Slaveni U Davnini

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Slaveni U Davnini SLAVENI U DAVNINI. NAPISAO DR T. MARETIĆ. ZAGREB 1889. NAKLADA „MATICE HRVATSKE". TISAK K. ALBRECHTA. о'voj je mojoj knjižici zadaća prikazati u krup- nijem crtama, kako su slavenski narodi ulazili u isto- riju, a kada su već ušli, kakva ih je sreća pratila u prvo vrijeme istoričkoga im života Iz ovoga će lasno svaki čitatelj dokučiti, da je ovakova radnja temelj pravomu poznavanju slavenskoga svijeta, kakav je bio u davnini. Većini će „ Matičinijeh" čitatelja biti stvari, o ko- jima se govori u ovoj knjižici, posve nove, i njima će po svoj prilici biti dosta i ovoliko, koliko sam napisao. Ali znam, da će se naći i gdjekoji čitatelj, koji bi želio više znati o Slavenima u staro doba nego li može naći u ovoj knjižici. Takvijem čitateljima ve- lim, da ova moja radnja nije namijenjena stručnjacima. Obilniju i potpuniju pouku o stvarima, što se ras- pravljaju u ovoj knjižici, daju specijalne radnje različ- nijeh pisaca i sveučilišni profesori, koji o tom predaju. Vještaci će lako razabrati, što je u ovom poslu tudje, što li je moje; oni će dobro znati, da nigda ne bi ove knjižice na svijetu bilo, da se nije veliki broj naučnjaka trudio oko tamnijeh i mučnijeh pitanja V. kojih je puna slavenska starodrevnost. Ovakvoj knjizi osjeća ni najmanje ljubavi ni simpatije prema pred- nije zadaća, da razlaganje šara udiljnijem citatima, metu svojega istraživanja. Ostavljam pravednomu či- nego treba da čitatelju u. lakoj formi pruža, što je tatelju da presudi, koliko mi je za rukom pošlo do- već postalo dostojanjem nauke, a od hipoteza samo vesti u sklad pomenuto moje dvojako nastojanje. one da uzima, koje su nužne, t. j. gclje do sad nema Dobro znam, da će stručnjaci naći dosta pogrje- sigurne istine. Mogao bih ja ovdje izbrojiti veliku či- šaka u ovoj knjižici. Njima odgovaram s Daničićem : tulu pisaca i njihovijeh knjiga, koje sam upotrebio pri „Ne tajim, da se za ovaj posao hoće sile mnogo jače ovom poslu, ali bojim se, da bi mogao tko reći, da od mojih. Slabost sila svojih osjećao sam i do sad u je to razmetanje učenošću, kojemu nema pravoga mje- svakom poslu, ali me ona nije mogla odvratiti od njih, sta u knjizi ovake ruke. jer sam svagda mislio, da će i ono što mogu ura- Čitatelji će opaziti, da je poglavlje o Rusima diti kod svijeh nedostataka biti korisno narodnoj knji- mnogo veće nego li o ikojoj drugoj slavenskoj grani. ževnosti, o čemu sam se poslije dosta i uvjerio." Tomu ne treba nikakvoga drugog uzroka tražiti nego taj, što je stara ruska istorija mnogo jasnija i pot- T. M. punija nego li je. ikojega drugog slavenskog naroda. Za to se može o starijem Rusima govoriti i drugo što, ne samo izbrajati ratove i imena knezova. Po- glavlje je o Rusima i za to izišlo nješto dulje, jer sam hotio, da se čitatelji malo upoznadu s vele važ- nom Nestorovom kronikom. Nastojao sam u razlaganju biti što objektivniji ] kloneći se krive i slijepe ljubavi prema slavenskomu svijetu, jer takva ljubav veoma smeta poznanju istine; prikazivao sam dogadjaje i činjenice, kakve jesu, ma- kar mi je i teško bilo otkriti gdjegdje stvari, kojima | se stari Slaveni ne mogu ponositi; u odredjivanju granica slavenskijeh naselja nijesam hotio biti podaš- niji nego su mi dopuštali očevidni ili vjerojatni raz- lozi. S druge sam opet strane gledao, da mi se ob- jektivnost ne izrodi u drvenastu bešćutnost, koja ne Popis poglavlju. Strana. Pristup i I. Slaveni u doistoričko doba 3 II. Bugarski ili grčki Slaveni 30 III. Hrvati i Srbi 59 IV. Slovenci i panonski Sloveni 82 V. Česi 103 VI. Moravljani i Slovaci 126 VII. Poljaci ·. 145 VIII. Baltičko-polapski Slaveni 159 IX. Rusi 189 anašnja istorička (povjesna) i filologička (jezikoslovna) [1. [nauka ima tvrdijeh dokaza, da je bilo njegda vrijeme, "kada su svi Slaveni sačinjavali jedan narod, koji je govorio jednijem jezikom i živio u jednoj domovini. Tko dakle hoće što da zna o starijem Slavenima, njemu je potrebno znati najprije koliko je moguće o praslavenskom narodu i o praslavenskoj domovini, jer bi inače njegovo zna- nje bilo bez pravoga početka i osnove. Za to ćemo i mi svoje razlaganje o slavenskijem narodima u staro doba otvoriti on- dje, gdje nam se Slaveni pomaljaju kao jedinstven narod, koji još nije prestupio one ograde, koja rastavlja doistoričko doba (t. j. doba do početka njegove povijesti) od istoričkoga. U pita- nja o praslavenskom jeziku ne ćemo se ni malo upuštati, jer bismo se pri tom morali zavesti u teška i prostrana razlaganja gramatička (slovnička), koja bi lako mogla dotužiti mnogomu čitatelju ove knjižice. Pošto ispripovijedamo o praslavenskom na- rodu i praslavenskoj domovini, koliko je potrebno, onda ćemo ići od jednoga slavenskog naroda do drugoga i pratiti njegov život po sačuvanijem istoričkijem bilješkama sve do vremena, kada se koji narod preporodio, t. j. kada se krstio, jer kao u dru- gijeh evropskijeh naroda, tako i u Slavena s vremenom krštenja počinje se nov život. Svaki je evropski narod, koji više koji manje doživio različnijeh promjena, a gdjekoji i revolucija u svom kulturnom i političkom životu, ali nijedna se promjena i nijedna revolucija po svojoj važnosti i posljedicama ne može Maretić: Slaveni u davnini. I Pristup. mjeriti s dogadjajem, kada se koji narod krstio, t. j. učinio djelo, koje je prekinulo sveze s prošlošću i uvelo narode u nov život i novo doba. Za to ćemo staro doba slavenskijeh naroda računati do početka kršćanskoga im života. Nitko ne treba da misli, da ćemo u ovoj knjižici sve razložiti, štogod se zna o praslavenskom narodu i o pojedinijem slavenskijem ograncima, jer bi za taj posao trebala mnogo veća knjiga, od koje bi imali korist samo oni, koji se naročito time bave. Ja ću gledati, da lakijem načinom priopćim čitateljima glavne I. stvari o Slavenima staroga doba, o tom, kako se koji narod 'dijelio u plemena, gdje je koje pleme sjedilo, kako se koji Slaveni u doistoričko doba. narod borio sa svojim susjedima i kako je osnovao državu. Spominjat ću dakako i glavne junake u tijem dogadjajima. Herodot. — Skiti. — Ostali narodi istome Evrope u Herodotovo O starijem Hrvatima ne bi istina baš nužno bilo govoriti u vrijeme. — Neuri. — Budini. — Ima li još Slavena u Herodo- ovoj knjižici, jer o njima mogu čitatelji naći lijepe i dovoljne tovo doba f —· Završetak o Herodotu. — Vrijeme poslije Herodota. pouke u Smičiklasovoj hrvatskoj povijesti. Ali kad se ovdje — Plinije, Tacit i Ptolemej. — Vendi ili Vindi. — Slaveni ti ima govoriti o svijem Slavenima, čini mi se, da bi moja knji- Plinija. — Slaveni u Tacita. — Slaveni u Ptolemeja. — Vrijeme žica bila krnja, kad bi se ikoje slavensko pleme izostavilo. poslije Ptolemeja. — Slaveni u vrijeme hunskoga gospostva. ·— Ras- cijep praslavenskoga naroda. — Još njesto o slavenskoj pradomo- vini. — Drugo pričanje o slavenskoj pradomovini. Malo koji pisac staroga grčkog naroda ima toliku važnost [2. za današnje naše znanje, koliku ima prvi grčki istorik (povjes- nik) Herodot. Da je s kojom nesrećom propalo divno njegovo djelo, naše bi znanje o starijem kulturnijem i nekulturnijem na- rodima bilo vrlo jadno ili nikakvo. Koliko imamo biti zahvalni Herodotu za njegove bilješke o različnijem narodima, o tom ne treba nama ovdje govoriti, jer se nas ovdje drugi narodi ne tiču. Mi Herodota za to sada spominjemo, jer u njegovoj istoriji i to u četvrtoj knjizi ima njekoliko bilježaka, iz ko- jih doznajemo njesto malo o prastarijem Slavenima. Hero- dot je njegdje oko godine 450. prije Hrista boravio nje- koliko vremena u gradu Olbiji, koji je bio grčka naseobina, a ležao je blizu današnjega ruskog grada Nikolajeva pri ušću rijeke Buga u Crno more. Herodot je vidio ušća rijeki Dnje- stra, a možda i Dunava. U Olbiji, gradu trgovačkom, imao Slaveni u doistoričko doba. Slavem u doistoričko doba. je Herodot mnogo prilike doznati koješta o varvarskijem se Skiti zvali sami S k o l o t i (Σκολότοι), a ime Skiti da su im narodima, koji su življeli u današnjoj južnoj i sjevernoj Rusiji. nadjeli Grci. On razlikuje prave Skite od nepravijeh; za prave Čitavo je djelo Herodotovo dokaz, kako je otac istorije bio opet veli, da su se dijelili u dvoje, jedno su bili pastiri ili u naučnom obziru vrlo radoznao i da je svuda nastojao, kako nomadi (Σκύθ-at νομάδες), a drugo carski Skiti (Σχ,ύθ-at će što više doznati o različnijem narodima i zemljama. Za βασΛνίϊοι). Po svoj prilici ovo razlikovanje ne znači drugo, cijelo je on u Olbiji i u opće na crnomorskoj obali mnogo nego da su jedni i drugi bili do duše isti narod, samo su se raspitivao za narode, do kojih mu nije bilo moguće doći, a malo razlikovali govorom. Nepravi Skiti nijesu po svoj prilici valjada je i vidio gdjekojega čovjeka iz onijeh zemalja i s njim ni bili Skiti, nego samo skitski podanici ili kmetovi, a He- preko tumača štogod govorio. Na jednom mjestu svoje istorije rodot ne znajući, kako su se upravo zvali, veli, da su i oni opisuje Herodot spoljašnjost budinskoga naroda, i to bi moglo Skiti. Ove neprave Skite razlikuje Herodot dvojako, jedno su biti dokaz, da je bar njekoliko Budina svojim očima vidio. mu Skiti orači (Σκύθ-stt άροτηρες), a drugo su Skiti ratari Da su narodi u današnjoj evropskoj Rusiji bili što kulturniji i (Σκύθαι γεωργοί). pitomiji, valjada bi Herodot i njih bio posjetio, kako je po- Skiti su bili hajdučki narod, koji su življeli od boja i koje sjetio Egipćane, Persijance, Feničane, Babilonce itd. Onda bi su podjarmljeni narodi morali hraniti. Pored svega svoga ve- dakako i njegove bilješke o narodima današnje Rusije bile likog varvarstva ipak su imali njekakvu državu, i to im je jasnije i potpunije; mi bismo o njima više znali nego li ovako svjedočanstvo, da nijesu baš bili posve divlji, jer divljaci ne znamo, gdje one narode jedva naziremo i to kao kroz maglu znaju, što je država.
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