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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL RAIL TRANSPORTATION HIGHER UNITS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY NOVEMBER 1955 TAGO 2698B-Nov *FM 55-21 FIELD MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY NO. 55-21 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 9 November 1955 RAIL TRANSPORTATION HIGHER UNITS Paragraphs Page PART ONE. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE ----------------- 1,2 3 2. MISSION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF 3-8 4 THE TRANSPORTATION MILITARY RAILWAY SERVICE. PART TWO. ORGANIZATION, FUNCTIONS, AND TRAINING OF RAIL TRANSPORTA- TION UNITS CHAPTER 3. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS, TRANS- 9-12 9 PORTATION MILITARY RAILWAY SERVICE. 4. HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS 13-16 15 COMPANY, TRANSPORTATION RAIL- WAY COMMAND. 5. HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS 17-20 22 COMPANY, TRANSPORTATION RAIL- WAY GROUP. 6. TRANSPORTATION RAILWAY OPERAT- 21-25 26 ING BATTALION. 7. TRANSPORTATION RAILWAY SHOP BAT- 26-29 30 TALION. 8. MILITARY RAILWAY SERVICE --------- 30-37 34 9. TYPE B RAIL UNITS ------------------- 38-41 39 10. CIVILIAN PERSONNEL ------------------ 42-49 41 11. TRAINING ----------------------------- 50-54 52 PARTTHREE. TRANSPORTATION MILITARY RAILWAY SERVICE OPERATIONS CHAPTER 12. TECHNIQUE OF EMPLOYMENT Section I. General ------------------------ 55, 56 56 II. Tactical considerations -___________________ 57-60 57 III. -Technical considerations ------------------ 61-65 58 IV. Phases of operation -__-__-________-__-____ 66-69 62 CHAPTER 13. RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER AGENCIES 70-76 65 14. RAILWAY MOVEMENT PROCEDURES ___ 77-80 69 15. RAILWAY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ___ 81-89 74 16. RAILWAY OPERATING PROCEDURES __ 90-99 79 17. RAILWAY MAINTENANCE ------------- 100-103 87 *This manual supersedes FM 55-50, 27 March 1944. TAGO 2698B 1 Paragraphs Page CHAPTER R18. RAILWAY SUPPLY --------------------- 104-112 91 19. RAILWAY SECURITY ------------------ 113-119 96 20. RECORDS AND REPORTS -------------- 120-124 101 PART FPOUR. RAILWAY PLANNING AND INTELLI- GENCE. CHAPTERR21. GENERAL ------------------------------ 125-128 106 22. RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE ------------- 129-132 108 23. RAILWAY LINE CAPACITY DETER- 133-145 112 MINATION. 24. RAILWAY YARD CAPACITY DETER- 146-150 120 MINATION. 25. RAILWAY EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS 151-154 124 26. RAILWAY PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS 155-158 128 27. RAILWAY SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS ___ 159-162 131 28. RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION AND RE- HABILITATION. Section I. General .. ..............................163-165 134 II. New construction . ......................166-172 135 III. Rehabilitation --------------------------- 173-175 137 CHAPTER 29. RAILWAY ENGINEERING DATA ------- 176-179 139 APPENDI:x I. REFERENCES.......................... 144 II. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE-RAILWAY - 146 PLANNING. III. STATISTICS ----------------------------- . 155 INDEX ------------------------------------------------- 159 2 TAGO 2698B PART ONE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 1. Purpose The purpose of this manual is to guide commanders and staffs of transportation military railway service higher units. It is also designed to proviee asic mifooraomon commanders and staffs of m railways ie lower units, for commanders of sup- porting units, and for staff officers of higher headquarters. 2. Scope a. This manual describes the mission, composition, and employ- ment of military railway service higher units. It also describes military railway planning and operations in a theater of opera- tions. b. All table of organization and equipment references give only the basic number. The reference will apply to the table with the basic number, and also the tables with the suffixes A, B, or R. TAGO 2698B 3 CHAPTER 2 MISSION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRANSPORTATION MILITARY RAILWAY SERVICE 3. Mission a. In theaters of operations the mission of the transportation military railway service is to operate and maintain all military railways. The transportation military railway service is utilized to control and supervise the functions of those military railways operated and maintained by civilian personnel in support of mili- tary operations. b. In the continental United States, during periods of peace and mobilization, the transportation military railway service trains personnel and operates and maintains Department of the Army training railways. The general headquarters of the transportation military railway service, a unit of the United States Army Re- serve, acts as an executive agent for the Chief of Transportation for liaison with the civilian railway industry. Its purpose is to make competent and qualified railway personnel available to the military. 4. Military Railways a. Military railways include all railways (standard gage or otherwise) and railway facilities in theaters of operations which are constructed, maintained, or operated in support of United States military operations. Construction, maintenance, or opera- tion may be by military personnel or by civilian personnel under military direction. b. Military railways also include Department of the Army rail- ways and railway facilities in the United States used for train- ing purposes by the transportation military railway service. 5. Characteristics a. Railway Transportation. Rail transportation is characterized by the ability to move large tonnages of cargo and large numbers of personnel over long distances at a uniform rate of speed. Use of rail transport facilities insures speed and regularity of delivery and involves minimum risk of cargo deterioration by weather. Flexibility is limited by the dependence of the railway upon a fixed 4 TAGO 2698B roadbed, the direction assumed by the scheme of maneuver in rela- tionship to the rail route, and vulnerability to enemy action. Rail- way transportation in a land mass theater is normally the prin- cipal means of overland transportation, and the utilization of rail- way facilities to their fullest extent is a basic principle of sound transportation practice. b. TransportationMilitary Railway Service. The transportation military railway service is an operating agency of the theater transportation service. An intersectional service, it operates throughout the communications zone and into the combat zone. It is comprised of Transportation Corps railway supervisory, oper- ating, and maintenance units, as required, to operate trains, to maintain rail lines of communications, and to perform organiza- tional, field, and depot maintenance on locomotives and rolling stock (fig. 1). Transportation military railway service supervisory units are so constituted that, depending upon the extent of the op- eration, any one of them may perform the staff and planning functions of, and serve as, the highest echelon of the transporta- tion military railway service in a theater. 6. Organization of the Transportation Military Railway Service (fig. 2) The transportation military railway service is organized into supervisory, operating, and maintenance units as follows: a. Supervisory. (1) General headquarters, transportation military railway service (TOE 55-201R). (2) Headquarters and headquarters company transportation railway command (TOE 55-302R). (3) Headquarters and headquarters company transportation railway group (TOE 55-202R). b. Operating. (1) Transportation railway operating battalion (TOE 55- 225R). (2) Augmentation teams (TOE 55-500R). c. Maintenance. (1) Transportation railway shop battalion (TOE 55-235R). (2) Railway workshop (mobile) (TOE 55-500R). (3) Augmentation teams (TOE 55-500R). 7. Comparison with United States Commercial Railway Organization a. The overall organization of the transportation military rail- way service was adopted from, and is similar to, the organization of the operating department of a commercial railway in the United TAGO 2698B _ 44 o~~~~~~~~~~~~ e da ,0W o:,~ ~ ~~~~4 , ., SoG 44-- osu 2*.OU8 ... i ° b 4~ o X - _-:j;.522U- toSYS' H .- F~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ):4: '1, o O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C 6 TAGO 2698B c) tz O t.0 me t4. 5~ .9 O I o 1 t. j 'is ~ y I. C EsEi TAGO 2698B 7 States. Consequently, it provides in full for the three separate and distinct physical functions of railway operation; namely, train operation, maintenance of way, and maintenance of equipment. In addition, it provides for the functions of administration and sup- ply. b. To illustrate, the following is a comparison of commercial railway operating officials and commanders of transportation mili- tary railway service units. Commercialrailways Transportationmilitary railway service Vice president, operations __Director general, general headquarters, trans- portation military railway service. General manager ---------- General manager, transportation railway com- mand. General superintendent ----- Group commander, transportation railway group. Superintendent ----------- Operations superintendent, railway operating battalion. c. A railway operating battalion, the basic unit of the transpor- tation military railway service, corresponds generally in personnel, duties, territory and operational jurisdiction to the organization, staff, territory, and responsibility of a division superintendent. 8. Procurement of Rail Units a. During peacetime the only transportation military railway service units in the active military service are those required for training personnel and those required to meet oversea commit- ments. These are few in number. During wartime, a great number of transportation military railway service units are required. After mobilization begins there is insufficient time to organize and train these highly technical units. Consequently, the majority of trans- portation military railway service units utilized
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