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Celalzade Mustafa Çeleb, Bureaucracy

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Celalzade Mustafa Çeleb, Bureaucracy “KOCA N İŞ ANCI” OF KANUN İ: CELALZADE MUSTAFA ÇELEB İ, BUREAUCRACY AND “KANUN” IN THE REIGN OF SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT (1520–1566) A Ph.D. Dissertation by MEHMET ŞAK İR YILMAZ Department of History Bilkent University Ankara September 2006 To my family “KOCA N İŞ ANCI” OF KANUN İ: CELALZADE MUSTAFA ÇELEB İ, BUREAUCRACY AND “KANUN” IN THE REIGN OF SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT (1520–1566) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by MEHMET ŞAK İR YILMAZ In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2006 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Özer Ergenç Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Hasan Ünal Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Assoc. Prof. Fatma Acun Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director IV ABSTRACT “KOCA N İŞ ANCI” OF KANUN İ: CEL ĀLZ ĀDE MUSTAFA ÇELEB İ, BUREAUCRACY AND “KANUN” IN THE REIGN OF SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT (1520–1566) Mehmet Şakir Yılmaz Ph. D., Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Halil İnalcık September 2006 This dissertation analyzes the development of Ottoman administration and its consequences in political reasoning under the reign of Sultan Süleyman in the light of career and works of ni şancı Cel ālz āde Mustafa Çelebi. It shows that Ottoman bureaucracy did not only provide the tools for an effective administration of the state, but it also played an important role in the production of genuine Ottoman political understanding. It investigates expansion of Ottoman bureaucracy at the beginning of Süleyman’s reign and its effects on the development of a new political discourse with its emphasis on justice and kanun . It shows bureaucrats’ ( kalemiyye ) perception of Ottoman rule and its articulation in the works composed by members of bureaucracy on history and politics. Cel ālz āde Mustafa was a model bureaucrat, prose stylist and historian for late 16 th century Ottoman literati, who served in the Ottoman chancery as a divan scribe (1517-1525), as reisülküttab (1525-1534) and ni şancı (1534-1556, 1566-7). He contributed to the formation of a genuine Ottoman political reasoning with his works III on history and ethics, as well as with his service in the chancery which undertook the codification of Ottoman laws, kanun . He was an influential bureaucrat and his views were representative for the members of Ottoman bureaucracy. A study of his life and works will reveal the struggle between different branches of Ottoman administration and the role of bureaucrats in the formation of genuine political literature which emphasized on kanun for the legitimacy of Ottoman rule. Key words: Ottoman bureaucracy, chancery, Cel ālz āde Mustafa, 16 th century Ottoman historiography, kanun , ni şancı . IV ÖZET KANUN İ’N İN “KOCA N İŞ ANCI”SI: KANUN İ SULTAN SÜLEYMAN DEVR İNDE (1520–1566) CEL ĀLZ ĀDE MUSTAFA ÇELEB İ, BÜROKRAS İ VE “KANUN” Mehmet Şakir Yılmaz Doktora, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Halil İnalcık Eylül 2006 Bu tez Sultan Süleyman devrinde Osmanlı yönetiminin geli şimini ve bunun siyas ī algılayı ştaki etkilerini ni şancı Cel ālz āde Mustafa Çelebinin hayatı ve eserleri ışığında analiz etmektedir. Osmanlı bürokrasisinin sadece devlet idaresine etkin araçlar sa ğlamakla kalmadı ğını aynı zamanda özgün Osmanlı siyasi algılayı şının olu şumunda da önemli bir rol oynadı ğını göstermektedir. Sultan Süleyman devri ba şlarında Osmanlı bürokrasisinde görülen geni şleme ve bunun kanun ve adalete vurgu yapan yeni siyasi söylemin geli şimindeki etkilerini ara ştırmaktadır. Bürokratların ( kalemiyye ) Osmanlı idaresi hakkındaki algılayı şlarını ve bu algılayı şın bürokrasi mensupları tarafından kaleme alınmı ş tarih ve politika kitaplarında nasıl ifade edildi ğini göstermektedir. Cel ālz āde Mustafa 16. yüzyıl sonundaki okumu ş kesim tarafından model olarak kabul edilen bir bürokrat, yazar ve tarihçidir. Osmanlı yönetiminde divan kātibi (1517-1525), reisülküttab (1525-1534) ve ni şancı (1534-1556, 1566-7) olarak hizmet etmi ştir. Özgün Osmanlı siyasi algılayı şının olu şumuna ahlak ve tarih üstüne olan kitapları ile ve Osmanlı kanunlarının derlenmesi görevinden de sorumlu olan V divandaki çalı şmaları ile katkıda bulunmu ştur. Etkili bir bürokrat olan Cel ālz āde’nin fikirleri Osmanlı bürokrasisi mensubu ki şilerce de payla şılmaktadır. Onun eserlerinin ve hayatının ele alınması Osmanlı yönetiminin farklı birimleri arasında ya şayan çeki şmeyi ve Osmanlı idaresinin me şruiyet kayna ğı olarak kanun’a vurgu yapan özgün Osmanlı siyaset literatürünün olu şumunda bürokratların oynadı ğı rolü aydınlatacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı bürokrasisi, divan, Cel ālz āde Mustafa, 16. yüzyıl Osmanlı tarihçili ği, kanun, ni şancı. VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is really hard to write acknowledgements, since I am sure I will fail to express all the names I am indebted for their contributions to my educational life and to this work. I have to express my gratitude to the supervisor of the dissertation, Prof. Halil İnalcık. He proposed the topic, and helped me in every stage by his suggestions, recommendations and encouragement. I am aware of the fact that it is a privilege for a graduate student to complete his dissertation under the supervision of the great master of the Ottoman History. I am grateful to my professors at Bilkent University, History Department, Evgeni Radushev, Eugenia Kermeli, Mehmet Kalpaklı, Oktay Özel and Necdet Gök for their support and encouragement. I am especially indebted to my friends and colleagues Metin Beziko ğlu, Fatih Bayram and Mehmet Ali Do ğan who devoted their precious time to help me by their comments and encouragement through the writing process. I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues Erhan Afyoncu, Recep Ahıskalı, Yüksel Çelik and Bilgin Aydın from Marmara University, and Babür Turna, Rıza Yıldırım and Kür şat Akpınar from Bilkent University for their support. Finally, I would like to thank the directors and personnel of Süleymaniye Library, Ottoman Archives and Topkapı Palace Archive. VII ABBREVIATIONS At āī Had āiku’l-Hak āik fi Tekmileti’ ş-Şak āik BOA Ba şbakanlık Osmanlı Ar şivi EI2 Encyclopedia of Islam, second edition KK Ba şbakanlık Osmanlı Ar şivi, Kamil Kepeci Tasnifi MEB İA Milli E ğitim Bakanlı ğı İslam Ansiklopedisi Mev āhib Mevāhibu’l-Ḫallāķ fi Merātibi’l-Aẖlāķ Ṭabaḳt Ṭabaḳt u’l-Memalik ve Derecatu’l-Mesalik TDV İA Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi TSMK Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi TTK Türk Tarih Kurumu VIII SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION For Ottoman texts: ع ‘ أ ’ خ ḫ ح ḥ آ ḳ ẓ ẕ ض IX TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... III ÖZET........................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................VII ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ VIII SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION........................................................................IX TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................ X CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION: CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION AND BUREAUCRACY IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ......................................................................................... 1 1.1- Career path of Kutt āb........................................................................................ 3 1.2- Different branches in the bureaucracy: administrative and financial ............. 14 1.3- Sultan, Sadrazam, other high ranking statesmen and their relations with chiefs of bureaucracy........................................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER II:............................................................................................................. 26 LIFE OF CEL ĀLZ ĀDE MUSTAFA ÇELEBI ......................................................... 26 2.1- Cel ālz āde’s Family History, origins, his education and enrollment in imperial bureaucracy ...........................................................................................................
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