Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89867-6 — a History of the Ottoman Empire Douglas A

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89867-6 — A History of the Ottoman Empire Douglas A. Howard Index More Information

Index

“Bold text denotes reference to ﬁgure”

Abbas (Shah), 121, 140, 148 Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, tomb of, 70, 90–91 Abbas Hilmi (Khedive), 311 Abu Hanifa, 114 Abbasids, 3, 27, 45, 92, 124, 149 tomb restored, 92 scholars, on end of the world, 53 Abu Taqiyya family, of Cairo, 155 Abd al-Kader al-Gilani, 92, 316 Abu’l-Ghazi Bahadur Khan, of Khiva, 265 Abdülaziz (Sultan), 227, 245, 247, 257–58, Abyssinia, 94 289 Aceh (Sumatra), 203 deposed, 270 Acre, 214, 233, 247 suicide of, 270, 280 Adana, 141, 287, 307 tour of Europe, 264, 266 and rail lines, 287, 307 Abdülhamid I (Sultan), 181, 222, 230–31 French occupation of, 309 Abdülhamid II (Sultan), 227, 270, 278–80, headquarters of Ibrahim at, 247 283–84, 296 in census, 282 and Armenian question, 292 massacre of Armenians in, 296–97 and census, 280 on hajj route, 201, 203 and Macedonian question, 294 Adana, 297 and public ritual, 287 Adana, province of concessions to revolutionaries, 295 cotton boom in, 286–87 deposed, 296 Aden educational reforms of, 287–88 Ottoman conquest of, 105 memoirs about, 280 Admiral of the Fleet, See Kapudan Pasha opposition to, 292–93 Adnan Abdülhak, 319 repression by, 292 Adrianople. See Edirne security apparatus of, 280 Adriatic Sea, 19, 74–76, 111, 155, 174, 186, 234 Abdullah Frères (photographers), 200, 288, 290 and Afro-Eurasian commerce, 74 Abdullah Frères (photographers), 10, 56, 200, Advice for kings genre, 71, 124–25, 150, 262 244 Aegean archipelago Abdülmecid I (Sultan), 227, 247, 249, 254, creation of sancak of, 105 256–59, 265–66 Aegean Islands, 222, 241, 258, 318 Abdülmecid II (Caliph), 279, 311, 319, 320 in census, 281 exiled, 319 Aegean Rim, map of, 13 Abkhazia, 79, 258 Aegean Sea, 3, 11, 14–15, 18, 21, 25, 31, 33, 40, 103, Abkhazians, 79, 163, 168, 189, 287 123, 211, 221, 241, 271, 308, 314 in Ottoman government, 147, 168–69 and Afro-Eurasian trade, 73, 75, 111

358 index

Aegean Sea (cont.) Albanians, 64, 93, 189–90, 211, 234, 262, 298–303 Ottoman control of, 172 as mercenaries in Egypt, 233–34, 239–40 piracy in, 167 in Ottoman government, 119, 147, 168–69, 246 Afghan victory over the Safavids, 187, 191, racial caricatures of, 258 209 Alcohol, 117–18, 170, 233, 272, See also Africa, 218, 280 Drunkenness; Wine Africa, Horn of, 204 condemned by preachers, 151 Africa, northern, 300 in salons, 158 and hajj routes, 203 Alemdar Mustafa, 236–37 Africa, sub-Saharan, 121 Aleppo, 41, 75, 78–79, 103, 136, 140, 155, 169, commercial contact with, 155 208–11, 247, 289, 306, 318 African slave trade, 204, 218, 259 and Celalis, 138–40 Africans and silk routes, 55 and race, 258 Armenian refugee camps at, 304 Afro-Eurasia, 22, 75, 87, 287 book market in, 160 Islamic culture of, 48, 52 disease in, 193 land empires of, 93 Muslim-Christian violence in, 256 Ağaoğlu, Ahmet, 298 on hajj route, 201, 203–4 Agriculture, 209, 232 Ottoman conquest of, 90, 92 commercialization of, 211, 284 population of, 106, 282 Ahmed (son of Bayezid II), 88–89 religious diversity in, 210–11 Ahmed Cezzar Pasha, 214, 233 revenue contracting in, 186–87 Ahmed I (Sultan), 136, 143–45, 149 slave market in, 204 accession of, 143 Aleppo, province of, 103, 286 and Celalis, 141 Alexander I (Tsar), 233, 241 death of, 144 Alexander II (Tsar), 280 philanthropy in Mecca, 202 Alexander of Macedon, 39, 71, 291 Ahmed II (Sultan), 181 Alexander Sarcophagus, 291 Ahmed III (Sultan), 181, 189–90 Alexander Sarcophagus, 291 abdication of, 187 Alexandria, 93, 104, 207, 233, 246, 288, 292 Ahmed Pasha, Hersekzade, 72 Jewish entrepreneurs in, 111 Ahmed Resmi, 217 Alexandria, Patriarch of, 108 Ahmedi (poet), 9, 39 Algiers, 105, 283 Ajlun and Lajjun, 214 French occupation of, 283 Akçura, Yusuf, 295, 298 Ali Bey, of Egypt, 207, 220 Akkerman, 230 Ali ibn Abi Taleb, 78 Akkoyunlu Sultanate, 75 shrine of, 92 and Afro-Eurasian commerce, 74 Âli Pasha, 255 dynastic rivalry, 46 Ali Pasha, of Canik, 219–20, 231 Akkoyunlu Turkmen, 191 Ali Pasha, of Janina, 234, 236, 241–42 Alaeddin (son of Murad II), 61–62 fall of, 240 Alaşehir (Philadelphia), 40, 267 Âlî, Mustafa al-Azhar medrese, 105 Counsel for Sultans, 125 al-Azm household, of Damascus, al-Kurdi, Mahmud, 160 204–5 Allenby, Edmund (General), 303, 306 Albania, 59, 235, 242, 271 Alliance Israélite Universelle, 289 revolution in, 299 Almsgiving, 28, 90, 114 secession of, 302 Almsgiving, Christian, 28–29 sultan’s tour of, 298 al-Nabulusi, Abd al-Ghani, 160, 196 Albanian language, 165, 281 makes pilgrimage, 204

index 359

al-Tabari (historian), 154 Antiquities trade, 102, 161 al-Tarikatu’l-Muhammadiya (Birgivi), 112 antiquities law, 264, 289 al-Zigetvari, Ibrahim (translator of Nouvelle Anti-Semitism, 115–16 théorie des planetes), 161 Anti-Taurus Mountains, 209 Amasya, 72, 88–89, 110, 220, 315 Anti-Trinitarians (Unitarians), 110 and silk routes, 55 Aphrodisias, 1–3 Jewish quarter looted, 115 Aphrodisias, 2 Amasya, treaty of, 88, 118 Apocalypticism, 92–93, 135, 138 America, United States of, 1, 266–67, 285–86, at Islamic millennium, 125, 128, 135 308–11, 318 Arab provinces, 103, 256, 309 Americans, 1, 113, 242, 269–70, 288–89, 296, 317 Arabia, 12, 87, 168, 203, 233, 240 and relief aid, 313, 318 Arabian horses, 208 Americas coffeehouses closed in, 152 discovery of, 93–94 Arabian Peninsula, 105, 204 in maps of Piri Reis, 93 Arabic language, 9, 11, 23, 27, 29, 48, 51, 78, 104, North America, 216 111, 112, 126, 151, 159, 161–62, 210, 246, Anatolia, 6, 54, 61, 302, 313, 315 262–63, 281, 299 Anatolia, definition of, 6, 103 classical scientific texts in, 160 Anatolia, province of, 58–59, 62, 63, 72, 88–89, in Christian churches, 108 99, 103, 105, 111–12, 123, 203, 206, 217, 221, in composition style, 71 280, 303, 308 in manuscripts, 198 American missionaries in, 288 literary classics in, 160, 198, 298 commercial growth in, 266 Printing press for, 210, 260 conscription in, 242, 247, 303 Yusuf al-Maghribi’s dictionary of, 158 deportations of Greeks from, 303, 312, 318 Arabic script, 65, 197 ethnic diversity of, 267–68 Arabs, 70, 108, 184, 207, 209–10, 212, 295, 301 Holy Cities trusts in, 204 in Great War, 303, 307–8 population of non-Muslims in, 106 racial caricatures of, 258 refugees settled in, 258, 283 under European occupation, 307 second in ranking of provinces, 103 Arakel of Tabriz, 141–42 timars reorganized in, 148–49 Aramaic language, 109 Anatolian plateau, 308–9 Aras River, 55, 230 Anatomy of Parts of the Body (Itaki), 160 Archaeological Institute of America, 33 Andrássy, Gyula, 270 Archaeology, archaeologists, 11, 31, 33, 113, 233, Andronicus II Palaeologus, 13–14 264, 289, 291 Ankara, 103, 136, 140–41, 148, 210, 309 Architecture, architects, 66, 102, 104, 212, 244 and silk routes, 55 and visual definition of Ottoman towns, 74 as headquarters of nationalists, 315, 317, 318 modernist, 287 battle of, 39, 41 religious, 27, 31, 33–34, 56, 201 population of, 107 trust complexes, 57–58 rail line to, 284 Archives, 105, 115, 263–64 survey register of, 59 Ardabil, 45, 55, 77–79, 86, 87, 88, 141, 191 Ankaravi, Ismail, commentary on Rumi’s besieged by Sheikh Cüneyd, 79 Mesnevi, 196 Ardahan, 306 Antalya, 88, 308–9 Ardashir, 71 Anthology of the Sultans’ Correspondence, 20 Ardabil Sufis, See Kızılbaş Antioch, Patriarch of, 108, 211 Aristotle, 3 Antiquities, 233, 264, 281, 319 Armenia, 245 in Ottoman architectural culture, 102 independent state of, 308, 315 See also Ruins proposed American Mandate of, 308

360 index

Armenia, Republic of, 312 Asafname (Lutﬁ Pasha), 124 Armenian Church, 108, 126, 166, 210, 213, 256 Ashura, 86, 126, 128 Armenian genocide, 303–6, 313 and Shah Kulı rebellion, 88 in Trabzon, 305–6 Asia, Ottoman, 280–81 Kemakh gorge massacre, 305 AşıkPaşazade, 44–45, 53, 56, 191 Maden gorge massacre, 305 attitude towards Kızılbaş, 87 Reşid, Mehmed in, 305 and dervish revolt, 44–45 Tigris River massacres, 305 Deeds and Dates 51, 53, 72 Armenian language, 1, 16, 106, 156, 260, 262 dedication, 73 printing press, 197 on conquest of Istanbul, 57, 68–70, 73 Armenian patriarchate, 233, 281 on destiny, 53–54 Armenian patriarchate (Istanbul), 108, 244, on last days of Murad II, 64 292 on Ottoman genealogy, 45, 47 Armenian Provinces, 306 on Ottoman spirituality, 47–48 Armenian resistance, 292–93, 304 on Safavid conﬂict, 77, 79 Armenian revolutionaries, 293 on the origins of the Kızılbaş, 79 Dashnaktsutiun, 292 Assos Armenians, 12, 70, 148, 173, 189, 210, 250, 295, mosque, 33–34 302, 314 Astrakhan, 203 and American missionaries, 289 Astrology, 52, 99, 125–26, 238 and anti-Semitism, 115 and Ottoman campaigns, 63 and Galata bankers, 251 Astronomy, 48, 52, 126, 161, See also Astrology armed by French, 309, 315 Ataman, See Osman (Sultan) as sarrafs, 185–86 Athens, 66, 242 communities of, 156 fall of, to Venice, 175 conscripted in Great War, 303 population of, 107 control customs houses, 186 Atlantic Ocean, 159, 203, 285 cotton boom and, 286–87 commercial system of, 248, 255, 266 departure from Constantinople, 318 in map of Piri Reis, 93–94 Düzian family, 251 Atlas Minor, 162 forces leave with Russian withdrawal, 315 Augustus III (King), 217 in Balkan Wars, 300–2 Aurangzeb (Mughal Emperor), 188–89 in census, 281–82 Austria, 93, 137, 192, 211, 213, 228, 230, 235–36, in Crimea, 221 252, 255, 294 in the silk industry, 160, 210 Austria-Hungary, 269, 271, 284, 294, 302 migrations of, during Celali rebellions, 141, Dual Monarchy created, 267 160 occupies Bosnia, 194, 272, 295 population of, 282 Avlonya (Valona), 111 racial caricatures of, 258 Ayans, See Provincial notables refugees, 315 Ayas Pasha (Grand Vezir of Süleyman I), 99 after Great War, 311–12 Ayasoluk, 31, 34, 44 resettled in Istanbul after conquest, 66, 68 Ayasoluk, 32 street dancers, 260 Aydın, 15, 25, 42 violence against, 292 survey register of, 59–60 in Adana, 296–97 timariots in, 123 Armeno-Turkish language, 106, 260 Aydın dynasty, 15, 31 Armistice of Mudros, 306–7, 311, 313 Aydın, province of Artemis, temple of, 31–32 and Greek invasion, 314 Artillery, 138, 142, 216, 231, 243, 307 cotton boom in, 286 and Ottoman conquests, 90 sancak of, 123

index 361

in census, 281 Banja Luka, 269 survey register of, 59–60 Banks, banking, 185, 209, 252, 266, See also Ayn Ali Ottoman Imperial Bank, See also Galata Laws of the Ottoman Dynasty, 150 bankers, See also sarrafs Ayntab, 75, 103 Ottoman central bank created, 266–67 Ayşe (daughter of Abdülhamid II), 280 Bapheus, plain of, 8 Azak, See Azov Barbarossa, Hayreddin, 105 Azerbaijan, 74, 89, 298 Başkent, Battle of, 75 Azerbaijan, Republic of, 312 Basra, 207–9, 303, 308 Azeris, 160 British conquest of, 303 Azov (Azak), 76, 182–84, 221 in census, 281 on hajj route, 203 Baalbek, 41 Bath, bath houses, 23, 149, 156, 158, 189–90, 215 Baba Ilyas, 45 and sociability, 163 Baba’i rebellion, 77, 87 in trust complexes, 55–56, 58, 66–67, 74 Babu’s-Saade, See Palaces Báthory, Zsigmond (Prince of Transylvania), Babur, 191 137 conquest of Hindustan, 93 Batum, 254, 271, 306, 311 Baghdad, 27, 71, 86, 87, 92, 96, 140, 148, 208–9, refugee camp at, 315 240, 289, 308 Bavaria, 174 and railway, 284, 307 Bayezid (son of Süleyman), 98, 118–19 and trade routes, 74 Bayezid I (Sultan), 8, 19–20, 22, 39–41, 48, 53, 54 conquest by Süleyman, 91 sons’ war of succession, 41–42 disease in, 16, 193 Bayezid II (Sultan), 39, 72–73, 75, 87, 93, 107 food shortages in, 136 accession of, 77 in census, 281 and Bektashis, 112 Jews in, 173 and Orthodox patriarchate, 107 lost to Shah Abbas, 148 as agent of reconciliation, 72 reconquest by Murad IV, 149, 155, 167, 169 deposed by Selim, 89 in World War 1, 303 failing health of, 88 Baghdad, province of, 208, 258 mosque and trust complex of, 88, 152, 180, in Ottoman ﬁscal model, 104 200 Bahadur Khan, of Gujarat, 93 succession struggle with Cem, 76–77 Bahadur Shah (Mughal emperor), 188 Beauty and Love (Sheikh Galib), 227–30 Bahçesaray, 221 Bebek, 289, 311 Bahmani Sultanate (India), 77 Bedouin, 103, 204–5, 214 Baku, 306, 309, 311 Bedreddin (Sheikh), 42, 44–45, 52, 111, 138 Balance of Truth, The (Katib Çelebi), 162 death of, 45 Balfour Declaration, 308 Menakıbname, 44 Bali Efendi (Sheikh), 114 Behram, See Assos Balım Sultan, 112 Beirut, 214, 288, 292 Balkan Mountains, 19, 112 and rail lines, 284 Balkan Peninsula, 203 publishing boom in, 260, 262 Balkan Wars, 299–302, 303 Bektashis, 46, 88, 112, 147, 232, 234, 263, 296 atrocities during, 300–2 and dissident spirituality, 112 Balkans region, 6, 271, 278, 287, 299 beliefs and practices, 78 deﬁnition of, 103 leadership of Balım Sultan, 112 migration of Muslims from, 287 main lodge of, 46 Balyan, Krikor (architect), 244 popularly associated with Janissaries, 244 Bandar Abbas, 208 purge of, 243–45

362 index

Belgrade, 40, 74, 107, 141, 174, 183–84, 213, 230, Black Sea rim (map), 217 234, 236, 295 Blount, Henry, 164–66 and trade routes, 55, 74 Blue Mosque, See Sultan Ahmed mosque fall of, to Habsburgs, 175 Bogomils, 257 Ottoman conquest of, 74, 91 Bolsheviks, 306, 311, 314 population of, 107 treaty with nationalists, 315 resettlement of, 107 Book of Kings, See Shahnama reverts to Ottoman control, 192 Book of Supplications, 3 Bem, Józef, 252 Book of the Seas (Kitab-ı Bahriye) (Piri Reis), Bengal, 208 93–94 Berlin, 264, 285 Book trade, 156, 160, 198, 239, 260 Berlin, Congress of, 271, 281, 292–94 Christian authors in, 198 Beshir Aga, 205 copyists, 198 Beşiktaş, 266 manuscripts in, 159, 161, 198 Mevlevi lodge at, 112 Börklüce, See Mustafa, Börklüce Bessarabia, 271 Bosna River, 74 Beylerbeyis, See Provincial governors Bosnia and Hercegovina, 60, 72, 74, 75, 107, 119, Bezels of Wisdom (Ibn Arabi), 196 136–37, 182, 219, 237, 252, 269, 271 Bidat (novelty, innovation), 113, 153, 165, 194, and political exile, 140, 148 232, 278 Austrian annexation of, 295 Biga, 22 bridge at Mostar, 157 Biographical dictionary (tezkere), 158–59 harvest failure in, 267, 269 of poets, 159 in mecmua of Molla Mustafa, 193–95 of sheikhs, by Taşköprüzade Ahmed, 159 occupied by Austria-Hungary, 272 Birgivi, Mehmed, 112–14, 151–52 population of, 269, 271 Grave of, 151 question of Muslims in, 257 Last Will and Testament, 201 timars reorganized in, 149 Order of Muhammad, 196 visit of Franz Joseph to, 269 Bithynia, 11, 18, 28, 88 Bosnian insurrection, 269–70 survey register of, 59 Bosnians, 205 Bitlis, 315 in Ottoman government, 110, 165, 168, 169, 234 in census, 282 Bosphorus, 15, 18, 40, 64, 69, 89, 102, 146, 165, Black Death, 15–17, 106, 136 218, 236, 241, 247, 251, 260, 263, 266, 284, Black Sea, 3, 11–13, 15–16, 18–19, 25, 40, 60, 79, 96, 289, 309, 311, 316 103, 111, 117–18, 141, 183, 186, 192, 211–12, Cossack raid in, 169 217, 220–22, 231, 245, 254, 271, 306, 311, Freezes over, 144, See also Straits 313–15 Boza, 117 and Afro-Eurasian trade, 73 Branković, George (Serbian King), 61 and Ottoman vassal states, 169, 175 Brest-Litovsk, treaty of, 306 and piracy, 44 Bristol, Helen Moore, 315, 319 and Russian expansion, 218, 228–30 Bristol, Mark, 309–13, 319–20 commercial integration with Indian Ocean, Bristol, Mark, 310 155 Britain, 218, 228, 233, 240, 251, 256, 259, 266, 271, Cossack raids in, 169 272, 289, 295, 308, 311 domination of by Ottoman navy, 76 and Greek rebellion, 245 free trade in, 245 anti-Turkish bigotry in, 270 military supply routes to, 137 as largest trading partner, 266 Ottoman fortresses of, 183 in Crimean alliance, 254–55 Ottoman sovereignty over, 192 merchants from, 140 ports reconnected with, 74 trade agreement with, 248, 250

index 363

Brown, L.E. (journalist), 313 Byzantine Empire, 8, 12, 13, 18, 19, 22, 68, 69, 110 Bruce, Thomas (Lord Elgin), 264, 289 civil war, 13–15, 18, 27, 42 Brusa See Bursa longevity of, 40 Bucharest, 241 Byzantines, 68, 71, 118, 212 Bucharest, Treaty of, 237 Byzantium Buda, 119, 137–38, 174 romantic restoration of, 228, 241–42 and Sokollu clan, 110–11, 138 and trade routes, 55, 74 Cadastral surveys, 2, 105–7, 111, 172, 184, 192 fall of, to Habsburgs, 175 and cultivation of marginal lands, 136 Jews in, 173 limited usefulness for population ﬁgures, 106 Ottoman conquest of, 74, 91 obsolescence of, 123, 142 trophies of war from, 94 of Istanbul, 68, 71 Budapest 284 registers of, 59–60 Bulgaria, 257, 270, 272, 292–94, 306, 318 the Arvanid register, 59–60 forced migration from, 271, 312 Cairo, 12, 90, 91, 92–93, 104–6, 111, 117, 121–22, in Balkan Wars, 299–302 158, 198, 201, 207, 239–40, 242, 251, 288, in Congress of Berlin, 271, 281 293 in San Stefano treaty, 271, 281 Armenians in, 156, 186 independence of, 295 as intellectual center, 125, 159–60, 166 Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East book market in, 160 (Gladstone), 270 break with Istanbul, 245–47 Bulgarian language, 261, 281 Cem in, 77 Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 257 citadel of, 240, 246 Bulgarians 26, 214, 256, 293, 298 commercial development of, 155–56 atrocities of, in Balkan Wars, 299–302 customs house of, 186 in census, 281 defeated and occupied by Selim, 90 racial caricatures of, 258 disease in, 193 Bursa, 10, 22, 42, 48, 54, 56, 59, 64, 68, 71, 89, 169, earthquake of 1509 felt in, 88 175, 186, 290 Hebrew printing press in, 197 American Girls’ School in, 317 in French invasion, 233 and Celalis, 142 in shared Mediterranean intellectual culture, and silk trade, 55 159 and trade routes, 57, 74 Mamluk and Ayyubid era medreses of, 160 citadel, 20, 30, 89 Mehmed Ali’s mosque in, 246 in census, 281 mint, 121 in war between sons of Bayezid I, Ottoman conquest of, 74, 90 41–42 Ottoman opposition groups in, 292 Jewish settlement in, 110 pilgrimage caravan of, 203, 240 Orhan’s inscription in, 27, 29–30 publishing boom in, 260–61 plague in, 68 retirement of chief harem eunuchs in, 205 Ottoman conquest of, 11 rumored in plans of Osman I, 146 population of, 107 shrine of Ibn Arabi at, 112 reconstruction of, under Murad II, 55 slave market in, 204 refugees from, 318 Cairo, 246, 286 slavery in, 55 Çaldıran, battle of, 90, 111 Vani Mehmed’s investments in, 170, 175 Calendar reform, 262–63 Bursa, 11, 30, 56, 290 Calendar, Christian 9 Bursavi, Ismail Hakkı, 195, 196 and Shah Ismail, 86 Busbecq, Oghier de, 126 liturgical cycle of, 126 Byron, George Gordon (Lord Byron), 242 Palm Sunday, 215

364 index

Calendar, Islamic, 6, 8–9, 39, 52, 65, 79, 86, 118, Caribbean Sea 126, 181, 222, 227, 265, 272, See also time, French colonies of, 220 experience of in map of Piri Reis, 93 decade of the 1290s(1873-82), 278, 287, Carnegie Endowment for Peace, 300 298 Report of, 300–2 liturgical cycle of, 126, 198 Carpathian basin, See Hungary millennium of, 125, 128, 198 Caspian Sea, 12, 35, 79, 94, 118, 188 Night of Power, 126 Castéra, Henri (historian), 243 Calendar, Jewish 53, 173 Castilian language, 111 liturgical cycle of, 126 Castrén, Matthias Alexander (linguist), 265 Calendar, solar Catechisms Hızr Ilyas (Saint George’s) Day, 194, 256 Islamic, 27, 151 lunar vs. solar in Ottoman ﬁscal practice, 63, Catherine II (Tsarina), 218, 221–22, 228, 230–31, 185 233, 243 Calendars 6 Caucasus region, 12, 16, 77, 79, 104, 108, 140, 145, convergences of, 126–28 148, 159, 170, 188–89, 190, 209, 216, Calicut 220–21, 245, 254, 271, 278, 303 Zamorin kingdom of, 87 American missionaries in, 288 Caliphate, 249, 293, 306, 317, 319 and Armenian genocide, 303–5 abolished, 319 Christian kingdoms of, 118 Abdülhamid II and, 287 in national resistance of Ottoman Muslims, Abdülmecid II and, 279, 311, 319 308–9, 312 in Küçük Kaynarca treaty, 221 migration of Muslims from, 258, 287 Caliphs, 3, 9, 27, 45, 49 Russian invasion of, 303–6, 316 and Kızılbaş, 78 slaves from, 218, 258–59 Rightly Guided, 3, 90, 116, 154 Caucasus War, 116, 118–21, 123, 124, 126, 135–36 Calvinism, 110 and changes in military recruitment, 123 in writings of Patriarch Cyril Lucaris, tactics of, 122 167 Celal (Sheikh), 137 Calvinists, 151 Celali rebels, 137–42 Çamlıca, 316 Celalzade, Mustafa, 102, 184 Canbulads of Kilis, 140 Cem (son of Mehmed II), 76–77, 87 rebellion of Ali, 140 Cemal Pasha, Ahmed, 303, 313 Candia, siege of, 168, 170, 172, 175 Census, 192, 280–83 Canon (Ibn Sina), 160 Census (map), 282 Cantacuzenes, family of, 212 Çeşme, 218 Cantacuzenus, John VI (Byzantine Emperor), Cevdet (Van governor), 304 14–17, 19, 21–22, 26, 28 Cevdet Pasha, Ahmed, 256, 263 Cantemir, Dimitri, 211–12 Cevdet, Abdullah, 293 Capitulations 187, 298, 303 Chaldeans, 109 and Ottoman clients of foreign merchants, Chancellor (Nişancı), 99 166, 230, 232, 283 Charismatic authority, See Devlet origins of, 166 Charitable endowment, See Trust (vakıf) protested by Greek high commissioner, Charles XII (King of Sweden), 183 313 Chechnya, 258 reimposed in Sèvres treaty, 307 Chicago Daily News, 313 Cappadocia, 40, 46, 74, 103 Chicago World’s Fair, 56 center of spirituality, 46 China, 93–94 Capsali, Moses, 110 Chinggis Khan, 3, 41, 71, 191 Caravanserais, 58, 66, 74, 102, 210 heritage of, 221

index 365

Christians, 4, 7, 16, 20, 21–23, 44, 52, 58, 65–66, in Sèvres treaty, 309 74, 106–10, 115, 122, 153, 156, 159, 166, 193, provincial organization in, 105 210, 221, 230, 232, 241, 250, 254, 256, 260, Cilician Gates, 141, 247 270, 289, 292–93, 301, 307 Circassians, 189, 205, 287, 305 and almsgiving, 28 as slaves, 259 and cosmopolitanism, 259–60 Circumcision, 28, 53 and relief aid, 313 of Ottoman princes, 94, 143, 258 and slavery, 25–26, 98 Cities, 11, 44, 55–56, 90, 92, 103, 136, 148, 156, 162, and timars, 59–60 260, 262, 287, 300, 304, 308 as refugees, 312–13, 318 book markets in, 160 disputes over Jerusalem among, 214–16, in the census (Map), 282 251–52 courthouse records of, 155 in interfaith relations, 27–29, 53, 90, 114–17, crowds in, 163, 168 171–72 disease in, 193, 258 in learned societies, 262 fires in, 192 in Macedonia, 293 interfaith conflict in, 241 in magistrates’ courts, 115–16 population of, 105–6, 107, 282 in malikane process, 212 publishing boom in, 260 in revenue contracting, 122 real estate market in, 184 in the census, 281–82 refugees in, 258 liturgical calendar of, 126 upper classes in, 158 Süryanis, 305 urban middle class, 155 Christians, Bulgarian, 257, 270 working class of, 162–63 Christians, Coptic, 234 Civil war (map), 43 Christians, Latin, 26, 40, 61 Cizye (poll tax on non-Muslims), 76, 106–7, 116, Christians, Orthodox, 14, 21, 33, 171, 182, 212, 139, 142, 184, 210, 211, 236 221–22, 230, 241, 250, 253–54 and Jewish communities, 110 Karamanlıs, 260, 318 and population records, 107 Karamanlıs, 267 exemptions for foreign merchants and their Slavs, 213, 269–70 clients, 166 Christmas, 126, 128 records of, as demographic evidence, 192 Chronograms, 65 Clement VI (Pope), 26 Chronographs, 9, 52–54, 59 Clientage, See Patronage on retirement of Murad II, 62 Climate, 12, 145, 156, 159, 160, 163, 193, 257, Church of Saint Cornelius, 34 See also Storms Church of Saint Elias, 10 Bosphorus freezes over, 144 Church of Saint John (Ephesus), 31–33 hard winters, 137, 175, 254–55, 304 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 215–16, 251 Henry Blount on, 165 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 253 Cluj, 197 Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, 215–16, 252 Coffee, 162, 170, 210 Church buildings, 115, 122 and bad breath, 163 converted into mosques, 31, 65–66, 116, 122, first arrival of, 163 171 in salons, 158 Çıgalazade Sinan Pasha, 139–40 Coffee trade, 143, 155, 204, 210, 220, 240 Cigarettes, 285 role of Egypt in, 206–7 Cihannüma (Katib Çelebi), 162 Coffeehouses, 1, 117, 147, 151, 163, 256 Cilicia, 74, 77, 89–90, 139, 210, 269, 282, 307 closure of, 152, 154 Armenian massacres in, 297–98 gathering places for working class, 163 cotton boom in, 286 Henry Blount on, 164 French occupation of, 309 in Kayseri, 156

366 index

Coffeehouses (cont.) Conversion, 26, 44, 60, 72, 107, 256–57 of Damascus, 201 and apostasy, 289 of Salonika, 256 forced, 301 of Sarajevo, 173 of Orthodox, to Roman Catholocism, 213 storytellers in, 156 Conversion to Islam, 20, 22, 102, 161, 176, 197 Coinage, See money. and intermarriage, 22, 312 Colonialism, 191, 220, 278, 283, 319 in Bosnia, 107 in Arab lands, 307–8 in Hungary, 110 resistance to, 287, 309 of devshirme youth, 98 Columbus, Christopher, 93–94 of Sabbatai Sevi, 172–73 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), popular trend during Crete War, 170–72, 175 292–99, 302–3, 313 Conversion, forced, 22, 257, 301, 304 and Armenian Question, 293 Copernican system, awareness of, 161 orders deportations of Greeks, Armenians, Copernicus, 52 and Albanians, 303 Coptic Church, 108, 234 paramilitary groups organized by, 303 Cordovero, Moses, 111 Comneni dynasty, 191 Corinth, Gulf of, 234 Compendium of the Turkic Dialects Coromandel Coast, 208 (Mahmud al-Kashgari), 23 Cosmopolitanism, 259–61 Composition style (inşa), 71, 125 and interfaith relations, 259–60 Comte de Monte Cristo (Dumas), 261, 263 in literature, 260 Confession of Dositheus, 215 in music, 260 Conﬁscation of estates, 76, 220, 234, 251 in scholarship, 259–60 Congress of Berlin, 271, 281, 292, 293, 294 Cossacks, 167, 169, 216, 217, 258 Conqueror’s Mosque, Istanbul, 67 Costanza, 258, 311–12 book market of, 160 Cotton, 26, 140, 191, 208, 214, 259, 286–87 Conqueror’s Mosque, Sarajevo, 74 Cotton, 286 Conqueror’s Mosque, Istanbul, 66, 67, 160, Council of Chalcedon, 108 168 Council of Florence, 70 Conscription, 62, 219, 236, 247, 249–50, 281, 303 Council of Lyons, 13 in Mehmed Ali’s Egypt, 240 Council of Ministers, 248, 254 Constantinople, 8, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22, 72, 91, Council, imperial, See Divan 108, 182, 184, 211, 214, 215, 241, 251, Counsel for Sultans (Âlî), 125 257, 271, 307, 309, 318, See also Counter-Reformation, 110 Istanbul Courts, Islamic, See Kadıs (civil magistrates), and Afro-Eurasian trade, 73 courts of and Ottoman pretenders, 62, 64 Courts, sectarian, 115 and silk routes, 55 Covel, John, 170–72 Arab siege of, 70 Creation, as book revealing God, 47–49, 77, 153 besieged by Turks, 17, 40–42 Crete, 25, 43, 167, 191, 242, 247, 292 Black Death in, 15–16 annexed by Greece, 295 Byzantine civil war and, 15–16, 21, 27 conﬂict of local Christians with patriarchate, irrelevance of, 57 172, 175 Ottoman conquest of, 43, 45, 57, 64–66, 71, Crete War, 167–68, 170–72, 184, 205, 206 108, 116, 159, 263 Crimea, 16, 44, 68, 74, 76, 88, 203, 218, 220, 228, reconstruction of, 66–68, 74 241, 254, 312–13, 315 referred to as Istanbul, 69 loss of, 221–22 strategic importance of, 40 Crimean Khanate, 76 Constitution, 255, 270, 278–79, 280, 293 annexed by Russia, 222, 230 restoration of, 295–96 threatened by Russia, 192, 218, 221

index 367

Crimean Tatars, 183, 217, 258 Danube River, 12, 19, 40, 54, 55, 61, 63, 65, 91, Crimean War, 249, 254–57, 260, 262, 269, 271, 107, 174–75, 183, 192, 207, 211, 234, 236, 271 285, 288 as northern Ottoman boundary, 75, 122, 192 and government debt, 265 forts of, 91, 137, 217, 230 and migration, 287 in Long War, 137 Critobulus, Michael (Historian), 17, 68 in Russo-Ottoman war (1768-74), 217–18, Croatia, 91, 214, 269 221 Crusades, 13, 26, 92, 172, 183, 215, 251 Danube, province of, 268 of Nicopolis, 40 Danubian Principalities (Wallachia and of Varna, 61–64 Moldavia), 183, 211–13, 222, 234, 236–37, Ctesiphon, 71 241–42, 245, 255, 271, See also Moldavia, Cüneyd (Sheikh), 79, 86, 138 See also Wallachia, See also Romania death of, 79 as constitutional model, 255 Customs dues, 76, 122, 139, 185, 209–10, 214, in Crimean war, 254 266 Dar al-Harb, 181, 183 Customs houses, 186, 208 Dar al-Islam, 181–82 Jewish agents in, 155 Dardanelles, 16–17, 254, 304, 307 Cyprus, 15, 16, 136, 168, 242, 272 Darius, 3 Ottoman conquest of, 117, 122 Dávid, Ferenc, 110 Cyprus Convention, 272 Davud of Kayseri (scholar), 48 Cyril V (Patriarch), 213 de la Brocquière, Bertrandon, 57 Debt, See loans and credit, d’Espèrey, Louis Franchet (General), 306–7 See also Government debt Daghestan, 233, 258 Deccan Plateau (India), 77, 189 Dahir al-Umar (Sheikh), 214 Deeds and Dates of the Ottoman House (Aşık Dalmatian coast, 174, 182 Paşazade), 44–45, 51–54, 79 Damascus, 16, 41, 51, 92, 103, 140, 155, 160, 195, Delhi, 189, 203, 208 205, 210, 211, 214–15, 240, 245, 247, 299, Deli Hasan, 137–38, 140 308 Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon, 161 al-Azm household controls, 204 Denikin, Anton, 311, 315 as intellectual center, 125, 159–60, 198 Deportations, 68, 107, 258, 303–5, 312, 313, chief magistrate of, 104 See also Armenian genocide coffeehouses of, 201 Dervishes, See Sufis, Sufism education reform in, 287 Destiny, 39, 51, 52–54, 126, 247 Muslim-Christian violence in, 256 Devlet, 4–5, 41, 96, 263 Ottoman architecture in, 104 Devshirme, 98, 119, 138, 141, 147, 168, 218 Ottoman conquest of, 90–91 Deyr al-Zafaran, Monastery of, 109 pilgrimage caravan of, 195, 201, 203–5, 233, 240 Deyr al-Zor, 304 population of, 106, 282 Dictionaries, 158–59, 160, 197, 198, 260, 262 rail line to, 284 Diet of Torda, 110 slave market in, 117, 204 Dimotika, 112 treasurer of, 205 Din, 4–5, 96 Damascus, province of, 103, 233 Dionysius IV (Patriarch), 215 and Celalis, 140 Diplomats, 159, 182, 191, 193, 251 Palestinian sancaks in, 214 Disease, 5, 12, 20–21, 53, 54, 88, 91, 99, 136, 150, Damietta, 207 160, 181, 188, 192–95, 218, 240, 255, 312, 315, Dance, 126, 170, 171 318 and street entertainment, 260 and low population figures, 105 in Sufi worship, 49, 123 and refugees, 258, 288, 315 Danilo, Bishop, 252 in Baghdad and Basra, 208

368 index

Disease (cont.) Dushan, Stefan (King), 15–18, 40 plague, 149 idealization of, 257 Black Death, 15–16, 106 Dynastic continuity, 4, 41, 42, 53, 92, 98, 143–44, in Sarajevo, 193–94 167, 175, 190–92, 219, 248, 287, 306, 309 in Istanbul, 67–68 and modern celebrity, 320 Diu, 105 ends, 319 Diu, battle of, 87 Ottoman sultanate abolished, 318–19 Divan (council), 51, 71, 99, 103, 117, 119, 135, 138, 150, 170–71, 187, 222 Earthquakes, 5, 10, 16–17, 27, 29, 88, 193, 299 and ﬁnancing of Caucasus war, 123–24 East India Company (English), 191 and Islamic festivals, 126 Easter, 16, 116, 126, 241, 257 appeals of subjects to, 115 Eastern Confessions of the Christian Faith begins meeting in grand vezir’s suite, 170 (Cyril Lucaris), 167 expansion under Murad III, 119, 124 Eastern Rumelia, 271–72, 292 in Tanzimat era, 248 Ebu’s-Suud, 101–2, 113–14, 122, 184 Divan (council), 101 on cash trusts, 114 Divrigi, 103 Economy, 5, 25, 250, 266, 283, 292, 307, 313 Diyarbekir, 41, 136, 148, 208–9, 211, 305 Edebali (Sheikh), 47, 72 in census, 282 Edirne (Adrianople, Edrene), 19, 54, 56, 63, 66, Ottoman conquest of, 90 68, 70, 73, 78, 102, 111, 154, 159, 174, 236, timars reorganized in, 149 245, 300, 302 Diyarbekir, province of and earthquake of 1509, 88 in Armenian genocide, 305 and trade routes, 56–57, 74 Diyojen (Kasap), 261–62 as site of elite trust complexes, 55 Dnieper River, 169, 175, 218 country estates outside of, 188 Dniester River, 145, 217, 228, 230 Residence of sultans in, 64, 68, 72, 88, 170, 173, Dobrudja, 269, 271 183 Dodecanese Islands, 299, 308 falls to Russia, 271 Dome of the Rock, 102, 249 ﬁre in, 63 Don River, 118, 221 in Balkan Wars, 300–2 Dositheos (Patriarch of Jerusalem), 215 in Varna crusade, 61–63 Dreams, 46–47, 138, 154, 191, 193, 205, 242, 299, in war between sons of Bayezid I, 42, 44–45 316 Jewish communities in, 110–11, 173 Drought, 5, 88, 136, 141, 175, 267, 295 population of, 107, 281–82 Drunkenness, 117, 153, 170, 221 reconstruction of, under Murad II, 54–55 as metaphor, in poetry, 4, 51, 117, 153 revenue contracting auctions in, 185–86 Druze, 214 Sabbatai Sevi in, 174 Dual Monarchy, See Austria-Hungary Edirne, province of Dubrovnik (Ragusa), 19, 75 in census, 281 Ducas (historian), 9, 42, 61, 154 Edrene, See Edirne and support of union with Rome, 70 Education, 47–49, 51, 58, 96, 112, 150, 163, 210, on conquest of Constantinople, 66, 69–70 234, 262, 298 on grief of Murad II, 62 abroad, 108, 241, 258, 289 on the dervish revolt, 42–44 Education Act of 1869, 287 Dulkadır Sultanate, 74, 77 in guilds, 156 Ottoman conquest of, 90 in medreses, 47–49, 71, 156, 288 Dumas, Alexandre, 261 in schools attached to trust complexes, 55, 68, Duret, Noël, 161 102, 156, 196, 198 Dürrüşehvar (Princess), 319 in schools of foreign missionaries, 210, 215, Dürrüşehvar (Princess), 320 269, 288–89, 317

index 369

in Sufi lodges, 48, 52, 179 Ergene River, bridge over, 56, 65 in the palace, 72, 98–99 Erim, Kenan, 1 Jewish, 172, 289 Erzincan, 54 private, in homes, 156 and silk routes, 55 secular, 232, 262, 263, 287–88, 292 in census, 282 sermons and, 153–54 Erzurum, 55, 117, 119, 147–48, 220, 245, 271, 295 Education, 97 in Armenian genocide, 305 Edward VII (King), 295 in census, 282 Eger nationalist congress at, 315 Ottoman conquest of, 137 Erzurum, province of Egypt, 3, 12, 23, 25, 27, 74, 76, 119, 123, 126, 136, 146, timars reorganized in, 149 164, 239–40, 242, 249, 266, 270, 291, 311 Esad Efendi (book dealer), 239 and pilgrimage, 204–7 Eskişehir, 284, 317 annual tribute of, 121, 143, 247, 265, 272 falls to Greeks, 315 as financial model, 142–43 Esrar Dede, 3 as scientific and intellectual center, 159–60, Esther story, biblical, 116 164–66 Esztergom, 91, 174 British occupation of, 283, 284, 307 Etchmiadzin, Armenian patriarchate of, 108, 233 Christians in, 108, 234 Ethnic cleansing, 298, 302 coffee in, 152, 204–7, 220 Euboea, 75 cotton boom in, 259, 286 Eugene of Savoy, 175, 182, 184 French invasion of, 232–33 Eunuchs, 119, 148, 233, 259 Jews in, 111, 172–73 and sharia, 98 Ottoman conquest of, 90, 198 chief harem eunuch, 99, 101, 119, 143–45, 167, population of, 106 204–5, 207 retirement of chief harem eunuchs in, 145, Eunuchs, 206, 285 204 Euphrates River, 12, 90, 104, 140, 207, 209, 304–5, Egypt, provincial administration of, 104–5, 122, 308, 311 142–43, 205–7 and trade routes, 55 Egypt, See also Mehmed Ali upper Tigris-Euphrates region, 16, 77, 87, 105, Elazığ 109, 122, 186 in census, 282 Eurasia, 12, 18, 23, 25, 26, 29, 45, 49, 52, 57, 66, 191, Elgin, See Bruce, Thomas (Lord Elgin) 265, 311 Elizabeth I, Queen, 166 and trade routes, 12, 16, 76 Emir Çelebi Europe, 17–18, 26, 110, 159, 192, 216, 231–32, 242, Patterns of Medicine, 160 252, 254, 264, 266, 267, 270, 279 Empress Anne of Savoy, 14–15 Europe, central, 57, 103, 145, 181, 185 England, See Britain Europe, concept of, 17–18 Entente powers, 279, 307–9, 312–13 Europe, eastern, 76, 169, 172, 175 disarmament by, 306 Europe, Ottoman, 109, 186, 242, 280–81, 300, 302 Enver, Ismail, 295, 298, 300, 302–4, 306, 313 Europe, southeastern, 104, 186 in Balkan Wars, 300 Europe, western, 25, 103, 125, 166, 249, 265 Enveri (historian), 71 trade with, 214, 256, 266 Ephesus, See Ayasoluk Europeans 25, 193, 214, 232, 242, 252, 255, 270, Epic, 8, 39, 127, 214, 262, 291 283, 285 Epic romance, 94–96, 227–28 racial caricatures of, 258 Epidemics, See Disease Evliya Çelebi, 149, 163–65, 190 Epirus, 40, 59 on Abkhazian child laborers, 163 Erevan, 136, 140, 167, 233 on book markets, 160 conqured by Murad IV, 149 on languages and cultures, 163

370 index

Evliya Çelebi (cont.) of Mehmed II, 72–73, 76 on the bridge at Mostar, 157–58 revision of, 118, 123, 137, 142–43, 175, 184–86, on the wonder of science, 165 190, 192, 219 relationship with Murad IV, 149 Five pillars of Islam, 199 story of Murad IV in disguise, 154 France, 93, 109, 121, 197, 208, 228, 237, 240, 251, 261, Evrenos, 27, 40, 59 267, 270–71, 308, 309 establishing settlements through trusts, 58 and Greek rebellion, 245 Exchange of populations, 302 and Roman Catholic missionaries, 109 in Lausanne treaty, 318 in Crimean alliance, 254–55 Exhibition of 1851, 258 merchants from, 140, 186, 210 Exterminations of peoples, 299–302, 303, 317, occupies Cilicia, 309, 313, 315 320, See also Armenian genocide occupies Egypt, 232–34 occupies Ionian Islands, 234 Famine, 5, 123, 136, 141, 156, 175, 192, 267, 315, 318 support for Catholics in Palestine, 252 after Great War, 311 trade with, 266 and Celali rebellions, 141–42 Francis I, alliance with Süleyman’, 93 Fazlızade Ali, 195 Franciscans, 215–16 Fazlullah of Astarabad (saint), 77–78 Franco-Prussian war, 261, 267 Feridun, Ahmed, 20 Franz Ferdinand, 279, 295 Festivals, 152, 249 Franz Josef (Emperor), 252 Christian, 126, 128 state visit to Bosnia of, 269 Jewish, 126, 128, 172–73 Free trade, 228, 230, 245, 250, 266 Festivals, Islamic, 126–28, 199, 260 French language, 162, 260, 262, 263 Bayram (Eid al-fitr), 126 French Revolution, 233 kandil, 126 Fuad Pasha, 252, 255 Pilgrims’ (Hacılar bayramı, Eid al-Adha, 126 Fusûs al-Hikam, See Ibn Arabi:Bezels of Festivals, solar, 86, 126, 256 Wisdom Fetva (legal ruling), 61, 89, 112, 117, 145, 170, 174, Fuzuli (poet), 4, 96, 228, 298 184, 186 Feyzullah Efendi, 183 Galata, 155, 222 Fez, 249 Mevlevi lodge at, 112, 196, 222, 232 Field commanders, 139 population of, after Ottoman conquest, 68 fund raising, as qualification for, 124 Galata bankers, 251, 272 Figani (poet), 3, 94–95, 99 Galatia, 40, 42, 88, 103 Filizten (memoirist), 280 center of spirituality, 46 Finance, ministry of Galen, 3 and Public Debt Administration, 283 Galib (Sheikh), 227–30, 232, 245 Finlay, George (historian), 242 Galib Pasha, 243 Finns, 265 Galilee, 214 Fire, 5, 63, 88, 99, 152, 172, 192, 237, 302, 314 Gallipoli, 16–18, 56, 75, 93, 125, 159, 168, 173 Eremya Çelebi’s history of, 192–93 and Ottoman navy, 40 firefighters, 244 battle of, 304 in Ottoman palace, 141, 170, 193, 206 earthquake of 1912, 299 in poetry, 50, 95 Gallipoli, battle of, 303–4, 315 in war, 62, 74 Gaza, 27, 52–53, 73 of Izmir, 1922, 173, 192–93, 318 and jihad, 27 Fiscal policy, 5, 103, 121, 183, 207, 211, 220, 255, Kızılbaş and, 79 283 Gaza (Palestine), 173, 214 discrepancy of solar vs. lunar year in, 63 Ottoman conquest of, 90 Egypt as model for reform, 142–43 sancakbeyis of, and hajj, 204–5

index 371

Gazanfer, Aga (Chief Harem Eunuch), 101 Grand Mufti, See Mufti of Istanbul Gazi, 27, 30, 72 Grand Vezir, office of, 72, 116, 119, 121, 135, 141, and mujahid, 27 147, 168, 237, 248–49, 255, 264 public image of sultan as, 135, 137, 170, 172, and Köprülü dynasty, 169 174 as chief counselor of sultans, 125 Gediz river, 21 ceremonial role of, 126 Gender relations, 117, 171, 196, 215 divan meeting in suite of, 170 Gender roles, 153, 195 in Tanzimat reforms, 248 Geneva, 292 marriage into royal family, 72, 99, 119 Genoa, 25, 42 Great War, 279, 302–6 Geography, 9, 18, 69, 92, 181, 198 war crimes trials, 313 Katib Çelebi and, 162 widows and orphans of, 312 Georgia, 79, 183, 216, 221, 230, 254 Greece, 18, 40, 234, 242, 253, 259, 266, 271, 292, Russian annexation of, 233, 245 295, 308, 318 Georgia, Republic of, 312, 315 forced migration from, 312 Georgians, 79, 168, 188–89, 205, 207, 220, 254, 259 in Balkan Wars, 299–302 in Crimea, 221 independence of, 245 in Ottoman government, 148, 205, 207, 208 Greece, Kingdom of, 259, 293–94, 304, 307, Germany, 267, 271 312–15, 317 military mission of, 302 Greece, rebirth of, 242 unification of, 267 in Balkan wars, 299–302 Germiyan, 22 invasion of Anatolia, 309 Gérôme, Jean Léon, 290 resistance against, 314 Gest (book of deeds), 52–53 Greek language, 34, 69, 106, 108, 110–11, 161, 214, Geyre village, 1–2 234, 260, 262, 263, 267 Ghazel, 94–95 printing press, 167 Gibbons, Herbert Adams, 296–97 study of, 108 Gift of the Two Sanctuaries (Nabi), 201 Greek rebellion, 241–42, 245, 257 Giray dynasty, 76, 221 Greeks, 11–14, 20–22, 25, 28–29, 40, 44, 66, 68, Giza, battle of, 90 69, 72, 98, 105, 106, 108, 171–72, 175, 184, Gökalp, Ziya, 295, 298 189, 211–14, 221, 228, 234, 256–57, 262, Golden Horde, 12, 16, See also Mongol Empire 295, 302, 314 Golden Horn, 64, 68, 69, 70, 112, 126, 187, 193, and American missionaries, 288 237, 295 and Galata bankers, 251 fire, 99, 152 and knowledge of Turkish, 260 floods in earthquake of 1509, 88 as sarrafs, 185 freezes, 144, 175 atrocities of, in Balkan Wars, 302 skyline of, 102 conscripted in Great War, 303 Government debt, 218, 254, 265–66, 269–72, 278, departure from Constantinople, 318 See also Public Debt Administration in census, 281–82 and Egyptian tribute, 265, 272 racial caricatures of, 258 and malikanes, 184 Greenland, in maps of Piri Reis, 93 bankruptcy, 269–70 Gregorios (Patriarch), 241 default of 1875, 269–70 Guiding Principles (Katib Çelebi), 150, 161 financing by Jewish and Christian merchants, Guilds, 156, 168–69, 185, 189, 196, 198, 213 122 Gujarat, 87, 93, 105 in Tanzimat era, 250–51 Güler, Ara, 1–2, 5 in the Berlin congress, 271 Güyük Khan, 26 of Egypt, 266 Gypsies, 250 short-term domestic credit, 122, 142 in Belgrade, 107

372 index

Gypsies (cont.) Hane, See Household in Bosnia, 269 Hanukkah, 126, 128, 173 population of, in Istanbul after conquest, Harem, of the Ottoman palace, 98, 101, 119, 141, 68 145, 147, 171, 237 chief eunuch of, 99, 144, 167, 204 Habsburg dynasty, 91, 174, 279 and management of Holy Cities trusts, and Counter-Reformation, 93, 110, 145 143 Habsburg Empire, 93, 137, 182, 184, 192, 213, 233, exile to Egypt, 144, 207 270 chief harem eunuch, 119 ambassador of, 126, 167, 171 orchestra of, 260 in Karlowitz treaty, 182 political involvement of, 119 Long War with, 137, 140 Harington, Charles (General), 319 loss of Carpathian basin to, 174–75, 211 Hasan Pasha (Governor of Baghdad), 208 Hadith, 23, 48–49, 113, 153, 161 Hasan Pasha the Abkhazian, 169 study of, 197 Haydar (Sheikh), 79 Hafız (poet), 298 Hebrew language, 161, 268 Haghia Sophia, 65–66, 68, 70, 120, 141, 149, 168, printing press, 111, 197 240, 307 Hegira, 6, 9, 49, 53, 263 and Mehmed II, 70 Hejaz, 204, 210, 240, 242, 247, 303 figural mosaics and frescoes, 66 security of route to, 103 in Christian legend, 116 Hermus river, 21 influence on Ottoman architecture, 102 Herodotus, 17 Mevlid sermon confrontation at, 152 Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, 72 not destroyed at conquest of Constantinople, Hesychasm, 14–15, 29 65 High commissioner, 283, 292, 307, 309–10, 313, renovated as royal mosque, 66 319 restoration of, 249 Hindu Kush, 189 Haghia Sophia, 120, 288 Historical linguistics, 265 Haifa, 214 Historical Society, 291 Haji Bektash, 9, 12, 49, 112 History of the Conqueror (Tursun Bey), 70 lack of interest in politics, 112 History of the Different Slavonic Nations, lodge and tomb of, 46, 46, 245 Especially the Bulgarians, Croats and Halet Efendi, 240, 242–43 Serbs (Rajić), 214 Halide Edib, 314 History of the Ottoman Decline (Nuri), 298 Halil, Patrona, See Patrona Halil History, genre of, 263 Halil (son of Orhan), 19 Hnchak (Armenian dissidents), 292 Halil Pasha, Çandarlı, 64, 68, 79 Holy Cities (Mecca and Medina), 201, 203, 207, Halveti Sufi order, 72, 152, 168 220, 239 Hama, 41 and funding of New Order, 232 rail line to, 284 as centers of learning, 203–4 Hamlin, Cyrus, 289 submission of, 90 Hamidiye regiments, 292 See also Mecca, See also Medina Hamon, Moses, 115–16 Holy Cities trusts, 143, 167, 202, 204 Hams, 41 managed by chief harem eunuch, 205 Hanafi law, 48, 58, 92, 114, 201 Holy League, 205, 213, 216 and church trusts, 122 Holy Wars of Sultan Murad Khan, The in Cairo courthouses, 105 (anonymous), 61–64 in Damascus courthouses, 104 Horton, George (American consul), 317 in courts of the kadı, 114 Hospodars, 211–12, 236, 241, 245, 255 Hanbali law, 203 Hotin, fortress of, 145, 218, 230

index 373

Household, 96, 98, 128, 158, 176, 197, 281 Ibn Saud, Abdullah, 240 and population figures, 68, 74, 105–7 Ibn Sina, 159–60 as taxation unit, 106, 142 Ibn Taymiyya, 51, 204 family firms of, 185–86, 205–7, 250 Ibrahim (son of Mehmed Ali), 240, 242, 246–47, in census, 281 250–51, 269 of Egyptian notables, 205–7, 220, 232, 239, 240 invasion of Syria by, 247 of provincial notables, 186, 208 Ibrahim (Sultan), 136, 167 of social elites, 121, 158, 163, 168, 169–70, 183, Ibrahim al-Kurani, 160 259 Ibrahim Lodi, 93 of sultans, 5, 55, 61–62, 76, 96, 98–102, 125, Ibrahim Pasha (Grand Vezir of Süleyman I), 91, 138–39, 147, 181, 231, 249 93, 99 as model for Ottoman society, 96, 135 and Figani episode, 94–95 Hüdavendigâr, 19 Ibrahim Pasha, Nevşehirli, 187, 190 Humann, Carl, 264 Ibrahim, of Karaman, 61, 64, 75, 79 humor, 5, 149, 163, 165 Identity, 5, 7, 14, 170, 172, 195, 211, 264, 281, 283, Hungarian Church, 109 312 Hungarians, 25, 61, 64, 74, 107, 109, 138, 197, 213, Ilkhanids, 12, 25, 28, 159, See also Mongol 270, 265 Empire Hungary, 13, 65, 74, 174, 211, 213 as model for Ottoman administrative Loss of, 182, 184, 211 records, 60–61 Long War in, 137, 139–41 Iltizam, See Revenue contracting Ottoman conquest of, 91–92, 121 Imam Jevad, shrine of, 92 partition of, 91 Imam Kazim, shrine of, 92 Royal (Habsburg) Hungary, 91, 110 Imamate, 78–79 timars reorganized in, 149 Hidden Imam, 78, 86 Hungary (map), 92 Imperial Ottoman Bank, 283, 292 Huns, 265 seized by Armenian revolutionaries, 292 Hunyadi, János, 61–63 India, 27, 87, 93, 155, 187–88, 189–91, 208, 219, Hurrem (wife of Süleyman I), 98, 102 249, 270, 311 sons of, 98 commercial contact with, 155 Hurufism, 78 Ottoman merchants in, 87 Hüseyin Pasha (Küçük), 236 Portuguese control of sea routes to, 166 Hüseyin Pasha, the Rogue, 148 Indian Ocean, 94, 105, 203 Hüsrev and Shirin, 95 commerce of, 87, 93, 143, 207–8, 240 Hüsrev Beg Gazi (grandson of Bayezid II), 75 integration with Mediterranean and Hüsrev Pasha, 233–34, 248–49 Black Sea, 155 Hüsrev Pasha, the Bosnian, 147–48, 168 pilgrims on, 203 Hussein ibn Ali (Imam), 78, 86, 92, 126, 233 Ingathering of the Exiles, 92 Innocent IV (Pope), 26 Ibn abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad, 203 Inquisition Ibn Arabi, 48–49, 196, 298 Jewish refugees of, 111 Bezels of Wisdom, 48–49, 196 İnşa, See composition style popularization of, 196 Inter-Allied commission (King-Crane theology declared orthodox, 112 commission), 307–8 Ibn Battuta, 11, 16, 21, 22–23, 25, 31 Inter-Allied commission of inquiry, in Izmir, 314 and Black Death, 16 Interfaith relations, 21, 27–29, 114–18, 212–16, 245 and Orhan, 11 alcohol and, 117–18 Ibn Nafis and cosmopolitanism, 27–29 update of Ibn Sina’s Canon by, 160 in Jerusalem, 21 Ibn Saud, Abd al-Aziz, 203 in Tanzimat reforms, 248

374 index

Interfaith relations (cont.) Jewish communities of, 88, 107, 110–11, 117, Interfaith dialogue, 27–29, 53 136, 173 intermarriage, 21–22, 312 libraries in, 151, 198 role of kadıs’ courts, 114–15 migration to, 123, 137, 152, 155, 156, 163 sponsored debate, 28, 171 newspapers of, 262, 270, 280, 316 and violence, 241, 256, 270 population of, 68, 105 Interior, Ministry of, 280 printing presses in, 111, 197, 288 Ionian Islands, 233–34 reconstruction of, after conquest, 66–68, 71 Ipek, sancak of, 281 and revenue contracting, 172, 185–87, 211 Iran (Persia), 12, 61, 73–74, 86, 89, 118–19, 121, slaves, 176, 204, 259 140, 187–89, 190–91, 198, 208, 210, 219, taverns in, 118 230, 233, 254, 311 under Entente occupation, 307, 309–12 constitution in, 293 working classes in, 189–90 peace of 1639 with, 175, 191, 208 Itaki, Shems al-Din, 160 silk trade from, 55 Anatomy of Parts of the Body, 160 Iraq, 74, 91, 96, 108, 118, 122, 148, 207, 240 Italian language, 198, 263 in Great War, 303, 306–7 Italy, 233, 267, 271, 299 Iraq, Mandate of, 308 in Sèvres treaty, 308 Isa (son of Bayezid I), 42 invades Libya, 299 Isa Bey (Gazi) occupies Antalya and Bodrum, 308–9 founder of Novi Pazar, 74 unification of, 267 Isa Bey, mosque of, 31–34 Ivan IV (Tsar), 118, 203 Isaac Luria, 111 Izmir (Smyrna), 15, 139–40, 186–87, 191, 212, 218, Isfahan, 188–89, 191 241, 266, 283, 295, 299, 314, 317 Iskenderun (Alexandretta), 210 and rail line, 284 Iskerletzade Alexander (a.k.a. Mavrocordatos), and trade with France, 191 182 fire of 1922 in, 173, 317–18 Ismail (grandson of Orhan), 27–29 Greek occupation of, 299, 308–9, 313–14 Ismail (Khedive), 247 in Sèvres treaty, 308 Ismail, fortress of, 230 Levant Company in, 151, 166 Ismail, Tirsiniklioğlu, 236 population of, 281–82 Istanbul, 1, 72–73, 88, 89, 91, 102, 103, 104–5, 107, publishing boom in, 260 108, 110, 112, 114, 117–19, 121–22, 126, 140, Sabbatai Sevi and, 172–73 144–46, 148, 149, 152, 155, 156, 165, 168–69, slave market of, 258 182–83, 189, 192, 199, 203, 204–5, Izmir, Gulf of, 43 207–11, 213–16, 220, 228, 233–34, 236–37, Izmit, 11, See also Nicomedia 239, 241, 243–44, 245, 251–52, 254, 257, Iznik, 44 258, 260, 262, 266, 270, 283–84, 287, 288, Iznik, 11, See also Nicaea 292, 295–96, 300, 303, 311, 314–17, 319, See also Constantinople Jaffa, 282 and Armenian genocide, 304–5 Jalili family, of Mosul, 209 and Eurasian commerce, 66, 73–74, 166, 186, 191 Janina, 234, 236, 240–41, 242, 262 as alternate name for Constantinople, 69 in Balkan Wars, 300 as intellectual and cultural center, 67, 159–60, in census, 281 184 Janissaries, 19, 62–63, 76, 138, 141, 147, 150, coffeehouses in, 163–64 169, 171, 189–90, 218–19, 230–31, 237, lonquest of, 72 240, 241, 243 disease in, 67, 108, 136, 193, 312 abolition of, 242–43, 249, 251 earthquake in, 88 Bektashi spirituality of, 46, 78, 88, 232, 244 fires in, 152, 172, 192–93, 237, 244 financial invovement of, 121, 138, 186, 243

index 375

former officers of, as provincial officials, 105, in Salonika, 107, 110, 256–57 111, 124 in Sarajevo, 110, 193 in Egypt, 123, 205–7 influence on music, 260 in Damascus, 204 Karaites, 110 in sultans’ succession, 88–89, 145–47, 183, national home for, in Balfour Declaration, 236–37 308 resistance to reform of, 232, 236–37 Ottoman welcome of, 319–20 stationed in provinces, 148, 208–9, 212, 219, racial caricatures of, 153, 258 234–36 Romaniotes, 110 Janissaries, Aga of, 99, 147, 168 and slavery, 117, 258 Japanese emperor, 293 sectarian courts of, 115 Jaquith, H.C. (Near East Relief), 318 Sephardic communities, 111 Jarvis, George (diarist), 242 street dancers, 260 Jelačić, Josip, 252 in Tokat, 110, 115 Jeremiah (Prophet), 70 Jezira plain, 104, 308 Jeremias II, Patriarch, 108 Jidda, 77, 207 Jerusalem, 26, 57, 70, 74, 115–16, 173, 183, 214–16, and slave trade, 204 222, 251–52 and the hajj, 203 Armenians in, 156 Muslim-Christian violence in, 256 Dome of the Rock in, 102, 249 Jihad, 26–27, 61, 161, 250, 297 Hurrem’s trust complex in, 102 Ottoman declaration (1914), 303 Ottoman conquest of, 90, 108 John V, 14–15, 19 patriarch of, 108, 215 Joint stock companies, 166, 187, 191, 214 walls rebuilt by Süleyman I, 102 Jordan River, 308 Jerusalem, 253 Joseph II (Emperor), 228, 230 Jerusalem, Sanjak of Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) language, 260, 262 in census, 282 Julfa, 210 Jesus, of Nazareth, 3, 14, 28, 44, 66, 116, 159, 215–16, 301 Kaaba, 96, 127, 176, 201–2, 206 Jews, 4, 7, 16, 23, 78, 106, 110–11, 122, 124, 126, 153, in pilgrimage tiles, 202 156, 159, 161, 166, 185, 187, 197, 209–11, 215, Ottoman renovation of, 102 243, 250, 254, 307 Kabarda, 221 and anti-Semitism, 115–16 Kabbalah, 110–11, 172–73 and Galata Bankers, 250 Kadı Burhaneddin, 40–41, 53 and modern education, 289 Kadıs (civil magistrates), 59, 62, 73, 117, 165, 210, and revenue contracting, 187 216 and Sabbatai Sevi, 172–74 and management of revenue contracting, 142 as sarrafs, 185 courts of, 115, 210 Ashkenazis, 110 in kaza organization, 114 expulsion from Iberian peninsula, 92, 107, 110 Kadızade, Mehmed, 152–55, 160, 161–62, 168–69, in Aleppo, 210 196 in Amasya, 110, 115 Mevlid sermon of, 152–53 in Balkan Wars, 300 Kadızadelis, 153, 162, 168, 175, 183 in Belgrade, 107 alliance with court of Mehmed IV, 170, 175 in Bosnia, 269 anti-intellectualism of, 154, 160 in census, 282 differences with Wahhabis, 203–4 in Edirne, 107, 110, 300 in Sarajevo, 194 in Istanbul, 66, 78, 88, 110, 117, 136, 241, 307 influence on Sufi spirituality, 170, 195–96 in Izmir, 172–73 Kalenderoğlu Mehmed (Celali), 140–42 in Jerusalem, 214–15 Kalenderoğlu rebellion, 91

376 index

Kamianets, 172, 182, 218 on closure of coffeehouses, 152 Kanun, 102 on popularity of Birgivi with female readers, analogies with secular law, 262 151 Kanun (dynastic law) 102 rebuttal of Kadızadelis, 162 and idealization of Ottoman system, The Balance of Truth, 162 124–25 Kayı clan, and Ottoman legitimacy, 45 and sharia, 150, 182, 184 Kayseri, 46, 261, 295 in kadıs’ courts, 115 Armenians in, 160 in advice for kings genre, 150 commercial development of, 155–56 Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral), 105, 168, in census, 282 189–90 Kaza organization, 114–15, 281 Kara George Petrović, 236–37 Kazan, 118 Kara Koyunlu Sultanate, 79 Kazasker, 44 Kara Mustafa Pasha, 174 of Anatolia, 99, 111 Kara Yazıcı, 137–40 of Rumeli, 73, 99, 114 Karaburun peninsula, 43, 45, 218 Kazaz, Artın(ﬁnancial advisor), 251 Karaman Kefe (Theodosia), 68, 74, 76, 88–89, 111, 141 Armenians deported to Istanbul from, 68 Kemal Pashazade, 112, 114 Ottoman conquest of, 75 Kemal Reis, 87 Sultanate of, 74 Kerch, 221 Karaman, province of, 86, 103, 105, 111, 136, 148, Khadija, mausoleum of, 102 156, 158, 186 Khedive of Egypt, 247, 311 Armenians in, 68, 108, 186 Khurasan, 49 beylerbeyi joins Celali rebels, 139 Khurramabad, 189 Celali rebels in, 137, 139 Khwarezm, 12, 203 mines in, 186 Kilburun, 218, 221, 230 revenue contracting in, 186 Kilia, 230 timars reorganized in, 149 Kırk Kilise, 300 Karamanid dynasty, 46, 61, 64, 75 Kirkuk, 148 Karamanlı Turkish language, 260 Kitab-ı Bahriye, See Book of the Seas Karamanlı Turkish language, 267 Kızıl Irmak River, 55 Karamanlıs, 260–61, 318 Kızılbaş, 77–79, 87–89, 91–92, 111–12, 114, 118, 121, Karbala, 74, 86, 233 138 Süleyman I at, 92 appearance of Shah Ismail, 86 Karim Khan Zand, 208 origins of, 79 Karlowitz, treaty of, 182–84, 192, 207, 212, 214 Ottoman actions against, 86–88 support for, 183 sack of Tabriz by, 88 Karo, Joseph, 111 Knights of Saint John, 15, 74, 92 Kars, 136, 245, 254–55, 271, 306, 314 and struggle between Bayezid and Cem, 77 Kartli-Kakheti, 230 Koca Sinan Pasha, 119, 136–37 Kasap, Theodor (journalist), 261–62 Konavi, Sadreddin, 46, 48–49, 79 Kashf al-Zunūn (Katib Çelebi), 162 Konstantin Mihailović, janissary memoir of, Kastamonu, 19, 22, 40, 220 63 Katib Çelebi, 150–54, 161–62 Konya, 12, 90, 141, 284, 309 as eyewitness to Mevlid sermon alcohol and tobacco use in, 158 confrontation, 152 as intellectual center, 46, 49, 107 Cihannüma (World Panorama), 162, 197 center of Karaman province, 103 death of, 162 mausoleum of Rumi at, 112–13, 245 Guiding Principles, 150 Mevlevi lodge of, 232 Kashf al-Zunun, 162 on hajj route, 201

index 377

Ottoman conquest of, 75 Ladislas (King of Hungary), 61 population of, 107 Lady Leyla, See Leyla Hanımefendi Konya, battle of, 247 Lajos (Hungarian king), 91 Köprülü dynasty, 170, 183 Lake Urmia, 140 Köprülü Library, 198 Lake Van, 90, 140, 292, 311 Köprülü Library, 199 Lala, 61, 119 Köprülü, Fazıl Ahmed, 170, 172 Lala Mustafa Pasha, 119, 121 alliance with Kadizadelis, 170, 175 Last Will and Testament (Birgivi), 201 death of, 170 Latin language, 159–62, 210–11, 263 Köprülü, Mehmed, 168–70 Latins, 12, 13, 14, 20, 26, 63, 78 household of, 169 Laud, William (Bishop), 161 made grand vezir, 168 Lausanne, treaty of, 279 Koran, 23, 26–27, 29, 47–49, 79, 110, 113, 126, replaces Sèvres, 318, 319 149–50, 152–53, 159, 168–69, 174, 195, 197, Laws of the Ottoman Dynasty (Ayn Ali), 150 201, 228, 298–99, 321 Lazar (King), 19–20, 40 in Galib’s Beauty and Love, 229 Lazarevic, Stefan, 22 mystical interpretations, 49 Lebanon, 126, 188, 211, 247 Korkud (son of Bayezid II), 88–89 Muslim-Christian violence in, 256 Kösem, Valide Sultan, 144, 147, 167 Lebanon, Mandate of, 308 assassination of, 167 Lent, 126 Kosovo, 19, 298 Leopold I, 174, 213 and trade routes, 74 Lepsius, Johannes (missionary), 292 in census, 281 Les Turcs anciens et modernes, 265 Kosovo, battle of, 20, 40, 214 Lesbos, 75 Kosovo, province of, 283, 293 Levant Company, 151, 166 in the census, 281 Leyla and Mejnun, 50, 96–97, 228, 298, 316 Kosovo, second battle of, 64 Leyla and Mejnun, 97 Kossuth, Lajos, 252 Leyla Hanımefendi (Lady Leyla), 257–60 Kraina valley, 236 and the memoir form, 263 Kuban River, 222 on music, 259–60 Küçük Kaynarca, treaty of, 221–22, 228, 231, on slavery, 259 254 Libraries, 67, 151, 195, 196, 197–200, 239, 249 Kul, See Slaves:of sultans’ household Libraries, 199, 200, 235 Kuran, Ahmed Bedevî (memoirist), 293 Libya, 299 Kurdish language, 281 Linguistics, historical, 265 Kurdistan, 173, 299 Literacy, 153–54, 155, 197 Jews in, 173 and illiteracy, 289 Kurds, 90, 140, 160, 209–10, 295, 314 Literary album (mecmua), 158–59, 193–94 in Armenian genocide, 305 Literature, 5, 61, 71, 85, 94–97, 158–59, 162, 164, migration of intellectuals to Damascus, 160 201, 214, 228, 259–62, 298, See also Poetry racial caricatures of, 258 in Tanzimat era, 260–62 Kut, battle of, 303, 306 Loans and credit, 115, 155–56, 185–86 Kütahya, 140, 247 and revenue contracting, 185–86, 231 Kutaisi, 216 credit markets, 156 Kuyucu Murad Pasha, 141–42 legal approval of, 156 role of kadıs’ courts in, 115 Le Jeune-Turc, 300 Lodges, Suﬁ, 46, 47–49, 51, 52, 62–63, 72, 77, 79, Labor, laborers, 23, 106, 124, 136, 139, 156, 163, 158, 168, 184, 186, 196, 215, 232, 244–45, 183, 189–90, 228, 284, 286, 293 297 labor unrest, 295–96 and reconciliation with religious dissidents, 112

378 index

Lodges, Sufi (cont.) Mamluks (Egyptian notables), 232, 243 as academies of arts and sciences, 48, 52 family firms of, 234 in trust complexes, 58, 74 massacred by Mehmed Ali, 239–40 liturgy of (sema), 49, 298 Manastır, 293, 295 London, 9, 267, 271, 283, 320 and rail lines, 284, 293 London Times, 301 Manastır, province of, 293 Louis Philippe of France, 121 Manchester Guardian, 317 Love, 4–5, 21, 49, 50, 84, 95–96, 98, 113, 117, 148, Manisa, 62–63, 102 227–29 Mansuriyye Hospital, Cairo, 160 Lovemaking, as metaphor, 47, 49, 153 Manuel II (Emperor), 41–42, 63 condemned by Kadızade, 153 Manufacturing, 156, 198, 209, 283–84, 299 Lucaris, Cyril (patriarch), 167 Maraş, province of, 149 Lütfi (historian), 263 Mardin, 109, 148, 309 Lutfi Pasha, 99, 124 Ottoman conquest of, 90 Asafname, 124–25 Maritsa River, 19, 55, 301 Luther, Martin, 93 as boundary of Ottoman Europe, 302 Lutherans, 110 battle of, 20, 40 Lybyer, Alfred Howe, 308 Marj Dabik, battle of, 90 Market, covered (bedestan), 55–56, 58, 63 Macedonia, 15, 19, 58, 105, 271, 296, 300, 315 architecture of, 58 assassinations in, 294 buildings, 58, 74 in Balkan Wars, 300–2 in Edirne, 55 in Great War, 306 in Istanbul 66, 88, 160, 189–90, 257 Jews in, 174 Marmara Sea, 11, 64, 69, 113, 211, 302, 309, 312 Ottoman revolution in, 293–95 earthquake, 15, 27–28, 299 revolutionary organizations in, 294 Marmara Sea, map of, 11 sultan’s tour of, 298 Marriage and divorce, 15, 19, 79, 96, 98, 99, 115, Macedonia (map), 294 135, 153, 247, 249 Magazine of antiquities, See Museum role of kadıs’ courts in, 115 Mahmud I (Sultan), 181, 190 Marriage, of sultans, 15, 42, 53, 75, 98 Mahmud II (Sultan), 121, 227, 237–38, 239, Marseilles, 191 240–43, 245–49, 251, 260, 279 Masons, 296 caliphal title of, 249 Mathematics, 48, 65, 126, 263 destruction of Janissaries by, 243 Mavrocordatos, Iskerletzade Alexander, Mahmud Pasha 182, 212 intercedes with Murad II, 63 Mavrocordatos, Nicholas, 212 Mahmud Pasha Angelović, 68, 72 Meander River, 1, 31, 314 Mahmud Şevket Pasha, 296, 300 Means of Salvation, The (Süleyman Çelebi), 127 Mahmud, al-Kashgari, 23, 265 Mecca, 32, 49, 74, 88, 102, 136, 146, 183, 195, 198, Malabar Coast, 208 200–6, 233, 240, 249, 311, See also Malatya, 75, 103 Pilgrimage, See also Holy Cities Ottoman conquest of, 90 and coffee trade, 206 Malgara, 302 in Leyla and Mejnun, 96 Malikane, See Revenue contracting philanthropy of Ottoman dynasty in, 102 Malta, 122, 288, 313 sacked by Wahhabis, 233 Mamluk dynasty, 40, 119, 121 submission of, 90 Mamluk Sultanate, 12, 27, 40–41, 58, 74–77, 79, Mecca, Sharif of, 198, 203, 220 87–88, 90–92, 103–5, 160 Mecelle (legal codification), 256 and Afro-Eurasian commerce, 74 Medicine, 160, 172, 212 defeated by Selim, 90 study of, 48

index 379

Medina, 74, 90, 102, 201, 136, 203–4, See also Mehmed III (Sultan), 135–36 Holy Cities execution of siblings, 143–44 Mosque of the Prophet in, 206, 249 Mehmed IV (Sultan), 136, 169–70, 173, 175, 182, tomb of Khadija remodeled, 102 215, 279 Mediterranean Sea, 3, 16, 73, 94, 96, 104, accession of, 167 105, 111, 166, 168, 207–9, 232, 242, 284, enjoys comparison with Süleyman, 170 307, 308 leads army on campaign, 172 and Afro-Eurasian trade, 73, 155 overthrown, 175 in the Seven Years War, 191 Mehmed V (Sultan), 278, 296 Russian fleet in, 218, 221 tour of Macedonia and Albania, 298–99, 315 shared intellectual culture of, 125, 159–60 Mehmed VI (Sultan), 278, 319 Medrese, 23, 47–48, 51–52, 71, 111, 112, 139, 155, melancholia, 5, 39, 172, 309 161, 262, 298, 299, 321 Melek Ahmed Pasha, 154, 163 al-Azhar, 105 Melkites, 108, 210–11 curriculum, 51 Memoir genre, 63, 70, 146, 191, 257–58, 263, 280, funding from trusts, 48, 58, 76, 156 293 in Bursa, 48, 55 Menshikov, Alexander Sergeyevich, 252–53 in Cairo, 160 Merchants, Ottaman 23, 26, 57, 58, 87, 111, 115, in Manisa, 102 122, 139, 155–56, 158, 160, 163, 166, 181, 183, in Mecca, 201 186, 190, 193, 203–4, 207, 209, 211, 256, of Mehmed II, 67, 105 268, 284, 287, 296, 302 ranking of professors in, 105 Merchants, foreign, 159, 165–66, 187, 230 reforms in, 287–88 Dutch, 166 student exemptions, 106, 288 English and French, 140, 166, 210, 214, 232 Süleymaniye, 105 Halian, 25, 56, 59, 186 Mehmed Ali, 233–34, 239–40, 242, 246–47, 249, Russian, 221, 228 260 Mersin, 287, 307, 318 and potential partition of empire, Mesnevi (poetic form), 53 242–43 Mesnevi (Rumi), 49, 50, 73, 96, 195 death of, 247 commentaries on, 195–96 destruction of Mamluks, 239–40, 243 Mesopotamia, 12, 207–8, 240 dynasty of, 247 British invasion of, 303, 307 loyalty of, 243 Metwalis, 214 mosque of, 246 Mevlana Jalal al-Din, See Rumi Ottoman culture of, 246 Mevlevis, 112, 227, 232, 245, 298 Mehmed Pasha the Abkhazian, 147–48 Galata lodge of, 196, 232 Mehmed I (Sultan), 39, 43, 44, 45, 55 influence on music, 260 in war of succession, 42, 44 Mevlid (Nativity of the Prophet Muhammad), Mehmed II (Sultan), 3, 39, 62, 72, 74–76, 78, 98, 127–28, 296 105, 106, 154 sermon confrontation on, 152–53 and shrine of Abu Ayyub the Companion, 70, Mezőkeresztes, battle of, 137, 139–40 91 Michael VIII Palaeologus, 13 compared to past conquerors, 71 Midhat Pasha, 268, 271, 289 conquest and rebuilding of Constantinople, reforms of, in Damascus, 287 64–69, 70 Migration, 18, 20–21, 77, 163, 209, 211, 223, 321 death of, 76 and slavery, 259 fiscal policies opposed, 73, 76 from Balkans and Caucusus, 287 non-Turkish advisors of, 68, 72 from Macedonia, 294 patronage of the Church, 70 migrant labor, 106, 156 succession to Murad, 62–64 of Armenians, 141

380 index

Migration (cont.) Möngke Khan, 26 of Jews, 110–11 Mongol Empire, 8, 11–12, 61, 66, 92, See also of Muslims, 278, 287, 298, 302 Ilkhanids after Crimean war, 287 as model for Ottoman diversity, 66 from the Balkans and Caucusus, 282–83 Mongol invasions, 11–12, 25 of Orthodox Christians, abroad, 108 Sack of Baghdad, 27, 45 of Turkmens, 2, 12 Mongols, 12, 13, 22, 26–27, 29, 45, 191, 265 rural to urban, 123, 136, 150, 156 Montenegro, 195, 219, 252, 270–71, 302, 312 to Danubian Principalities, 211 in Balkan Wars, 299 to Egypt, 205 Morea (Peloponnesus), 40, 182, 184, 213, 215, 218, Migration, forced, 12, 33, 53, 312 245 of Muslims from the Balkan states, 271 Greek rebels in, 234, 241–42 See also Deportations Ottoman conquest of, 64, 75 Millets (religious communities), 248, 256 revolt of villagers in, 218 Mines, mining, 25, 91, 209, 305 Moscow, See Muscovy Ming Empire, 93 Mosques Mingrelia, 221 and preaching, 150, 152 Missionaries, 165, 251, 292, 312 and trusts, in urban centers, 23, 55–56, 58, 67, Roman Catholic, 109, 167, 210, 215 74, 88, 102 American, 269, 289, 294, 296–97, 313 Architecture of, 29, 31–35, 56, 66, 102, 163, 201, Missionary schools, 288–89 246 Missolonghi, 242 as social levelers, 155 Mizrahi, Elijah, 110 Spirtuality of, 48–49 Modern times, 228, 239, 243, 257, 261, 263 Worship in, 47–49, 78, 163 Modernism, 287, 289, 299 Mostar, 72, 74, 157, 269 Modernity, 263, 287, 318 bridge at (ﬁgure), 157 condition of estrangement in, 317 Mosul, 104, 148, 208–10, 305 progress in, 283, 287 appended to Baghdad and Basra, 308 technology in, 279, 299 disease in, 16 Mohács, battle of, 91, 93, 175 in census, 281 Moldavia, 137, 145, 182–83, 212, 218, 230, See also lost to Shah Abbas, 148 Danubian Principalities Muslim-Christian violence in, 256 voivode of, 169 Ottoman conquest of, 90 Molla Fenari (scholar), 48 siezed by Britain, 307 Molla Mustafa, of Sarajevo, 193–95, 198, 204, Mount Athos, 14, 17, 29, 108, 213 205, 219 Mudanya, armistice of, 318 Mollah Omar, of the Taliban, 154 Mudros, armistice of, 306–7 Monasteries, 14, 29, 49, 108–9, 116, 122, 215 Müeyyedzade, 73 Monetary policy, 122, See also Money Mufti of Istanbul (Şeyhülislam), 89, 99, 102, 111, of Mehmed II, 75 117, 153, 168, 173–74, 183, 190, 197, 216, Money and coinage, 9, 11, 25, 55, 57, 75, 89, 107, 243–44, 297 122, 136, 140, 157, 161, 167, 210, 269, 295, and Islamic festivals, 126 312, 316 and Osman I, 144–46 akçe, 25, 57, 63, 75, 122, 186 authority of, 114 counterfeiting and clipping, 122–23 in Tanzimat reforms, 248 currency debasement, 63–64, 75–76, 123, 168, 251 Mughal dynasty, 29, 191 currency zones, 104, 121 fall of, 187–88, 189, 191 kuruş, 186 Mughal Empire, 27, 93, 191, 197, 207, 219 name of Constantinople on, 69 Muhammad (Prophet), 6, 9, 28–29, 70, 86, 89, paper currency, 251, 266, 309 126, 138, 150, 168, 173, 202, 263

index 381

ancestors as pagans, 195 Music, 49, 94, 126–27, 170–71, 211, 233, 260, 263, as model of peacemaking, 183 290 biography of, 195 condemned by Kadizadelis, 151, 170 blessings upon, condemned by Kadızade, in coffeehouses, 163–64 153 in salons, 158 community of, 61 in worship, 49, 113 daughter Fatima, 78 Muslims, 4, 7, 9, 21, 27–28, 47, 49, 53, 60, 68, 106, Nativity of, See Mevlid 111–14, 117, 127, 142, 154, 156, 159, 166, Night Journey of, 228 169–70, 188–89, 195, 197–98, 200, 210, Sunna of the Prophet, 48, 112, 153 234, 236, 241, 250, 252–53, 270, 278, Muhammad Shah (Mughal emperor), 189 280–81, 292, 299, 301, 304–5, 309, 313–15, Muhammadan Union, 296, 299 319 Muharrem, Decree of, 272 abroad, 166 Mültezim, 142–43, 156, 214, See also Revenue and interfaith dialogue, 29 contracting and interfaith relations, 76, 114–18, 215–16, Murad, son of Bayezid II, 88–89 256, 259–62 Murad I (Sultan), 8, 18–19, 22, 25, 27, 34–35, 40, and the Kızılbaş, 87–89 42, 46, 58, 59 attitudes of superiority of, 29, 242 death of, 20 conscripted, 232, 250, 303 Murad II (Sultan), 39, 42, 43, 52, 54–57, 61–63, feelings about Constantinople’s past of, 65, 65, 95 68, 70 and Sheikh Cüneyd, 79 festivals of, 126–27 death of, 61, 64 in violence against Armenians, 292, 297 joint regency with Mehmed, 64 national resistance of, 314–15 new palace at Edirne, 64 obligation of military service of, 250 retirement to Manisa, 62–63 population of, 106–7 Murad III (Sultan), 87, 98–99, 116, 118–21, 124, in census, 281–83 135–36, 143 in Macedonia, 295 accession of, 118 Progressives, 232 and Mevlid, 128 spirituality of, 46–49, 112–13 mysticism of, 125–26, 135, 175 violence against, 241, 270, 304 patronage network of, 119, 137 See also Kadizadelis, see also Suﬁs personally leads army on campaign, 137 Mustafa (son of Bayezid I), 41–42 philanthropy in Mecca, 201 Mustafa (son of Süleyman I), 98 Murad IV (Sultan), 136, 147–49, 152, 163, 165 Mustafa Âlî, 125, 159 death of, 167 Mustafa I (Sultan), 136, 143–45, 147 executions by, 153–54, 167 mother of, role in assassination of Osman I, in disguise, 153 147 public image of, 170 returned to throne, 147 reconquest of Baghdad, 149, 155 second reign of, 147 relationship with Evliya Çelebi, 149 Mustafa II (Sultan), 181–83 Murad V (Sultan), 227, 270, 280 overthrown, 183 Musa (son of Bayezid I), 41–42, 44 Mustafa III (Sultan), 181, 216–17 Muscovy, Moscow, 203, 211 death of, 195 and “Third Rome” ideology, 108 Mustafa IV (Sultan), 227, 236–37 conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan by, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, 306, 315, 319 118 Mustafa Reşid Pasha, 247, 254, 264 Patriarchate of, 108 Mustafa, Alemdar, 236–37, 243 transition to Russian Empire, 183 Mustafa, Börklüce, 42–45 Museum, Ottoman, 264, 289, 291 Müteferikka, Ibrahim, 197–98

382 index

Mysticism Nicholas I (Tsar), 242, 252 study of (tasavvuf), 48, 51 Nicholas II (Tsar), 295 See also Hesychasm, See also Kabbalah, See Nicomedia, 8, 11 Sufis, Sufism Nicopolis Mytilene, 75 Jewish settlement in, 110 Night of Power, 149 Nabi (poet), 201, 227 Nikopolis, 40, 110 Gift of the Two Sanctuaries, 201 population of, 107 Nablus, 214, 256 Nile River, 83, 104, 205, 233, 240, 284 Muslim-Christian violence in, 256 annual flood of, 126 sancakbeyis of, and hajj, 204 Nilüfer, 22 Nadir Khan (Nadir Shah), 189, 208–9, 216 Nish, 19, 192, 234, 269 death of, 208, 216 and trade routes, 55 legitimizing strategies of, 192 Niyazi, Ahmed, 295, 298 Naima (historian), 182 Niyazi-i Mısri, 175–76, 316 Najaf, 74, 92 Nizami of Ganja, 96 Najd, 203 Nogay Turks, 287 Names, of God, 77 Nomads, nomadism, 12, 18, 62, 76, 111, 136, 183, Napoleon Bonaparte, 232–34, 236 208–9 Napoleon, Louis, 252 cotton boom and settlement of, 287 Naqshbandi Sufi order, 245 in census, 281 Narrative form, 253, 263 Non-Chalcedonian Christians, 108 Nasi, Joseph, 116 Non-Muslims (zimmis), 60, 76, 106–12, 115–17, Nathan of Gaza, 173–74 198, 215, 269, 278, 283, 318 Nationalism, 69, 257, 296 and “Pact of Umar”, 116–17 Nationalists, 279, 315, 317–18 and military service, 296 Naval warfare, 122–23 and reform edict of 1856, 281 and campaign financing, 122 and revenue contracting, 167, 210 Navarino Bay, battle of, 245 at Ottoman court, 68, 170 Navy, 18, 75–76, 87, 93, 105, 135–37, 162, 218, 221, in CUP, 297–98 233, 237, 245–46, 248, 307 probably outnumbered Muslims, 106 re-outfitted by Mehmed Ali, 246 recourse to power, 116 Near East Relief, 318 schooling of, 287–88 Nebuchadnezzar, 3 See also Christians, See also Jews Negroponte, 75 Novi Pazar, 74 Neretva River, 74, 157 Nowruz, 86, 126 Nesimi (poet), 78 Nurbanu (wife of Selim II), 98, 119, 143 Nesimi, Hüseyin (mayor of Lice), 305 Nuremberg Chronicle, 67 Neşri (historian), 20 Nuremberg Chronicle (Schedel), 66–67 Nestorian Christians, 109 Nuri, Celal, 298 Nev’i (poet), 143 History of the Ottoman Decline, 298 New Order (Nizam-ı cedid), 230–34, 236–37, Nursi, Said, 299, 315–17, 321 239, 243, 248 New Testament (Gospel), 16, 28, 43, 167 Obrenović, Michael (Prince), 257, 269 New York Times, 310 Observatory, Ottoman, 125–26 Newspapers, 258, 261–62, 270, 280, 292, 313, Odessa, 311 316 Ohrid (Lake), 234 Nicaea, 9, 11, 22 Ohrid, Slavic patriarchate of, 107, 213 Greek kingdom of, 13 Oil, 148, 306, 309, 311 Niccolo Barbaro, 69 Olive oil, 210

index 383

Oman, 208 interdivisional rivalry, 138 Ömer Faruk (Prince), 319 privileged position of, 147 Oneness, of God, 29, 48, 194 relationship with Osman II, 145–46 Opium, 156, 162 revolt over currency devaluation, 123 Orhan (Sultan), 8, 10–13, 15–19, 22, 26–29, 44, 47, Palaces, 75, 212 55, 108, 279 Çırağan, 260, 266, 280, 296 Bursa inscription of, 29–30 Dolmabahçe, 266, 319 marriage to Theodora, 15 residence of Abdülmecid II, 319 Orientalism, 290 Dolmabahçe, 285 Orthodox Church, 13–15, 21, 26, 107–8, 126, 182, in Edirne, 64, 72, 173 211–16, 241 Old Palace, Istanbul, 66, 68, 98, 147 competition with Roman Catholics, Topkapı Palace, 100, 206 166–67, 172, 184, 215–16, 251–52, 256, Topkapı Sarayı, 68–69, 88, 98–99, 119, 257, 270 141, 147, 193, 206, 247, 266, domination by Phanariot Greeks of Istanbul, 284 213–14 as male domain, 98 schism, 257 Gate of Felicity, 69 union with Rome, 13–15, 70 Tower of Justice, 99 See also Patriarch Palamas, Gregory, 14–17, 21–22, 26–27, 29 Osman (Sultan), 6, 8–10, 12, 47, 52 and interfaith dialogue, 27–29 tomb, 10 Letter to the Thessalonians, 28 Osman Hamdi, 289–91 Palamas, Gregory, 17 Osman Hamdi, 290 Palestine, 111, 172, 213–16, 220, 233, 249, 251 assassination of, 146–47, 163 and Entente powers, 307–8 Osman II (Sultan), 136, 144–47, 154 French invasion of, 233 assassination of, 146–47, 163, 175 in Great War, 303, 306 Osman III (Sultan), 181 invaded by Ibrahim, 247 Osmanists vs. anti-Osmanists, 147–48 Melkite Christians of, 108 in Kadızade sermon, 153 Palestine, Mandate of, 308 Öşür, See tithe Panipat, battle of, 93 Otranto, 76 Papacy, 15, 211 Ottoman Arab lands (map), 104 and Chaldeans, 109 Ottoman Imperial Bank, 251, 266, 268, 283, and Ottoman succession struggle, 77 292 in anti-Ottoman alliance, 91, 105 Ottoman Scientific Society, 262 Parable of the Tenants, 43 overland trade routes (map), 57 Paris, 252, 254, 258, 265, 270, 283, 289, 307 Özdemiroğlu Osman, 121 on Orient Express route, 284 Özü (Ochakov), 218, 230 Ottoman opposition groups in, 292–93 Paris peace conference (1856), 255–56 Pachymeres (historian), 9 Parliament, 255, 279, 280, 295–96, 297, 299, Pact of Agreement (Sened-i İttifak), 236–37, 239, 313 249 deposes Abdülhamid, 296 Pact of Umar, 90, 116–17 Parsons, Edith (Educator), 317 Padishah, 61, 64, 249 Parthenon of Athens, 66, 289 Padua, University of, 108, 161 Passarowitz, Treaty of, 184 Palace, standing army of, 64, 88, 105, 122–24, 138, Passover, 115, 126 140, 145–47, 230, 232, 237 Pasvanoğlu mosque, 235 and patronage, 147 Pasvanoğlu, Osman, 234–36 artillery, 138 Path of Muhammad, The (Birgivi), 151, 196 former officers of, as provincial officials, 105 Patriarch, of Antioch (Melkite), 211

384 index

Patriarch, of Constantinople, 14–15, 22, 107–8, Physicians, royal, 160, 258, 293 110, 116, 153, 167, 182, 184, 213, 215, 241–42, Christian, of Orhan, 22, 28 257 Jewish, of Mehmed II, 68 appointed by Mehmed II, 70 Jewish, of Süleyman, 115 execution of, 241 Pietro della Valle, 161 Patriarch, of Jerusalem, 108, 215, 251–52 Piety, 45–47, 54, 88, 112–13, 114, 170, 174, 182, 195, Patriarch, of Moscow, 108 278, 298 Patriarchate, 70, 116, 167, 212–14, 241, 257, 281 and patriotism, 245 academy of, 108 and wordliness, 197 advocate for Christians at court, 107, 116 asceticism and, 77 and Crete, 172, 175 of Caucasus region, 77–78 centralization of church authority in, 107–8 Pilgrimage, 44, 49, 74, 86, 92, 102, 107, 167 symbol of imperial authority, 107 Jewish, 172 Patrona Halil rebellion, 189–90 Pilgrimage, to Mecca (hajj), 49, 121, 139, 198–204, Patronage, 118, 135, 138, 144, 147–48, 155, 250 207, 233, 240 and lifetime revenue contracting, 186 and commerce, 198–99, 204–5, 207 and revenue contracting, 196, 250 caravans, 143, 201, 203, 233, 240 and Tanzimat reforms, 248 attack of 1757, 195, 204–5 political culture of, 102, 248, 255 commemorative tiles, 202 Patronage, cultural, 23, 24, 70, 96, 102, 144 in Leyla and Mejnun, 96 Patterns of Medicine (Emir Çelebi), 160 manuals, 201 Peć, Slavic patriarchate of, 107, 213–14 proposed by Osman II, 146–47 and Sokollu clan, 119 routes, 201–3, 240 Peçevi, Ibrahim (historian), 138, 151 security of, 167, 203, 207, 214 Peloponnesus, See Morea Sultans’ sponsorship of, 201–3 Pera, 57 Pilgrims, 23, 31, 57, 91, 102, 159, 173, 201–4, disease in, 193 214–16, 222 Pergamum, 120, 264 Kızılbaş, 86 Pergamum urns, 120 Russian Orthodox, 222, 251 Persia, See Iran Pious endowment, See Trust Persian (Iranian) language, 11, 60, 112, 160, 263 Piracy, pirates, 19, 44, 75, 91, 203 in composition style, 71 and Crete war, 167 Persian Gulf, 94, 96, 208, 259, 307 Piri Pasha, 116 Persian literature, 71, 77, 95–96, 160–62, 298 Piri Reis, 93–94 Persianate culture, 3, 12, 40, 96 maps of, 93 Persians, 18, 140, 148, 291 Pius IX (Pope), 251 Pertevniyal, 245, 247 Plato, 3 Peter I (Tsar), 182–83, 188–90, 211, 231, 243, 249 Pleasant Story of the Slav Nation, The (Miošić), defeated at the Prut, 183 214 Petervardein, battle of, 184 Plovdiv, 55, 62 Phanariot Greeks, 182, 184, 211–14, 241, 253, 260 Pocock, Edward, 161 Philadelphia, 19, See also Alaşehir Podolia, province of, 172, 182 Philadelphia Public Ledger, 315 Poetry, 8, 49, 94, 117, 198, 228–29, 263 Philanthropy, 23, 55, 99, 196, 198 and biographical dictionaries, 159 royal family inﬂuences cultural tastes and inspiration, 228 through, 102 and mathematics, in chronograms, 65 Philhellenes, 242 anthologies (divans), 49 Philiki Hetairia, 241 in Ottoman chronicles, 53, 71 Photiadis, Constantine, 262 in salons, 158 Physicians, 95, 159, 171, 258 losing out to popularity of music, 260, 263

index 385

Poland, 141, 169, 182, 217 Providence, 29, 53, 163 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 145, 169, 217 Provincial cavalry, See Timariots Poll tax on non-Muslims, See Cizye Provincial governors (beylerbeyis), 71, 74, 86, 89, Poltava, battle of, 265 98, 109, 110, 116, 119, 121, 123, 136, 139–40, Population, Office of, 247–59 143, 145, 168, 172 Population figures, 21, 106, 110, 249, 269, 271, 314 beylerbeyi of Egypt overthrown by See also Census janissaries, 123 and cadastral survey records, 106 estates of, 103 evidence for demographic growth, 121, 136 households of, 121 evidence lacking prior to census, 192 Provincial governors, Ottoman princes in censuses, 280–83 apprentice as, 98, 145 in Istanbul cadastral survey (1478), 68 Provincial notables (ayan), 142, 157, 205, 219, of cities, in cadastral surveys, 105–7 231–32, 234, 236–37, 240–41, 251, 255 of cities, in the census, 281–82 in Egypt, 104, 259 religious communities, 107 in pact of agreement, 237 Tanzimat population survey, 250 Provincial organization, 103–5, See see also Portugal, 87, 103, 166 Provincial governors, See also Sancak conquest of Kamran Island, 90 organization, See Kaza organization naval power of, 87 hass ile vs. salyane ile fiscal models, 103 sack of Kilwa and naval power, 93 hierarchy of provinces, 103 Postal service, 272 Provincial treasurers, 136, 205, 209 Pozsony (Bratislava), 91 Prussia, 192, 216, 228 Prague, 55 Prut River, 183–84, 211–12, 218, 241 Preachers, preaching, 14, 78, 110, 150–53, 160, Prut, battle of, 183, 211 168, 174, 193, 196, 203, 297, 299, 315 Public Debt Administration (PDA), 272, 279, and assumptions of audience literacy, 153 283–84, 289 humble origins, 155 Pugachev rebellion, 218 Mevlid sermon confrontation, 152 Pyramids of Giza, 90 Press, 296, 299, 301, 312 Princes’ Islands, 295, 306 Qajar dynasty, 233, 293, 311 Princip, Gavrilo, 295 Qazdağlı household, of Egypt, 206–7, 220, 233 Printing press, 162, 260 Queen Mother, See Valide Sultan Arabic language, 210 Armenian, 197 Racial caricatures, 164, 258 Greek, 167, 215 Railways, 267, 279, 284, 287, 293, 298, 301, 306–7, Hebrew, 111, 197 311, 314 Ottoman Turkish, 197 Çatalca station, 319 of American missionaries, 288 Haydar Pasha station, 284, 309 Prishtina, 15, 60, 298 Orient Express, 284 Prisoners of war, 221, 300, 304, 313, 316, 318 shut down by strikes, 296 Prizren, sancak of, 281 Sirkeci station, 284, 315, 320 Prostitution, 26, 164, 174, 233 Rákóczy, György II, 169 condemned by preachers, 151 Ramadan, 90, 126, 144, 149, 237, 285, 314 Protestant League, 145 Ramazanid Sultanate Protestant Reformation, 93, 110, 153 Ottoman conquest of, 90 and Hungary, 109, 174 Ramazanid Sultanate, of Cilicia, 74, 77, 90 assumptions of literacy in, 153 Rami Mehmed, 182 Battle of White Mountain, 145 Ramle, 214 Ottoman attitude towards, 109–10 Raqqa, province of Protestants, 110, 145, 161, 167, 210, 251, 256, 288 timars reorganized in, 149

386 index

Rauf Bey (Orbay), 319 Reza Khan, 311 Reaya, 60, 250 Rhodes, 25, 74, 76–77 Red Sea, 87, 143, 155, 203, 207, 220, 233 taken by Süleyman, 91–92 Portuguese in, 90 Rice, 208, 210, 232 spice trade in, 103 Richelieu, 161 Reform edict of 1856, 256–57, 281 Rodosto (Tekirdağ), 302 Refugees, 12, 16, 160, 211, 252, 258, 265, 269, Roman Catholicism, 213 313–15 Roman Catholics, 22, 137, 161, 172, 184, 210 Department of Tribes and Refugees, competition with Orthodox, 167, 251–52, 270 258, 312 in Bosnia, 269 favoritism of Christians among, 312 in census, 281 from Russian conquest of Caucasus and missionaries, 109, 166–67, 210, 215 Crimea, 258 Roman Empire, Rome, 1–2, 12, 71, 103, 108 from the Balkan Wars, 300–2 trade routes of, 74 in Istanbul, after Great War, 311–12 Romania, 271 of Greek retreat, 317 Rome, 3, 13, 71, 211, 251 of Iberian expulsions, 107, 110 and Ottoman invasion of Italian peninsula, of Izmir fire, 318 76 of Russian civil war, 315 Rose Garden edict, See Tanzimat reforms of the Celali rebellions and Persian wars, 156, Rosetta, 207 160, 163 Ruins, 1–3, 33, 264, 309, 316, 321 Régie Company, 284–86 as metaphor, in poetry, 3–4 impact of, in Macedonia, 293 Mehmed II and Constantinople, 65 Renewer of the Age, 9, 169 of Aphrodisias, 1–2 Reşad, See Mehmed V (Sultan) of Assos, 33–34 Reşid, Mehmed (Governor of Diyarbekir) of Ayasoluk, 31–33 and Armenian genocide, 305 of Pergamum, 120 Reval, 295 Ruling class (askeri), 6, 55, 60, 99, 142 Revani (poet), 4 tax exemption, 60 Revenue contracting, 76, 111, 138–39, 149, 155–56, Rum Mehmed Pasha, 68, 72 172, 208–9, 214, 231, 234, 237, 255 Rum, province of, 54, 103, 111, 139, 148, 267 agents, 142 Armenians in, 108 and household army of sultans, 138–39, 147 Celali rebels in, 137, 140 and land law (1858), 286 Holy Cities trusts in, 204 as fiscal model, 172, 183, 184, 207, 220, 255 revenue contracting in, 186 and Tanzimat reforms, 240, 255 Rumeli, definition of as long-term replacement for cadastral and the Balkans, 103 surveys, 142 Rumeli, province of, 62–63, 88, 103, 112, 123, 141, default of contractors, 268–69 211, 234, 258, 280 end of, 286 and Selim’s new order, 236 iltizams, 122, 142, 172, 184, 186, 212 Holy Cities trusts in, 204 in Egypt, 142–43, 205–7 most important province, 103 in Tanzimat reforms, 250 population of non-Muslims in, 106 lifetime lease (malikane), 184–86, 205, 209, Revenue contracting in, 211 211–12, 220, 232 sancakbeyis in, 105 and local notables, 186–87 timars reorganized in, 148 auctions, 185–86 Rumi (Mevlana Jalal al-Din), 3, 12, 49, 51, 73 in Egypt, 205 mausoleum of, 46, 90, 112, 245 role of non-Muslims in, 185 mausoleum of (figure), 113 of cizye, 139 Mesnevi, 49, 50–51, 73, 96, 195–96

index 387

poetry of, 47, 117 Jews in, 107, 110–11, 172–73 Suﬁ order of, See Mevlevis population of, 107, 282–83 Rusçuk, 237, 268 publishing boom in, 260, 262 Russia, 76, 108, 182–83, 188–90, 192, 208, 211–12, surrenders to Greece, 300 216, 228, 236–37, 241–42, 245, 247, 251–52, Salons, 158–59, 227 269–71, 284, 294, 302, 313 and coffeehouses, 163 advance in Caucasus region, 230, 233, 258, Salt, 212, 272, 284 303–6, 313–16 Samarkand, 41–42 as model formilitary reform, 231, 243 observatory of Ulugh Beg in, 125 claims of protectorate over Orthodox Samsun (Canik), 220, 231, 258, 311, 313, 315, 318 Christians, 221–22, 252–54 in census, 282 conquest of Central Eurasia, 191 San Remo, treaty of, 308 Crimean war with, 254–55 San Stefano, treaty of, 271, 281 lands troops on Bosphorus, 247 Sancak, 59–60, 90, 103, 114, 123, 140, 214, 281 revolutions of 1917 in, 306 and military administration, 59 Russo-Ottoman war (1768-74), 208, 216–18, Sancakbeyi, Egyptian, 143 220–22 Sancakbeyis, 59–60, 62, 71, 75, 105, 119, 140, Russo-Ottoman war (1787-92), 230 204 Russo-Ottoman war (1806-12), 237, 240 estates of, 103 Russo-Ottoman war (1826-29), 245 households of, 121, 139 Russo-Ottoman war (1877-78), 270–72, 280 in Egypt, 143 Russian civil war, 311–12 Sangarius (Sakarya) River, 8–9 Russian revolution (1905), 293 Sarajevo, 74–75, 165, 182, 219, 269, 302 Russian revolution (1917), 306 and trade routes, 74 Russo-Japanese war, 293 Armenians in, 156 Rüstem Pasha, 99, 202 assassination of Franz Ferdinand in, 279 Rycault, Paul, 151 founding of, 74 in mecmua of Molla Mustafa, 193–95, 198, Sabbatai Sevi, 172–74, 176, 197 204–5, 218 Sacred and profane, distinction of, 47, 49 Jews in, 110, 173 Safavid dynasty, 45, 86, 118, 121 Sarajevo, 194 fall of, 187–89, 191, 208–9, 219 Sardis, 21 Safavid Empire, 87, 90, 93, 118–19, 122–23, 140, Sarıkamış, battle of, 304 148, 156, 219 Sarrafs (bankers) 185–86 Safavids, 72, 78–79, 88, 118, 188 and lifetime revenue contracting, 185 Safed, 111 Sava River, 55 Said Halim Pasha (Grand Vezir), 303 as northern Ottoman boundary, 75, 192 Saint Petersburg, 182, 211, 218, 221 Savior Ofﬁcers, 299–300 Saints, and Turkish spirituality, 46–47, 153 Schedel, Hartmann Sakarya River, battle of, 315 Nuremberg Chronicle, 66 Şakir, Bahaeddin, 293 Schliemann, Heinrich, 264, 289 and Armenian genocide, 306 Scholars and scholarship, 21, 23, 28, 44, 48, 53, Salonika, 14–15, 19, 54, 111, 155, 186, 210–11, 284, 89, 111, 119, 155, 159–62, 196–97, 203, 262, 289, 293, 295, 298, 305 297, 316 as Jewish intellectual center, 111 awareness of westren European science, 61, Hebrew printing press in, 197 161, 263, 289 in Balkan Wars, 300 Christian, 65, 108, 161, 215, 257 in shared Mediterranean intellectual culture, Jewish, 110–11, 172–73 159 Science, 3, 48, 52, 65, 125–26, 143, 159–62, 164–66, interfaith violence in, 256–57 172, 198, 212, 262

388 index

Sea of Azov, 18, 218, 221 Shah Ismail, 39, 45, 79, 86–87, 89–90, 111, 118, 128, Cossack raid in, 167 138, 191 Sébah and Joaillier (photographers), 288, 320 conquest of Baghdad, 86 Şehzade, 61 death of, 91 Selamlık, 287, 319 defeated by Selim, 90 Selaniki (historian), 124, 128 Shah Kulı, 88–89 Selim I (Sultan), 72, 87–91, 93, 152, 198 Shah Wali Allah, of Delhi, 203 accepts submission of Mecca and Medina, 90 Shahnama (Book of Kings), 3, 95 and "Pact of Umar", 90, 116 Sharia, 48, 58, 182, 202, 215–16, 249, 296, and Ibn Arabi, 112 See also Hanafi law Çaldıran campaign, 89–90, 111 and kanun, 125, 150, 164, 262 conquest of Syria and Egypt, 90 and kanun, in kadıs’ courts, 115 conquests of, 105, 108 and Ottoman jurists, on fiscal practice, deposes Bayezid II, 89 184 response to Kızılbaş, 87–90 and secular law, 262 Selim II (Sultan), 87, 98, 99, 101, 118–19, 121–22, 125 in conflict with Ottoman practice, 98, 122 death of, 118 in Mecelle, 256 mosque of, 112 local variety in interpretations of, 104 mosque of, 113 Shatt al-Arab, 207–8 peace with Habsburgs, 91 Shevekiar (Princess), 311 philanthropy in Mecca, 201 Shiism, Twelver, 78, 86, 121, 188, 192 Selim III (Sultan), 227, 230–34, 236–37, 243, 245, Shirvan, 79, 160 247–48, 249, 251 conquered in Caucasus war, 119 murder of, 237 Shkodër, 76 New Order of, 232–34, 236, 237, 243 in Balkan Wars, 300 overthrown, 236 Siberia, 265, 304 Seljuk dynasty, 3, 12, 22–23, 40, 44, 49, 58 Sidon, 111, 214, 233, 291 and Ottoman legitimacy, 45 Sigismund (King of Hungary), 40 Şemsi Pasha, assassination of, 295 Silistre, 19, 245 Septinsular Republic, 234 Silk routes, 55, 74–75, 107, 210 Serbia, 20, 22, 54, 61, 75, 245, 257, 269–71, Silk trade, 25, 75, 118, 210, 272, 284, 284 294–95 Armenians in, 160, 210 forced migration from, 312 in Bursa, 55, 57 in Balkan Wars, 299 in Kayseri, 156, 160 Serbian language, 281 Simeon the Pole, 156 Serbians, 213, 236, 271, 293, 298 Sinai desert, 90, 233 atrocities of, in Balkan Wars, 301–2 Sinan (royal architect), 102 Serres, 45, 301 Sinop, 19, 22, 44, 117, 169, 254, 261 population of, 107 Sipahis (cavalrymen), 59–60, 76, 89, 105, 123, 147, Sevastopol, siege of, 255 148, 219, See also timariots Seven seas, 94 Christian, 59–60 Seven Years War, 191, 208, 216, 220, 232 Sirhindi, Ahmad, 316 Sèvres, treaty of, 307–9, 318–19 Sis, Catholicos of, 210 replaced by Lausanne, 318 Sivas, 40–41, 53, 75, 88, 103, 149, 152, 220, 295 Sex, sexuality, 142, 162, 172 and silk routes, 55 obsession of Kadızadelis with, 170, 185 in census, 282 Seyahatname (Evliya Çelebi), 164 nationalist congress at, 315 Şeyhülislam, See Mufti of Istanbul population of, 107 Seyyids (descendants of the Prophet Sivas, province of Muhammad), 163, 187, 210 timars reorganized in, 149

index 389

Sivasi Efendi, 152 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, 20, 101, 107, 118–19 Six Steps, The (Nursi), 316 and interfaith relations, 110 Siyahi assassination of, 121 medical dictionary by, 160 Don-Volga canal scheme of, 118 Skanderbeg, 75 patronage network of, 110, 119, 138 Skopje, 16, 74, 234, 258, 300 Sophie (Duchess), 279 Armenians in, 156 South Asia, 216 Slave market, 258 South Caucasian Republic, 311 in Istanbul, 76, 259 Soth China Sea, 94 in pre-conquest Constantinople, 57 Spain 23, 93, 270, 320 Slave trade, 57, 75–76, 96, 118, 216, 221, Habsburg Empire of, 105, 122, 135 257–59 Special Organization (Teşkilat-ı mahsusa), 303, and hajj caravans, 204 306 dealers, 156, 259 Spice trade, 75, 87, 103, 143, 208 prohibition on, 259 spiritual energy (din), 4, 96 Slavery, 5, 21, 25–26, 28, 54–55, 96, 102, 135, 167, Steppe, Eurasian, 12–13, 18, 24, 26–27, 76, 175, 218, 254, 258–59 192, 211, 217 and Ottoman palace, 71, 259 Stock markets Henry Blount threatened with, 165 crash of 1873, 267, 272 Mehmed II resettles slaves in Istanbul, 66 Storms, 5, 16, 173, 183 military, 12, 19, 46, 55, 59, 123 Straits, 18, 19, 22, 40–41, 56, 59–60, 61, 68, 74, raids by Ottoman army on campaign, 61, 168–69, 218, 221, 228, 245, 299 See also Devshirme in the Great War, 303, 307 Slaves, 106, 117, 123, 149, 169, 187, 204, 237, Straits, See also Bosphorus and Dardanelles 242–43, 258 Straits of Gibraltar, 218 African, 189, 218, 240 Subject class (reaya), 60, 250 from Caucasus, 189, 218, 257–59 Sublime Porte, 248–49 Georgian, 207, 208, 216, 254, 257–59 Suez, 207, 233, 240 manumission of, 115 Suez Canal, 283, 303 of sultans’ household, 71, 98, 144 Sufis, Sufism, 3, 43–45, 47–51, 72, 79, 92, 112–14, Slavic languages, 112, 159, 195 147, 149, 150, 152, 168, 175, 194, 232, Slavonia, 91, 213 244–45, 316, See also Lodges, Sufi Slavs, 15, 18–21, 25, 40, 62, 64, 74, 98, 110, 114, 147, and Ottoman sultans, 46–47, 191 211, 213, 257, 281, 287, 295 and reforms, 234, 248, 298 and Orthodox Church, 107, 213–14 and revenue contracting, 187 in Ottoman government, 101, 119–21, 141, 147, and the Kızılbaş, 45 169 anti-Sufi antagonism, 112, 150, 152–53, 168 Islamic culture of, 75, 126 cradle sheikhs, 197 rebellion of, against Tanzimat reforms, evolution of formal orders, 112, 196 252 in counterrevolution, 297–98 Smederovo, 107 influence of Kadızadelis on, 195–96 Smoking, 152–54, 163, 285 influence of material prosperity on, in salons, 158 195–97 Smoking, 285 relationship with academic Islam, 47, 51 Smyrna, See Izmir Sugar, 103, 155, 208 Sobieski, Jan, 172, 174 Şükrullah (historian), 71 Society of Knowledge, 262 Süleyman (son of Bayezid I), 42 Sofia, 19, 111, 114, 148, 211, 268 Süleyman (son of Orhan), 16–18 and trade routes, 55 Süleyman Çelebi burned by Murad II, 62 The Means of Salvation, 127

390 index

Süleyman I (Sultan), 87, 88, 91–94, 96, 98–99, Tahmasp (Shah), 91, 118 102, 105, 111, 115–16, 118–19, 123, 125, 137, death of, 118 148, 170, 279 Takiyüddin (astronomer), 125–26 accession of, 91 Takvim, 52 and apocalypticism, 92–93 Talat, Mehmed, 298, 302, 304–5, 311, 313 at shrines in Iraq, 91 Taman Peninsula, 222 cadastral surveys by, 105 Tamerlane, 21, 39–41, 61, 78, 233 conquests of, 91–92, 107–8, 148–49 dynasty of, 61, 181 idealization of, 124–25, 150, 172 Tamerlane’s invasion (map), 43 philanthropy in Mecca, 102, 201 Tanzimat reforms, 247–51, 252, 258, 283, 288 relationship with Hurrem, 98 and modernism, 287 remembered as Kanuni, the lawgiver, 150, 155 debate about aims of, 256, 279 seclusion of, 99 funding, 250–51, 266 Süleyman II (Sultan), 175, 181 land law (1858), 255, 286 Süleyman Pasha, Küçük, of Baghdad, 240 and end of revenue contracting, 286 Süleymaniye mosque complex, 98, 102, 152, 238 provincial law (1864), 255 Sultan Ahmed mosque, 149, 152 religion in, 255–56 construction crews for, 163 Rose Garden edict, 247, 249, 259, 264 Sultan Ahmed mosque, 141 second generation of, 255, 260, 262 Şumnu (Šumen), 218 Tarnovo, 19, 22, 268 Sunnis, Sunnism, 88–89, 111, 118, 126, 147, 148, Tarsus, 297, 307 160, 188, 245, 278 Tatars, 13, 25, 61, 117, 140, 174, 183, 298 in culture of Tanzimat reforms, 232, 249 and Russia, 192, 197 Süryani Christians, 108–9, 210, 305 refugees, 258 Syllogos, 262 Tatra Mountains Synagogue, 115, 116 mines of, 91 Portuguese, in Izmir, 173 Taurus Mountains, 74, 77, 90, 121–22, 155 Syria, 12, 23, 77, 108, 121–22, 136, 140, 148, 155, 173, as currency boundary, 121–22 188, 210, 214, 217, 220, 249, 251, 270, 287, 311 as linguistic boundary, 104 American missionaries in, 288 Taverns, 3–5, 117, 145, 154–55, 189 and Entente powers, 307–8 as metaphor, in poetry, 3–5, 117 commercial growth in, 266 Murad IV and, 154 in French invasion, 233 Tax farming, See Revenue contracting in Great War, 303–4 Taxation, 55, 58, 88, 106–7, 122–23, 136, 142, invaded by Ibrahim, 247, 251 183–85, 190, 205, 208–9, 249, 269, 281, Ottoman conquest of, 90 309 provincial organization in, 105 and class distinction, 60 revenue contracting in, 186 and esham bonds, 231 timars reorganized in, 149 and PDA, 272 Syria, Mandate of, 308–9 avarız tax, 142, 156, 211 Syriac language, 161 exemption for Ottoman clients of foreign Syriac Orthodox Church, 109, See also Süryani merchants, 210, 283 Christians exemptions, 56, 60, 66, 68, 107 Szapolyai, János, 91 extraordinary levies for campaigns, 123, 136 in Egypt, 104 Tabriz, 12, 16, 55, 71, 74–75, 77, 92, 118, 140–41, 189 in Tanzimat reforms, 247, 249–50 Kızılbaş conquest of, 86–88 in war theater, 219 Ottoman conquest of, 1514, 90 obsolescence of provincial system, 136 Ottoman conquest of, in Caucasus war, 121 of agriculturalists, 58, 60, 103, 105–6, 122, sacked by Ibrahim Pasha, 91 172

index 391

of agriculturalists, in Egypt, 104, 143 Torah, 53, 172–73, 197 of nomads, 111, 183 Toynbee, Arnold, 308, 317 poll tax on non-Muslims, See Cizye Transcaucasian Republics, 312 Telegraph, 279 Transjordan, 105 Temesvár, 40, 106, 141, 182 pilgrimage route in, 204 loss of, 184 Transjordan, Mandate of, 308 Textiles, 57, 111, 155, 209, 286 Translations, 27, 52, 159–62, 167, 243, 260–62, The New World, or History of the West Indies, 263, 265 166 Transylvania, 54, 61, 88, 91, 106, 137, 182, 197, 211, Theodora, 15, 19, 22 241 Theology, 14, 29, 49, 112, 139, 153, 160, 196 Transylvania, Principality of, 91, 110, 137, 145, 169 study of, 48 Treasurer, head, 68, 99, 123, 139, 168 Thessaly, 59–60, 68 Treasury, of sultans, 54–55, 58 survey register of, 59–60 Treasury, public, 54–55, 63, 103, 122–23, 143, 171, Thirty Years’ War, 145 214, 219, 237, 243–45, 266, 272, 283 Thrace, 14, 15, 17–18, 28, 55, 58, 68, 88, 236, 300, and revenue contracting, 184–86 306, 314, 318 Trebizond (Trabzon), 22, 72, 76, 79, 88, 94, 220, conquest of, 18–19, 20 258, 282, 311, 313–14, 318 in Sèvres treaty, 308 and silk routes, 55 Jews in, 174 Armenian genocide in, 305–6 Thrace, eastern, 302, 308, 318 Greek dynasty of, relationship to Shah Ismail, Tiﬂis, 119, 230, 311 79, 86 Tigris River, 12, 104, 209, 305 Ottoman conquest of, 74 upper Tigris-Euphrates region, 77, 87, 105, Kızıbaş, 79, 86 108, 122, 186, 304 violence against Armenians in, 292 Tilsit agreement, 237 Tripoli, 172, 247, 299 Timariots (provincial cavalry), 88–89, 122, 139, 150 Tripoli, sancak of, 140 changing recruitment of, 123–24 Troad, 15, 33 Christian timariots, 60 Troy, 264, 289 sympathy of some for Kızılbaş, 88 Trust (vakıf), 5, 10–11, 31, 48, 55, 58–59, 66, 71, 74, Timars, 59–60, 62, 76, 89, 104–5, 122–24, 139, 76, 88, 102, 106, 115, 119, 142, 185, 197, 216, 148–49, 172, 211, 232 235–36 Time, experience of, 2–3, 5–6, 39, 64, 127, 262–63 and Christian and Jewish properties, 115, 122 in AşıkPaşazade, 52–54 cash trusts, 113–14, 151, 155–56 Tırhala, 234 charters, 58, 197 Tithe (‘öşür), 107, 142 Imperial Directorate of, 244 Tobacco, 151, 158, 163, 170, 272, 284 in Tanzimat reforms, 248 and labor violence, 285 linkage with revenue contracting and credit, cigarettes, 285 142, 156 condemned by preachers, 151 staff, 58 in coffeehouses, 163 Tulça, 269 in Macedonia, 293 Tunca River, 19, 55, 188, 300 inﬁdel origins of, 153, 163 as boundary of Ottoman Europe, 302 Régie Company control of, 284–86, 293 Tunis, 105, 255, 270 smuggling of, 284 French occupation of, 283 Tokat, 42, 75, 103, 115, 140, 158, 220 Ottoman conquest of, 122 and silk routes, 55 Turahan, 59 Jewish settlement in, 110 Turhan, Valide Sultan, 167, 170, 175 population of, 107 regency of, 167 Topkapı Sarayı, See Palaces:Topkapı Sarayı Turkic languages, 12, 23–24, 27, 265

392 index

Turkish language, 21, 33, 44, 71–72, 93, 95–96, 98, Ussher, James (Bishop), 161 104, 111–12, 127, 151, 161, 168, 195, 196, 198, Üstüvani, 168 234, 260, 262–63, 268, 281, 287, 298, 308 Uthman (Caliph), 9 in census, 281 Uzbeks, 118 influence on Greek, 212 Uzun Hasan (Akkoyunlu sultan), 75–76, 191 printing press, 197, 260 alliance with Haydar, 79 scientific and medical vocabulary of, 160 alliance with Sheikh Cüneyd, 79 spoken by Armenians and Greeks, 106, 156, 260 death of, 76 translations into, 27, 52, 159, 260–62, 265 relationship to Shah Ismail, 86 use in courthouse proceedings, 104 Turkish Republic, 69 Vakıf, See Trust Turkmens, 2, 11–12, 29, 86–87, 189, 192, 209, 233, Valide Sultan (Queen Mother), 98, 144, 175 265 Van, 140, 299, 315, 321 Akkoyunlu, 191 in the census, 282 and Kızılbaş, 87 siege of, 304 Kara Koyunlu, 79 Van, citadel of, 321 and Safavid succession, 91 Van, Lake, 140, 292, 311 contempt for royal authority of, 87 Van, province of, 304 Tursun Bey, 70–72 in census, 282 History of the Conquerer, 70 Vani Mehmed, 170–71, 173–75, 183 Tuscany, and Celalis, 140 Varna, 19, 245, 258, 269 Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 52 and trade routes, 74 Tuzla, 234 Varna, crusade of, 61–63 Twelve Imams, 79 Vefik, Ahmed (publisher), 265 Tyre, 214 Venice, 15, 25, 40, 42, 69, 105, 140, 184 Tzympe, 16, 18 ambassador of, 136 and Byzantine civil war, 15 Ukraine, 311, 315 and piracy, 167 Ulema, 51, 57, 61, 71, 76, 112, 145, 147, 150, 159, 163, and war for Afro-Eurasian commerce, 73, 170, 183, 196, 204, 239, 254, 256, 297 75–76 and coup against Osman I, 147 in Crete War, 168–69, 171 and revenue contracting, 187 in Karlowitz treaty, 182 and Sufi spirtuality, 51, 72–73 Orthodox emigration to, 108 Ottoman hierarchy of, 67, 119 peace of 1503, 87 Umar (Caliph), 116, 156 Roman Catholicism of, 184 Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, 299 Vidin, 40, 60, 189, 192, 211, 234–36, 268–69 Unionists, See Committee of Union and Vienna, 137, 174–75, 192, 211, 213–14, Progress 269, 295 Unitarians, 110, 197 on Orient Express route, 284 United States of America, 270, 294, 306–8 stock market crash (1873), 267 civil war in, 266–67, 285 Vienna, campaigns against and cotton boom, 286 of 1529, 91 high commissioner of, 309 of 1532, 91 missionaries from, 251, 269, 288 of 1683, 174–75 trade agreement with, 250, 256 Vineyards, 117 Unity of the Elements, 298 Visegrád, 91 Urfa, 140, 201, 309 Vlachs, 54 Uşak, 317 in Belgrade, 107 Üsküdar, 89, 144, 165, 189 Vladikavkaz, 230 American College for Girls at, 314 Vladimirescu, Todor, 241

index 393

Voivodes, 169, 212 in music, 260 Vojvodina, 182, 213 of the Ottoman dynasty, 22, 55, 98–99, 245, Volga River, 12, 118, 315–16 247, 249, 257 von Strahlenberg, Philip Johan, 265 memoirs by, 280 philanthropy of, 102 Wahhabis, 203–4, 233, 239 political power of, 144 alliance with Saudi dynasty, 233, 240 trusts of, 55 and Mehmed Ali, 239–40 trusts established by, 58 resemblances with Kadızadelis, 203 use of credit markets, 156 sack of Mecca by, 233 World Panorama (Katib Çelebi), 162, 197–98 Waldo, Fullerton (journalist), 315 Worldview, 2, 4–7 Wallachia, 19, 40, 42, 44, 137, 141, 169, 183–84, Wrangel, Peter, 311, 315 211–12, 230, 236, 255, See also Danubian Written records, obsession with, 6, 60, 114, 123, Principalities 150, 174, 252, 264 voivode of, 169 War of Austrian Succession, 216 Xerxes, 18, 116 War of Ottoman Dissolution, 279, 295 Wealth, 11, 48, 103, 155, 186, 209–10 Yahya, 4, 184 impact on Suﬁ sprituality, 196–97 Yearbooks (salname), 255, 269 moral responsibility of, 58 Yedikule fortress, 88, 147 Wealth gap, 187, 250, 287 Yemen, 105, 122, 173, 210, 289 Wheat, 232, 266 and coffee trade, 163, 207, 210 harvest failure, 267, 269 Jews in, 173 Wheat trade, 212 Yenikale, 221 White Mountain, Battle of, 145, 167 Yenikapı Wilhelm von Boldensele, 31 Mevlevi lodge of, 245 William of Rubruck, 26 Yeşil Irmak River, 55 Williams, Fenwick, 255 Yom Kippur, 126 Wilson, Woodrow, 307–8 Young Turks, 279, 292–93, 306, Fourteen points of, 314 See also Committee of Union and Wine, 25, 94, 111, 117, 152, 170 Progress as metaphor, in poetry, 4, 50, 95, 117, 153 Ypsilanti, Alexander, 241 international wine trade, Jewish merchants Yunus Emre, 51 in, 111 Yusuf al-Maghribi, 158 Women, 7, 16–17, 22, 26, 44, 102, 113, 117, 171, 193, 196, 215, 285, 301, 304, 312, 318 Zahir al-Umar (Sheikh), 220 admonitions on, 153 Zara, 164–65 as readers, 151 Zimmi, See Non-Muslims in census, 281 Zonguldak, 308