 120 2.3 Das politische System der Dritten Republik nach 1991: Demokratischer Aufbruch? ............................................................................................................ 122 2.3.1 Parlaments- und Präsidentschaftswahlen 1991....................................... 122 2.3.1.1 Zwei NGOs entstehen als lokale Wahlbeobachtergruppen ..............................133 2.3.1.1.1 Einstige Problemfelder der NGOs: Immer noch aktuell? ..............................136 2.3.2 Politische Entwicklungen bis 1996: Zwischen Wandel und Kontinuität ? 140 2.3.2.1 Kontinuität durch Wandel: Eine Bewegung wird Partei ....................................141 2.3.2.2 Das ökonomische Liberalisierungsprogramm als Trumpfkarte? ......................148 2.3.2.3 Die Verfassungsdebatte: Achillesferse der jungen Demokratie ........................157 2.3.2.3.1 NGOs warnen vor wahltaktischer Ausschlachtung der Verfassung.............165 2.3.2.3.2 Die externe Reaktion auf die Verfassungsdebatte: Inkohärenz der Gebergemeinschaft ..................................................................................................................170 2.3.2.4 Parlaments- und Präsidentschaftswahlen 1996: Chiluba unter Druck .............174 2.3.3 Zambia nach 1996: Vom Musterland zum Sorgenkind des Südlichen Afrika? 185 2.3.3.1 Dem Votum der NGOs über die Wahlen folgt staatliche Repression.............185 2.3.3.2 Zambia im Ausnahmezustand nach dem Putschversuch von 1997.................192 2.3.4 Zambias politische Zukunft ................................................................... 195 Inhaltsverzeichnis 4 2.3.4.1 Lokalwahlen Ende 1998: Vorbote zukünftiger Wahlen? ...................................195 2.3.4.2 Oppositionsparteien bieten keine Alternative......................................................199 2.3.4.3 Die Wahlen vom Dezember 2001 .........................................................................203 2.4 Fazit: Ein Systemwechsel ohne Wandel?...................................................207 3 Zambia: Anatomie eines Systemwechsels auf der Mikroebene.................208 3.1 Zur Positionierung der NGOs als Teil der Zivilgesellschaft.....................208 3.1.1 Die Gewerkschaftsbewegung: Einstiger Motor der Liberalisierung und ihre aktuelle Rolle................................................................................................209 3.2 Die NGOs als politische Akteure im Demokratisierungsprozess: Erfolge aus der Binnensicht............................................................................................. 216 3.2.1 Die lokalen Wahlbeobachtungs-NGOs etablieren sich als politische Akteure ................................................................................................................ 216 3.2.1.1 Eine respektierte NGO mit landesweiter Präsenz: Die „Foundation for Democratic Process“ (FODEP) ............................................................................................217 3.2.1.1.1 Grundlegende Reformen des Wahlprozesses als zentrale Forderung der FODEP 229 3.2.1.1.2 Die Wahlen 2001 aus Sicht der FODEP...........................................................235 3.2.1.2 Die Vorbereitung der Wahlen als Querschnittsaufgabe der NGOs: Die „COALITION 2001“..............................................................................................................241 3.2.1.2.1 Ein Erfolg der Zivilgesellschaft im Vorfeld der Wahlen 2001: Das „OASIS FORUM“ 245 3.2.2 Die NGOs im Bereich „Social Justice“: Erfolg durch soziale Verankerung? ......................................................................................................247 3.2.2.1 CCJP: Treibende Kraft in der Verfassungsdebatte .............................................249 3.2.2.2 CCJP mobilisiert gegen die umstrittene Bodenrechtsreform von 1995...........252 Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 3.2.2.3 Politische Dimension der Armutsbekämpfung ...................................................256 3.2.2.3.1 Der IWF und die Weltbank entdecken die Zivilgesellschaft..........................258 3.2.2.3.2 Stand der HIPC-Initiative in Zambia: Das Problem bleibt bestehen............261 3.2.2.3.3 CCJP engagiert sich in der HIPC-Initiative: Demokratisierungsschub?.......263 3.2.3 Die „Human Rights“- NGOs: Schutz vor staatlicher Willkür? .............267 3.2.4 Der Bereich “Legal Advice”..................................................................
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