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FOOD SAFETY and FOOD SECURITY Voeller V05-Ffirs.Tex V1 - 12/04/2013 4:34Pm Page Ii Voeller V05-Ffirs.Tex V1 - 12/04/2013 4:34Pm Page Iii Voeller V05-ffirs.tex V1 - 12/04/2013 4:34pm Page ii Voeller V05-ffirs.tex V1 - 12/04/2013 4:34pm Page i FOOD SAFETY AND FOOD SECURITY Voeller V05-ffirs.tex V1 - 12/04/2013 4:34pm Page ii Voeller V05-ffirs.tex V1 - 12/04/2013 4:34pm Page iii FOOD SAFETY AND FOOD SECURITY Edited by JOHN G. VOELLER Black & Veatch Voeller V05-ffirs.tex V1 - 12/04/2013 4:34pm Page iv Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. ePDF: 9781118651810 ePub: 9781118651827 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 Voeller v05-ftoc.tex V1 - 12/05/2013 7:55pm Page v CONTENTS Preface vii 1. Microbiological Detectors for Food Safety Applications 1 2. Processing and Packaging that Protects the Food Supply Against Intentional Contamination 27 3. Early Detection and Diagnosis of High-Consequence Plant Pests in the United States 43 4. The Role of Food Safety in Food Security 61 5. Decontamination and Disposal of Contaminated Foods 69 6. Pulsenet: A Program to Detect and Track Food Contamination Events 83 7. Insects as Vectors of Foodborne Pathogens 97 8. Farm Level Control of Foreign Animal Disease and Food-borne Pathogens 111 9. Potential for Human Illness from Animal Transmission of Food-borne Pathogens 133 10. Mitigating Consequences of Pathogen Inoculation into Processed Food 149 Index 157 v Voeller v05-ftoc.tex V1 - 12/05/2013 7:55pm Page vi PREFACE Adapted from the Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security. The topic of homeland security did not begin with the World Trade Center or the IRA or the dissidents of past empires, but began when the concept of a nation versus a tribe took root and allegiance to a people was a choice, not a mandate. The concept of terrorism is part of homeland security but there are other risks to homeland security; such as those that come from Mother Nature or negligence of infrastructure maintenance. Indeed, these factors have much higher probabilities of causing substantial damage and loss of life than any group of terrorists could ever conceive. Hence, the focus here is on situations that put humans at risk and can disrupt and damage infrastructure, businesses, and the environment, and on scientific and technological tools that can assist in detecting, preventing, mitigating, recovering, and repairing the effects of such situations. The number of science and technology (S&T) related topics that are involved in the physical, cyber and social areas of homeland security includes thousands of specialties in hundreds of disciplines so no single collection could hope to cover even a majority of these. Instead, our intention is to discuss selected topics in ways that will allow readers to acquire basic knowledge and awareness and encourage them to continue developing their understanding of the subjects. Naturally, in the context of homeland security and counterterrorism, some work has to be classified so as not to “communicate our punches” to our adversaries and this is espe- cially true in a military setting. However, homeland security is concerned with solutions to domestic situations and these must be communicated to officials, law enforcement, and the public. Moreover, having experts speak in an open channel is important for inform- ing researchers, academics, and students so that they can work together and increase our collective knowledge. There are many ways to address homeland security concerns and needs, and many different disciplines and specialties. An ongoing open conversation among experts which will allow them to connect with others and promote collaboration, shared learning and new relationships is needed. Certainly, creating a forum in which theories, approaches, vii viii PREFACE solutions and implications could be discussed and compared would be beneficial. In addition, reliable sources from which experts and lay persons alike could learn about various facets of homeland security are needed. It is equally important that policy and decision makers get the full picture of how much has been done and how much still needs to be done in related areas. Even in places that have dealt with terrorism for over a century, there are no strong, cost-effective solutions to some of the most pressing problems. For example, from a distance, we have very limited ability to spot a bomb in a car moving toward a building to allow decision making on whether to destroy or divert the car before it can damage the target. Even simpler, the ability to spot a personnel-borne improvised explosive device (IED) in a crowd coming into a busy venue is still beyond our collective capability. Therefore, the bounding of what we know and don’t know needs to be documented. Finding additional uses for technologies developed originally to solve a homeland security problem is one of the most important aspects of the economics involved. An inescapable issue in many areas of homeland security S&T, is that even a successful solution when applied to only a small market will likely fail because of insufficient returns. For example, building a few hundred detectors for specific pathogens is likely to fail because of limited demand, or it may never even receive funding in the first place. The solution to this issue is finding multiple uses for such devices. In such a case, a chemical detector for contraband or dangerous materials could be used also to detect specific air pollutants in a building; thus, help allergy sufferers. In this way capabilities developed for homeland security may benefit other, more frequently needed uses, thereby making the invention more viable. The editors of this work have done a superb job of assembling authors and topics and ensuring good balance between fundamentals and details in the chapters. The authors were asked to contribute material that was instructional, discusses a specific threat and a solution, or provides a case study on different ways a problem could be addressed and what was found to be effective. We wanted new material where possible. The authors have produced valuable content and worked hard to enhance quality and clarity of the chapters. And finally, the Wiley staff has taken on the management of contributors with patience and energy beyond measure. Senior Editor John G. Voeller 1 MICROBIOLOGICAL DETECTORS FOR FOOD SAFETY APPLICATIONS Evangelyn C. Alocilja and Sudeshna Pal Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 1.1 BIOSECURITY AND FOOD SAFETY THREATS The complexity of the US food supply chain from cradle to grave provides numerous entry points and routes in which (inadvertent and intentional) contaminants and pathogens can be introduced into the nation’s food system. For example, a simple hamburger, consisting of a bun, a beef patty, tomato, lettuce, cheese, and onion, is made of at least 50 ingredients which could include hundreds of sources when we consider the raw materials, processing, transportation, and finished product. Furthermore, these ingredients may come from across the globe, crossing the US border in less than 24 h. The recent scandal on melamine-tainted pet foods (and maybe human food through melamine-tainted animal feed) is one example of how the food supply can potentially be sabotaged. The use of microorganisms as biological weapons has long been reported in history. One of the first major attacks that have been reported occurred in the 14th century with Yersenia pestis during the siege of Kaffa [1]. The most recent was the deliberate release of Bacillus anthracis spores through the postal system in the United States in October 2001, shortly after the terrorist attack, resulting in 22 cases of anthrax and five deaths [2]. Inhala- tional anthrax has a high mortality rate of about 100% and the spore forms of the bacteria are very stable under harsh environmental conditions.
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