The Ends of Slavery in Barotseland, Western Zambia (C.1800-1925)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Ends of Slavery in Barotseland, Western Zambia (C.1800-1925) Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Hogan, Jack (2014) The ends of slavery in Barotseland, Western Zambia (c.1800-1925). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48707/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html The ends of slavery in Barotseland, Western Zambia (c.1800-1925) Jack Hogan Thesis submitted to the University of Kent for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 Word count: 99,682 words Abstract This thesis is primarily an attempt at an economic history of slavery in Barotseland, the Lozi kingdom that once dominated the Upper Zambezi floodplain, in what is now Zambia’s Western Province. Slavery is a word that resonates in the minds of many when they think of Africa in the nineteenth century, but for the most part in association with the brutalities of the international slave trades. In the popular imagination and academia, the functions and significance of slavery in Central Africa have received scant attention. Moreover, Central African bondage, in the form of ‘lineage’ or ‘domestic’ slavery, has long been considered more benign than that practised elsewhere on the continent. For too long have these assumptions, rooted in both colonial and functionalist misunderstandings, clouded our understanding of the realities of slavery in pre-colonial Central Africa. One of the central purposes of this thesis therefore is to demonstrate not only the inapplicability of this outmoded paradigm to Barotseland, but of its blanket application to Central Africa as a whole. The thesis is presented in three substantive parts. In the first, following the introduction, a methodological chapter reflects on the challenges involved in researching slavery. That is followed by a historiographical survey, which locates the thesis within a broader intellectual landscape. The second part commences with a study of the ecology of the Upper Zambezi and its floodplain, the heartland of the pre-colonial kingdom, elucidating geology, climate, flora and fauna, before reflecting on the interactions of environment and human agency in the history of the region’s peoples. The chapter following traces the evolution of the Lozi state and the political history of the kingdom up to the 1870s, developing the argument that slavery was central to the turbulent nineteenth-century in the floodplain. The subsequent chapter, on the place of slavery in Lozi society, continues the argument, presenting a new understanding of the meaning of Lozi slavery. The third part of the thesis consists of three consecutive narrative chapters. The first of these opens in 1878. Besides charting a time of intrigue and rebellion and early colonial intrusions, it explores in depth the development of a vast programme of public works with the view to foregrounding both the economic significance of Lozi slavery and its fundamentally exploitative nature. The second narrative chapter begins in 1897, on the eve of the colonial era, and follows the events which led to the formal abolition of slavery in 1906 and the shifting balance of personal, political and economic power which underpinned it. The final chapter charts the slow decline of slavery over the next two decades. The long persistence of Lozi slavery, it is here argued, speaks volumes for its former centrality to both the Lozi economy and to Lozi understandings of their society and themselves. Contents Maps, Figures and Illustrations iv Acknowledgements v Glossary vi Abbreviations viii Part I: Contexts 1 Introduction 1 A beginning and the ‘Ends of Slavery’ 1 The outlines of the thesis 4 The fundamental argument 7 2 Sources and Methodology 10 Archival sources 10 Published sources 14 The field I: the short view from the hill 16 The field II: the long view in the valley 17 3 The Historiographical Landscape 23 The pioneers: Functionalists & Marxists 24 Attempted syntheses: Hopkins, Copper and Lovejoy 29 The end of slavery in Africa 33 Slavery in Barotseland 37 Part II: Ecology, History and Lozi Slavery 4 Valley of Milk, Lands of Honey: ecology and the evolution of the Lozi kingdom 45 ‘No poet ever sung the praises’: setting the scene 46 Foundations: rocks, sand, wind and rain 48 ‘The True Barotse valley’: the origins of settlement 50 ‘Villages in the mounds like islands’: patterns of settlement and transhumance 53 ‘Here hunger is not known’: production 55 Higher ground: the bush and plain margins 61 The trees and mounds of ‘Santuru’: political possibilities 61 i 5 The children of Mbuywamwambwa: Lozi political history to the 65 late nineteenth century Mubingu, Makolo and Mulongwanji: the evolution of structures of power and control 65 in the early history of the kingdom ‘He loved his people too much’: politics, trade and consolidation under Mulambwa 71 Makololo ki ba!: the Kololo interregnum 76 ‘The price of a boy was one old Portuguese musket’: trading and raiding 78 under the Kololo ‘This terrible catastrophe for the Macarrollo tribe’: the Lozi reconquista 84 ‘The soba came this morning to the establicimento’: trade, politics and conflict 86 under Sipopa 6 ‘When you are a slave you cannot refuse’: the place and meaning of slavery 95 in the Lozi kingdom ‘Laying in a stock of “black ivory”’: the Lozi trade in slaves 95 Singing the Liwale: slavery and raiding 99 ‘Those are not people...they are our dogs’: the place of slaves in Lozi society 101 Makalaka and mutanga wa sichaba: the meaning of Lozi slavery 104 Part III: The Ends of Slavery in Barotseland 7 The building of a kingdom: politics, diplomacy and slavery 1878-1897 116 ‘The king greets you much’: Lubosi on the throne 1878-1884 116 L'esprit missionnaire: the coming of the Paris Evangelical Mission 126 ‘I am the moshimane of the Baruti’: the PEMS mission and slavery 131 ‘Mwayowamo, thou has been dug by many’: slavery and public works in the 1890s 133 Following ‘le fameux canal’: the diggings at Ngonye Falls 142 8 Outriders of a new era: relations of power 1897-1906 156 ‘My Lord, Is anything wrong with me that you see?’: Barotseland and the 156 broader picture ‘One hears a great deal of bosh about the poor down trodden native’: the 160 Company’s men ‘Rien n’est changé à nos mœurs ni à nos lois’ : the early colonial dispensation 165 ‘His behaviour throughout has been most ungentlemanly’: the Company 172 and the mission ‘Several minor matters that required readjustment’: the coming of abolition 176 ‘The old rules of the nation have still to be kept’: the proclaiming of abolition 182 ii 9 ‘I don’t know why this state of affairs has been allowed to continue’: 190 the ends of slavery 1906-1925 A ‘growing disregard for any law or order’: the aftermath of abolition 190 ‘Hardships...more sentimental than real’: the benign projection of Lozi slavery 198 ‘In my country they are always selling people’: the 1913 Mongu slave trials 201 A ‘truly “Mwaka Mui”’: the passing of an era 209 ‘Lewanika’s slavery Proclamation I found to be unknown’: the coming change 213 Epilogue and conclusion 228 Conclusion 230 Appendix I: The 1906 proclamation 232 Appendix II: The 1925 proclamation 234 Appendix III: Oral tradition and Lozi history 235 Sources and Bibliography 248 iii Maps, Figures and Illustrations Maps 1. The Peoples of the Upper Zambezi, c.1900 9 Figures 1. Satellite Image of the Upper Zambezi floodplain 63 2. Cross-sectional study of the floodplain 64 3. Public works in the 1890s overlaid on satellite image 148 4. Satellite image of Zambezi at Ngonye falls and lower course 153 5. Composite map of evidence for diggings at Ngonye canal 155 showing distances and route 6. ‘Distribution of single and double bells’ 244 Illustrations 1. The short view from the hill (Mongu boma) 22 2. The long view in the valley (Lealui seen from casa ka mambali.) 22 3. Serpa Pinto’s ‘Gonha Cataract’ 150 4. Serpa Pinto’s ‘Conveyance of the boats at Gonha’ 150 5. Ngonye falls, Western Province, Zambia 151 6. Course of Zambezi below Ngonye falls, Western Province, Zambia 151 7. Possible start point for Ngonye canal (photograph I) 152 8. Possible start point for Ngonye canal (photograph II) 152 9. Possible end point for Ngonye canal 152 10. Lienard’s sketch of Ngonye canal 154 11. Lienard’s sketch map of Ngonye ‘siding’ 154 12. Litunga Lubosi Lewanika 164 13. Rogues’ Gallery 164 14. Frank Vigers Worthington 185 15. Robert Thorne Coryndon 185 16. Lealui, 16 July 1906 186 17. Proclaiming abolition I 187 18. Proclaiming abolition II 188 19. Proclaiming abolition III 189 20. Litia in 1916 208 Tables 1. Zambezi navigations 1881-1886 correlated to lunar cycle 149 2. 1913 slavery cases – evidence 203 iv Acknowledgements I have, over the course of writing this thesis, received support from a number of institutions and a great many people.
Recommended publications
  • Growing Unrest
    Growing Unrest The links between farmed and fished resources and the risk of conflict Alec Crawford Oli Brown June 2008 © 2008 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development The International Institute for Sustainable Development contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and Environment Canada; and from the Province of Manitoba. The institute receives project funding from numerous governments inside and outside Canada, United Nations agencies, foundations and the private sector. International Institute for Sustainable Development 161 Portage Avenue East, 6th Floor Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3B 0Y4 Tel: +1 (204) 958–7700 Fax: +1 (204) 958–7710 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.iisd.org/ Corresponding author: Alec Crawford, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), International Environment House 2, 9 chemin de Balexert, Châtelaine, 1219, Geneva, Switzerland. Phone: 0041 22 917 8684, fax: 0041 22 917 8054, e-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • The Somali Maritime Space
    LEA D A U THORS: C urtis Bell Ben L a wellin CONTRIB UTI NG AU THORS: A l e x andr a A mling J a y Benso n S asha Ego r o v a Joh n Filitz Maisie P igeon P aige Roberts OEF Research, Oceans Beyond Piracy, and Secure Fisheries are programs of One Earth Future http://dx.doi.org/10.18289/OEF.2017.015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With thanks to John R. Hoopes IV for data analysis and plotting, and to many others who offered valuable feedback on the content, including John Steed, Victor Odundo Owuor, Gregory Clough, Jérôme Michelet, Alasdair Walton, and many others who wish to remain unnamed. Graphic design and layout is by Andrea Kuenker and Timothy Schommer of One Earth Future. © 2017 One Earth Future Stable Seas: Somali Waters | i TABLE OF CONTENTS STABLE SEAS: SOMALI WATERS .......................................................................................................1 THE SOMALI MARITIME SPACE ........................................................................................................2 COASTAL GOVERNANCE.....................................................................................................................5 SOMALI EFFORTS TO PROVIDE MARITIME GOVERNANCE ..............................................8 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO PROVIDE MARITIME GOVERNANCE ..........................11 MARITIME PIRACY AND TERRORISM ...........................................................................................13 ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED, AND UNREGULATED FISHING ....................................................17 ARMS TRAFFICKING
    [Show full text]
  • Situation Report Last Updated: 9 Dec 2020
    ZAMBIA Situation Report Last updated: 9 Dec 2020 HIGHLIGHTS (9 Dec 2020) The Ministry of Health has confirmed 17,916 COVID- 19 cases and 364 deaths as of 7 December. The number of districts reporting COVID-19 infections had increased from 68 in September to 96, as of 30 November. Education partners report that 16 per cent of nearly 39,000 learners in Eastern and Southern provinces have dropped a reading level during COVID-19 school closures.. The food security situation remains of major concern, Community sensitization on COVID-19 in Chawama Market amid a infestation of the African Migratory Locusts in in Lusaka. Photo: ©UNICEF/Mulikita 14 districts across Central, Southern and Western provinces. Nearly 2 million people are facing severe food insecurity between October 2020 and March 2021, despite increased crop production in most areas. KEY FIGURES FUNDING CONTACTS Laura Hastings 10.1M 6.2M $132.9M $66.2M Humanitarian Affairs Officer, Zambia people in need people targeted requested (May-Oct received [email protected] 2020) Guiomar Pau Sole 27 Head of Communications & Information partners operational 51.7% Management, Regional Office for funded Southern & Eastern Africa [email protected] INTERACTIVE (29 Oct 2020) Emergency Appeal Financial Tracking https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/zambia/ Page 1 of 15 Downloaded: 9 Dec 2020 ZAMBIA Situation Report Last updated: 9 Dec 2020 View this interactive graphic: https://bit.ly/ZambiaAppealFunding BACKGROUND (9 Dec 2020) Situation Overview Since the first case of COVID-19 on 18 March 2020, the Ministry of Health (MOH) has confirmed over 17,916 cases with 364 deaths (case fatality rate of 2 per cent) as of 7 December 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Seismic Risk in Ethiopia
    www.gsdrc.org [email protected] Helpdesk Research Report Assessing seismic risk in Ethiopia Siân Herbert 20.01.2013 Question Identify data on, or ways to assess, seismic risk in Ethiopia. Where possible, identify what the data suggests about the absolute levels of risk, the relative levels of risk compared to other countries, and which populations are particularly vulnerable.1 Contents 1. Overview 2. Seismic risk 3. Seismic hazard 4. Vulnerable populations in Ethiopia 5. Suggested websites 6. Additional references 1. Overview This report identifies data, literature and maps on seismic risk in Ethiopia. In this report seismic risk, as a concept, is understood to be the product of seismic hazard (the probability of harmful seismic phenomena) and seismic vulnerability (the degree of loss from seismic phenomena – human and economic). 2 There is limited literature available in this area. Abeye (2012) argues that an updated seismic hazard map of Africa is long overdue. In a case study analysis of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, a 1999 1 This is the second GSDRC query examining seismic risk in East Africa, the first paper focussed on Kenya. See - http://www.gsdrc.org/go/display&type=Helpdesk&id=964 2 See - http://www.ehs.unu.edu/elearning/mod/glossary/view.php?id=8&mode=letter&hook=R&sortkey=&sortorder UNIDSR report identified challenges such as an absence of previous seismic risk assessment, few specialists and limited practice in seismology and earthquake engineering, low awareness of earthquake disaster risk at the political level, and limited financial resources (UNIDSR, 1999, p.23). Key findings include: .
    [Show full text]
  • IMPACTS of CLIMATE CHANGE on WATER AVAILABILITY in ZAMBIA: IMPLICATIONS for IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT By
    Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy Research Paper 146 August 2019 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER AVAILABILITY IN ZAMBIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT By Byman H. Hamududu and Hambulo Ngoma Food Security Policy Research Papers This Research Paper series is designed to timely disseminate research and policy analytical outputs generated by the USAID funded Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy (FSP) and its Associate Awards. The FSP project is managed by the Food Security Group (FSG) of the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics (AFRE) at Michigan State University (MSU), and implemented in partnership with the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the University of Pretoria (UP). Together, the MSU-IFPRI-UP consortium works with governments, researchers and private sector stakeholders in Feed the Future focus countries in Africa and Asia to increase agricultural productivity, improve dietary diversity and build greater resilience to challenges like climate change that affect livelihoods . The papers are aimed at researchers, policy makers, donor agencies, educators, and international development practitioners. Selected papers will be translated into French, Portuguese, or other languages. Copies of all FSP Research Papers and Policy Briefs are freely downloadable in pdf format from the following Web site: https://www.canr.msu.edu/fsp/publications/ Copies of all FSP papers and briefs are also submitted to the USAID Development Experience Clearing House (DEC) at: http://dec.usaid.gov/ ii AUTHORS: Hamududu is Senior Engineer, Water Balance, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Oslo, Norway and Ngoma is Research Fellow, Climate Change and Natural Resources, Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI), Lusaka, Zambia and Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimizing Hydropower Development and Ecosystem Services in the Kafue River, Zambia
    Optimizing hydropower development and ecosystem services in the Kafue River, Zambia Ian G. Cowx1#, Alphart Lungu2 & Mainza Kalonga3 1: Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, Hull HU67RX, UK 2: c/o UNDP Zambia, UN House, Alick Nkhata Road, O)Box 31966 Lusaka 10101 Zambia [email: [email protected]] 3: Department of Fisheries, Chilanga near Lusaka, Zambia [[email protected]] Current address P.O Box 360130 – Kafue, Zambia. The published version of this article is available at https://doi.org/10.1071/mf18132 Running title: Optimizing hydropower with ecosystem services # Corresponding author. Prof Ian G Cowx, Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, Hull HU67RX, UK. email: [email protected] 1 Abstract Fisheries are an important resource in Zambia, but are experiencing overexploitation and are under increasing pressure from external development activities that are compromising river ecosystem services and functioning. One such system is the Kafue Flats floodplain, which is under threat from hydropower development. This paper reviews the impact of potential hydropower development on the Kafue Flats floodplain and explores mechanisms to optimise the expansion of hydropower whilst maintain the ecosystem functioning and services the floodplain delivers. Since completion of the Kafue Gorge and Itezhi-tezhi dams, seasonal fluctuations in the height and extent of flooding have been suppressed. This situation is likely to get worse with the proposed incorporation of a hydropower scheme into Itezhi-tezhi dam, which will operate under a hydropeaking regime. This will have major ramifications for the fish communities and ecosystem functioning and likely result in the demise of the fishery along with destruction of the wetlands and associated wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Changes in the Zambezi River Basin This Book Is a Product of the CODESRIA Comparative Research Network
    Ecological Changes in the Zambezi River Basin This book is a product of the CODESRIA Comparative Research Network. Ecological Changes in the Zambezi River Basin Edited by Mzime Ndebele-Murisa Ismael Aaron Kimirei Chipo Plaxedes Mubaya Taurai Bere Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa DAKAR © CODESRIA 2020 Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa Avenue Cheikh Anta Diop, Angle Canal IV BP 3304 Dakar, 18524, Senegal Website: www.codesria.org ISBN: 978-2-86978-713-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission from CODESRIA. Typesetting: CODESRIA Graphics and Cover Design: Masumbuko Semba Distributed in Africa by CODESRIA Distributed elsewhere by African Books Collective, Oxford, UK Website: www.africanbookscollective.com The Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) is an independent organisation whose principal objectives are to facilitate research, promote research-based publishing and create multiple forums for critical thinking and exchange of views among African researchers. All these are aimed at reducing the fragmentation of research in the continent through the creation of thematic research networks that cut across linguistic and regional boundaries. CODESRIA publishes Africa Development, the longest standing Africa based social science journal; Afrika Zamani, a journal of history; the African Sociological Review; Africa Review of Books and the Journal of Higher Education in Africa. The Council also co- publishes Identity, Culture and Politics: An Afro-Asian Dialogue; and the Afro-Arab Selections for Social Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Somali Fisheries
    www.securefisheries.org SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Securing Somali Fisheries | i SECURING SOMALI FISHERIES Sarah M. Glaser Paige M. Roberts Robert H. Mazurek Kaija J. Hurlburt Liza Kane-Hartnett Contributors: Ashley Wilson, Timothy Davies, and Robert Arthur (MRAG, London) Graphics: Timothy Schommer and Andrea Jovanovic Please send comments and questions to: Sarah M. Glaser, PhD Research Associate, Secure Fisheries One Earth Future Foundation +1 720 214 4425 [email protected] Please cite this document as: Glaser SM, Roberts PM, Mazurek RH, Hurlburt KJ, and Kane-Hartnett L (2015) Securing Somali Fisheries. Denver, CO: One Earth Future Foundation. DOI: 10.18289/OEF.2015.001 Secure Fisheries is a program of the One Earth Future Foundation Cover Photo: Shakila Sadik Hashim at Alla Aamin fishing company in Berbera, Jean-Pierre Larroque. ii | Securing Somali Fisheries TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, BOXES ............................................................................................. iii FOUNDER’S LETTER .................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Somali) ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Colonial Government and the Great Depression in Northern
    THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION IN NORTHERN RHODESIA: ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGISLATIVE CHANGES, 1929-1939 BY MBOZI SANTEBE A Dissertation Submitted to the University of Zambia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA LUSAKA © 2015 i DECLARATION I, Mbozi Santebe, declare that this dissertation (a) Represents my own work; (b) Has not previously been submitted for a degree at this or any other University; and (c) Does not incorporate any published work or material from another dissertation. Signed …………………………………………………………………………………….. Date ……………………………………………………………………………………... ii COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced or stored in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the author or the University of Zambia. iii APPROVAL This dissertation of Mbozi Santebe is approved as fulfilling the partial requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in History by the University of Zambia. Date Signed ………………………………………………. …………………………….. Signed ………………………………………………. …………………………….. Signed ………………………………………………. …………………………….. iv ABSTRACT This study focuses on the administrative and legislative changes that the colonial government made in response to the impact of the Great Depression in Northern Rhodesia. It reveals that the government mainly responded to the decline in government revenues, the widespread poverty and destitution and the distortion of internal trade. The study shows that during the emergency period, 1932-1934, the administration made changes to government structures and functioning so as to curtail expenditure and balance its budget. It reorganised staff in the public service, reduced budgetary allocations to departments and realigned several departments and provinces.
    [Show full text]
  • Determinants of Spatio Temporal Variability of Water Quality in The
    © University of Hamburg 2018 All rights reserved Klaus Hess Publishers Göttingen & Windhoek www.k-hess-verlag.de ISBN: 978-3-933117-95-3 (Germany), 978-99916-57-43-1 (Namibia) Language editing: Will Simonson (Cambridge), and Proofreading Pal Translation of abstracts to Portuguese: Ana Filipa Guerra Silva Gomes da Piedade Page desing & layout: Marit Arnold, Klaus A. Hess, Ria Henning-Lohmann Cover photographs: front: Thunderstorm approaching a village on the Angolan Central Plateau (Rasmus Revermann) back: Fire in the miombo woodlands, Zambia (David Parduhn) Cover Design: Ria Henning-Lohmann ISSN 1613-9801 Printed in Germany Suggestion for citations: Volume: Revermann, R., Krewenka, K.M., Schmiedel, U., Olwoch, J.M., Helmschrot, J. & Jürgens, N. (eds.) (2018) Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa – assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions. Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. Articles (example): Archer, E., Engelbrecht, F., Hänsler, A., Landman, W., Tadross, M. & Helmschrot, J. (2018) Seasonal prediction and regional climate projections for southern Africa. In: Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa – assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions (ed. by Revermann, R., Krewenka, K.M., Schmiedel, U., Olwoch, J.M., Helmschrot, J. & Jürgens, N.), pp. 14–21, Biodiversity & Ecology, 6, Klaus Hess Publishers, Göttingen & Windhoek. Corrections brought to our attention will be published at the following location: http://www.biodiversity-plants.de/biodivers_ecol/biodivers_ecol.php Biodiversity & Ecology Journal of the Division Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of Plants, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg Volume 6: Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa Assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions Edited by Rasmus Revermann1, Kristin M.
    [Show full text]
  • Bearing Witness
    Bearing Witness Practices of journalistic witnessing in South Sudan RICHARD STUPART A thesis submitted to the Department of Media and Communications of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the de- gree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, June 2020 1 declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 97,944 words. 2 abstract This thesis explores the practices and normative tensions of journalists reporting on conflict in South Sudan, based on a combination of semi-structured interviews with journalists based in Nairobi, Kampala and Juba, as well as ethnographic observation of an investigative reporting trip to the Malakal protection of civilians site in Upper Nile state. This thesis addresses two research questions, asking how journalists’ practices are enabled and constrained in the context of South Sudan, and what normative tensions arise during their practices of journalism. To these questions, this thesis develops three arguments.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Earthquake Magnitude Scale and B-Value for the Danakil Region of Northern Afar by Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, Derek Keir,* Jonathan M
    Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 521–531, April 2017, doi: 10.1785/0120150253 Ⓔ Local Earthquake Magnitude Scale and b-Value for the Danakil Region of Northern Afar by Finnigan Illsley-Kemp, Derek Keir,* Jonathan M. Bull, Atalay Ayele, James O. S. Hammond, J.-Michael Kendall, Ryan J. Gallacher, Thomas Gernon, and Berhe Goitom Abstract The Danakil region of northern Afar is an area of ongoing seismic and volcanic activity caused by the final stages of continental breakup. To improve the quantification of seismicity, we developed a calibrated local earthquake magnitude scale. The accurate calculation of earthquake magnitudes allows the estimation of b-values and maximum magnitudes, both of which are essential for seismic-hazard analysis. Earthquake data collected between February 2011 and February 2013 on 11 three-component broadband seismometers were analyzed. A total of 4275 earthquakes were recorded over hypocentral distances ranging from 0 to 400 km. A total of 32,904 zero-to-peak amplitude measurements (A) were measured on the seismometer’s horizontal components and were incorporated into a direct linear inversion that M solved for all individual local earthquake magnitudes ( L), 22 station correction fac- C n K M A− tors ( ), and 2 distance-dependent factors ( , ) in the equation L log log A0C. The resultant distance correction term is given by − log A0 1:274336 log r=17 − 0:000273 r − 172. This distance correction term suggests that attenuation in the upper and mid-crust of northern Afar is relatively high, con- sistent with the presence of magmatic intrusions and partial melt.
    [Show full text]