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Natural Diet of Penaeid Prawns in the Coastal Waters of Mumbai

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Natural Diet of Penaeid Prawns in the Coastal Waters of Mumbai J. Indian Fish. Assoc., 33: 31-47, 2006 31 NATURAL DIET OF PENAIED PRAWNS IN THE COASTAL WATERS OF MUMBAI V. D. Deshmukh, M. S. Sawant, S. J. Mane and A. S. Hule Mumbai Research Centre of Centrallvfarine Fisheries Research Institute, Army & Navy Building, 2nd Flo01~ M.G. Road, Mumbai- 400 001, India ABSTRACT Foregut contents of eight commercially important species of penaeid prawns namely Penaeus merguiensis, Metapenaeus affinis, M. monoceros, M. brevicornis, Parapenaeopsis stylifera, P. lwrdwickii, P. ,r,'culptilis and Solenocera crassicornis were investigated from inshore, nearshore and offshore fishing grounds ofMumbai. Feeding intensity and index of preponderance (IP) of the dietary items were compared statistically for the species, sexes, fishing areas and maturity condition of females. AU the species except M. monoceros and P. sculptilis showed that females were better fed than males. The feeding intensity in the three depth-zones was different for M. affinis, M. brevicornis, M. monoceros, P. hardwickii and S. crassicornis, and un.iform for P. merguiensis, P. stylifera and P. sculptilis. Acetes spp., prawn remains, polychaetes, benthic crustaceans, foraminifers and fish remains were the important food items of the prawns. Dietary comparison between the two sexes of the species did not show any difference, but mature females of M. monoceros and P. sculptilis had different diets. Comparison of food items for all the species together showed significant difference between the three areas. Crustacean diet was the favourite in the inshore and nearshore, and polychaetes in the offshore waters. All the species except P. hardwickii showed difference in their dietary composition in the three depth-zones. It is concluded that these coexisting species are primarily carnivorous and exhibit diverse food preferences in different depth-zones by browsing on interstitial organisms, chasing epipelagic prey, raptorial predation, scavenging on dead organisms or adopting different temporal abundance to avoid inter-specific competition for food. Keywords: Foregut, penaeid prawns, diet inter-specificity INTRODUCTION migration to offshore waters for spawning. Mangrove-fringed estuaries Life cycle of the coastal penaeid are the food-rich nursery grounds which prawns is characterised by nursery provide detritus and benthic organisms grounds in estuarine waters and to their young ones for rapid growth 32 Y. D. Dcshmukh. M.S. Sawant, S. J. Mane and A. S. Hulc (Garcia and Le Reste, 1981 ). However, Wassenberg and Hill ( 1987), Stoner and young ones of most of the species, Zimmerman ( 1988), andAlbertoni et al. which do not exhibit such obligatory (2003). dependency on the estuarine waters, abound in coastal mudflats and areas Penaeid prawns belonging to the close to the shores (Hughes, 1966; genera Metapenaeus, Parapeneopsis Kutkunh, 1969~ Staples et al., 1985), and Solenocera form bulk of the primarily for feeding. Before migrating traditional bag (dol) net and trawl to offshore waters, juveniles and sub­ catches in waters around Mumbai adults of these prawns traverse through (Deshmukh et al., 2001 ). Juveniles and inshore and nearshore habitats, where sub-adults of these genera occur benthic communities on the inte1iidal abundantly in the inshore creeks and and subtidal mudflats offer rich feeding nearshore waters from where they grounds to them. During their sojourn migrate to offshore waters for through such habitats, the species may spawning. The abundance ofprawns in show temporal and spatial feeding these waters could be due to profusion intensity or preference to certain food of food; therefore, it was intended to organisms to avoid competition among know the food and feeding habits of the them. Therefore, it is necessary to prawns in the inshore, nearshore and understand the interaction between offshore habitats. Since many coexisting species in relation to the coexisting species of prawns share the distribution of food organisms, which same habitats, it is imperative to explore can throw light on the habitat value species-wise and area-wise feeding (Minello and Zim1nennan, 1991 ). niches, and their individual preferences to particular food organisms. An Investigations on the food and attempt was also made to find out feeding habits of the individual species preference of either sex, in general, and in India have been reported with respect the mature females, in pmiicular, to to size and season (Panikkar and ce1iain food organisms. Menon, 1956; Kunju, 1967; George, 1974). The intensities of feeding and MATERIAL AND METHODS diet of prawns in different areas have been reported for Penaeus semisulcatus Random samples of eight species, (Thomas, 1980), P merguiensis (Chong viz., Penaeus merguiensis, and Sasekumar, 1981) and M. Metapenaeus G:ffinis, M. 1nonoceros, M. monoceros (Rao, 1988). Comparative brevicornis, Parapeneopsis styl~fera, P accounts of food of two or more species sculptilis, P hardwickii and Solenocera in different coastal areas have been crassicornis were collected during given by Dall (1968), Tiews et al. January-December 2002, frmn New (1968) and Kuttyamma. (1974). Ferry Wharf (NFW), Versova and Quantitative comparisons of the food Sassoon Docks landing centres at between the species are reported by fortnightly intervals from trawl and dol NATURAL DIET OF PENAJED PRAWNS IN THE COASTAL 33 WATERS OF MUMBAI nets. The samples collected from dol Elphidium spp. and Cyclammina spp. as nets operated in Mumbai Harbour and foraminifers. Generally, small fishes or landed at NFW and Sassoon Docks their larvae ingested by the prawns were represented inshore area (depth: < 10 m) identified by the presence of scales, and those from trawlers operated from bones, vertebrae and eye lenses. Entire Versova represented nearshore area shells · or pieces with ridges and (depth: 10-25 m), while those from the adductor muscles were the keys to multi-day trawlers at NFW represented identify bivalves, and spiral shells (and the offshore area (depth: 25-70 m). sometimes opercula) marked the Samples. of M monoceros and P presence of gastropods, while pieces of sculptilis were not available from arms with suckers enabled to nearshore and offshore areas, distinguish cephalopods. Small pieces respectively. The samples were of leaves, filaments of algae and preserved in 5% formalin. After noting siliceous diatoms were together size and sex, and maturity conditions in grouped as vegetable matter. Partly the case of females, the carapace of each digested semi-solid food that could not was cut open to observe distension of be identified to its origin was treated as foregut. The foreguts were dissected to semi-digested matter (SDM). find out feeding intensity and their Entangled thread-like material contents. appearing like nylon threads and white beads could not be identified The gut contents were examined (unidentified). The decomposed under stereoscopic binocular amorphous plant and animal matter, and microscope and categorized into broad their remains mixed with mud were taxonomic groups. Acetes spp. were treated as detritus. identified by the presence of elongated eyestalks and uropods with red Feeding intensity of 6425 chrmnatophores. Pieces of penaeid and specimens of the eight species was caridean prawns (prawn remains) in the determined by assigning 0-20 poinfs fore guts were identified by the presence depending on distension of foreguts. of antennal flagella, eyes, white mass of The prawns with 12-20 points were flesh and appendages. The polychaetes considered as well-fed, 5-11 points appeared as entangled mass with partly-fed and 0-4 points poorly-fed. distinct setae, jaws and sometimes, The intensities of feeding between the eletrae. Benthic crustaceans included sexes and maturity conditions of isopods, amphipods, harpacticoid I females were compared statistically by copepods, ostracods, cumaceans, the test of homogeneity while the same tanaedaceans and small crabs, which in inshore, nearshore and offshore areas were identified by the presence of their by the test of independence by 2 peculiar body parts and appendages. computing the X • Based on the visual The presence of typical chambered estimates of their volume, the recorded shells made it easy to identify food items were given points, and the 34 V. D. Dcshmukh. M. S. Sa want. S. J. Mane and A. S. Hulc percentage volume and percentage females were noted following Rao occurrence were calculated to get the (1968); the differences in the diet of index of preponderance (IP) as mature (stages III and IV) and non­ suggested by Natarajan and Jhingran mature females (stages I, II and V) were (1961). For the comparison of dietary also tested statistically by the items between the sexes and the areas, Spearman's rank correlation method. the IP of the food items were analysed using non-parametric Spearman rank RESULTS correlation method (Zar, 1984 ). The difference in preference of food items Feeding intensity: Sex-wise feeding between the species was found by the intensity of each species pooled from non-parametric Friedman's test (Zar, the inshore, nearshore and offshore 1984). The maturity conditions of areas (Table 1) showed that the proportion of moderately and well-fed Table 1: Feeding intensity of male and female prawns C'/o in. parentheses) pooled from all the areas Species Sex Pool'ly fed !VIoderately fed Well Fed Results x2 P. merguiensis Male 97 (63.0) 36 (23.4) 21 (13.6) female 82 (50.0) 40 (24.4) 42 (25.6) 8.16* Pooled 1 79 (56.3) 76 (23.9) 63 (19.8) M. C{j{in is Male 388 (57.9) 135 (20.1) 147(21.9) Female 428 (52.1) 181 (22.0 212(25.8) 5.19* Pooled 816(54.7) 316(21.2) 359 (24.1) M. monoceros Male 96 (60.8) 31 (19.6) 31 (19.6) Female 101 (56.4) 37 (20.7) 41 (22.9) 0.74 NS Pooled 197 (58.5) 68 (20.2) 72 (21.4) M. brevicornis Male 407 (41.9) 171 (17 .6) 394 (40.5) Female 523 (33.9) 213(13J-\) 808 (52.3) 33.34** Pooled 930 (37.0) 384 (15.3) 1202 (47.8) P.
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