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Lehigh County Has Yielded a Fairly Large Variety of Minerals, Some

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Lehigh County Has Yielded a Fairly Large Variety of Minerals, Some Census of Lehigh Cow@ farms Item 1940 1939 Number of farms ............................. 2,074 2,325 Full owners ...... \ .......................... 1,488 1,731 Part owners ............................... 192 74 Managers ................................. 31 74 All tenants ............................... 363 446 Value of farms (land and buildings) .......... .$13,709,179 $21,81)6,2’91 All land in farms, acres ....................... 152,385 160’,314 Aver,age acre,age per farm ..................... 73.5 69.0 Horses and colts .............................. 3,381 5,O,l6 Cattle ........................................ 9,823 lo,,611 Hogs and pigs ................................. 9,522 12,841 Corn for ,a11 purposes, acres .................... 18,616 18,315 Corn for grain, acres ......................... 17,640’ 17,480 bushels ....................... 543,785 60’7,238 Wheat threshed, acres ........................ 20,128 25,542 bushels ...................... 400’,112 464,416 Oats threshed, acres .......................... 11,031 U&133 bushels ........................ 262,398 271,853 Oats cut ,and fed unthreshed, .acres ............. 419 439 Barley threshed, acres ........................ 2,530 1,276 bushels ...................... 77,531 23,869 Rye threshed, ,acres ........................... 974 2,706 bushels ......................... 13,741 42,635 Mixed grains threshed, ,acres .................. 190 189 bushels ............... 4,673 5@9 Irish potatoes, acres .......................... 12,626 13,560, bushels ........................ 1,483,067 1,681,211 All hay, and sorgums for forage, acres ....... 25,654 24,729 tons ........ 26,0~0’6 331650 MINERALOGY By BENJAI~IN L. MILLER Lehigh County has yielded a fairly large variety of minerals, some- what less than some of the counties of the southeastern portion of the State, but far more than the northern, central and western counties. The variety is due largely to the different types of rock present in the county. These include acid. intermediate, and basic igneous rocks, both deep-seated (plutonie) and shallow (extrusive) ; sedimentary rocks of the principal types-conglomerate, sandstone, shale and lime- 443 444 LEHIGH COUNTY stone ; and metamorphic rocks-gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble, and slate. The glacial deposits that are thinly spread over part of t,he county yield a great variety of rocks collected by the ice from a wide area to the northe’ast. These rocks are composed of many minerals. In general each type of rock serves as the home of particular min- erals, as must be the case since rocks are principally classifie’d by t,heir mineral composition. The metamorphosed igneous rocks contain t!he largest variety and the slightly altered sedimentary ones the fewest. In Lehigh County the crystalline rocks occupy a comparatively small area in the southern section but they contain several somewhat unusual minerals. The pegmatit.e dikes that cut through the metamorphic gneisses have yielded sever,al economic minerals, but in quantities t’oo limited to be of commercial importance. T’he pegmatites have furnished some good mineral specimens. The gneisses themselves are composed of numerous minerals, mainly silicates, but the indi- vitdual grains are small and the associ’ated minerals are not readily separated. Some mi~nerals have been recognized only under the microscope. The sedimentary rtocks, limestone, sandstone, and shale are com- posed of a limited number of minerals, mainly oxides and carbonat,es. The normal minerals are mainly small and the individual grains not readily recognizable with the naked eye. They are cut by veins that may carry other miner.als. The surface alteration and weathering of all the rocks have resulted in several seconldary minerals which, in a few cases, possess economic significance, particularly the iron ores and clays. Nest of the geological work in this region has been done by men primarily concerned with the economic mineral products or the stratigraphy and there have been comparatively few strictly min- eralogical investigations. While Professor of Chemistry in Muhlen- berg College, Dr. Edgar F.ahs Smith searched for minerals thr,ough Lehigh County and analyzed many .of the specimens found. These results he published in 1882, 1883, and 1885. Similar contributions were made by John Eyerman in 1889 and 1911. Owing to the fact that the articles by Dr. Smith an.d Mr. Eyermlan are not readily accessible, ne’arly all of their descriptions of Lehigh County minerals are quote,d in full. Frederick A. Oenth collected all the known mineralogical data ,of the State in his “Preliminary Report on t,he Mineralogy of Pennsylvania” published in 1875. Samuel G. Gordon in his “ Mineralogy of Pennsylvania, ” published by The Academy of Natural Sciermes ,of Philadelphia in 1922, brought the inf,ormation up to date. ,The latter is a valuable contribution and has been freely used in the preparation of this chapter. Frederick Prime Jr. reported and described num’erous minerals in his investigations ,of the iron ores of the region. Numerous other geologists have added to our knowledge of the minerals of Lebigh County in minor ways. Many ,of the articles deial with the minerals found in or near the Friedensville zinc mines of the ‘Saucon Valley. The list of min,erals that follows is believed to be almost ,complete, according to existing information. Undoubt.edly, additions will be made fr’om time to time, espe’cially in the microscopic investigations, and new occurrences will be reported. This chapter is largely a com- MITU‘ERALOGY 445 pilation of previously published material, scattered through many volumes, anld supplemented by the author’s personal observations. List of Minerals Native elements Curbonates Other anhydrous Copper Calcium minerals silicates Graphite Calcite Allanite Sulphur Ararronite Calamine Dolgmite Epidote Sulphides Copper minerals Sillimanite Ch’alcocite Azurite Titanite Galena Malachite Tourmaline Greenockite Lanthanite Zircon Iron minerals Siderite Marcasite Zinc minerals H~tdrou~s silicates Pyrite Hydrozincite Allophane Molybdenite Smithsonite Chloropal Sphalerite Halloysite Silicates Kaolin Halides Feldspar group Serpentine Fluorite Orthoclase Stilbite Plagioclase Oxides Garnet group Phosphates Corundum Almandite Wavellite Iron minerals Andradite Anhydrous Mica group Uranates Hematite Biotite Uraninite Martite Muscovite Magnetite . Damourite Xulphates Ilmenite Sericite Goslarite Hydrous Pinite Melanterite Goethite Amphibole group Limonite Hornblende Turgite Crocidolite Manganese minerals (Glaucophane) Psilomelane Actinolite Pyrolusit,e Asbestos Wad Pyroxene group Silica minerals Augite Quartz Diopside Chalcedony Enstatite Flint (basanite) Hypersthene Jasper Pectolite Hvalite Spine1 Descriptions of Individual Minerals In the descriptions of the individual minerals which follow, little is given other than the particular features that characterize the Lehigh County specimens. It has not seemed desirable to describe the ordinary pr’operties which are contained in all textbooks on mineralogy. The crystallographic descriptions are largely omitted since their inSelusion would necessitate the reproduction of crystallographic drawings in most inst.anees. Most of the availa:ble chemical analyses are included; even though some of them are ,of doubt.ful accuracy. It seems unneces- sary also to discuss the various problems of nomenclature lan’d chem- ical f ormuhe. 446 LEHIGH COUNTY The minerals that have been mined and utilized are discussed more fully in that portion of the volume dealing with the economic geol’ogy. Instead of the full bibliographic refere.nce for each citation or quo- tation, only the author’s name and t.he year of publication are given. The full title can be found readily by reference to the chapter on Cartography and Bibliography. For one who wishes to obtain all the information available, it will generally ‘be necessary to refer to the irrdividual articles. NATIVE EIBMIENTS copper (Cu) Native copper has been twice reported from the Ironton Mines as follows : “An interesting occurrence (of native copper) has been noticed by Prof. W. Th. Roepper in the limonite deposits of Ironton, Lehigh County, where it is occasionally met with in minute distorted, prob- ably cubi’cal crystals #disseminated through quartz.” (Genth, 1875, P* 5.) “Of more interest to the mineralogist is the occurrence of native copper in this black clay (of the Ironton Mines), which is found in small filiform pieces. Its presence in the metallic state being probably due to the carbonaceous matter in the clay.” (Prime, 1878, p. 41.) Graphite (C) CraphiDe in thin flakes has been noted at several, pla,ces in the metamorphosed rocks of Lehigh County. In two different places at- tempts have been made to open mines for the purpose of obtaining it in commercial quantity. These are descri,bed in tlhe chapter on Min- eral Resources. The most numerous occurrences of graphite in the region are in the acid and basic gneisses of South Mountain. About half a mile west of Seidersville, along the Lehigh-Northampton County line, small, thin flakes have been noted in the basic gneiss. Flakes of #graphite have been noted in the gneiss ,along the Little Lehigh west of the West- ern Salisbury ‘Church. IOn the crest ,of ‘South M.ountain about three- fourths of a mile e,ast of Emmaus and the same distance east of Vera Cruz, graphite flakes are so numerous that exploratory shafts wer.e dug. ‘The micr,oscopi’c examination of some of the gneisses has revealed the presence ,of tiny flakes indistinguishable
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