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Handbook of Shrimp Diseases LOAN COPY ONLY TAMU-H-95-001 C3 Handbook of Shrimp Diseases Aquaculture S.K. Johnson Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University 90-601 (rev) Introduction 2 Shrimp Species 2 Shrimp Anatomy 2 Obvious Manifestations ofShrimp Disease 3 Damaged Shells , 3 Inflammation and Melanization 3 Emaciation and Nutritional Deficiency 4 Muscle Necrosis 5 Tumors and Other Tissue Problems 5 Surface Fouling 6 Cramped Shrimp 6 Unusual Behavior 6 Developmental Problems 6 Growth Problems 7 Color Anomalies 7 Microbes 8 Viruses 8 Baceteria and Rickettsia 10 Fungus 12 Protozoa 12 Haplospora 13 Gregarina 15 Body Invaders 16 Surface Infestations 16 Worms 18 Trematodes 18 Cestodes 18 Nematodes 18 Environment 20 Publication of this handbook is a coop erative effort of the Texas A&M Univer sity Sea Grant College Program, the Texas A&M Department of Wildlife and $2.00 Fisheries Sciences and the Texas Additional copies available from: Agricultural Extension Service. Produc Sea Grant College Program tion is supported in part by Institutional 1716 Briarcrest Suite 603 Grant No. NA16RG0457-01 to Texas Bryan, Texas 77802 A&M University by the National Sea TAMU-SG-90-601(r) Grant Program, National Oceanic and 2M August 1995 Atmospheric Administration, U.S. De NA89AA-D-SG139 partment of Commerce. A/1-1 Handbook ofShrimp Diseases S.K. Johnson Extension Fish Disease Specialist This handbook is designed as an information source and tail end (abdomen). The parts listed below are apparent upon field guide for shrimp culturists, commercial fishermen, and outside examination (Fig. 1). others interested in diseases or abnormal conditions of shrimp. 1. Cephalothorax It describes and illustrates common maladies, parasites and 2. Abdomen commensals of commercially important marine shrimp. De 3. Antennules scriptions include information on the life cycles and general 4. Antenna biological characteristics of disease-producing organisms that 5. Antennal scale spend all or part of their life cycles with shrimp. 6. Rostrum (horn) Disease is one of the several causes of mortality in shrimp 7. Eye stocks. Death from old age is the potential fate of all shrimp, 8. Mouthparts (several but the toll taken by predation (man being one of the major appendages for holding predators), starvation, infestation, infection and adverse envi and tearing food) ronmental conditions is much more important. 9. Carapace (covering of Although estimates of the importance of disease in natural cephalothorax) populations are generally unreliable, the influence of disease, 10. Walking legs (pereio- like predation and starvation, is accepted as important in lower pods) ing numbers of natural stocks whenever they grow to excess. 11. Abdominal segment Disease problems are considered very important to success 12. Swimmerets (pleopods) ful production in shrimp aquaculture. Because high-density, 13. Sixth abdominal seg confined rearing is unnatural and may produce stress, some ment shrimp-associated organisms occasionally become prominent 14. Telson factors in disease. Special measures are required to offset their 15. Uropod Fig. 1. External anatomy of shrimp. detrimental effects. 16. Gills (Numbers conform to list.) Disease may be caused by living agents or other influences Inside structures include (Fig. 2) of the general environment. Examples of influences in the general environment that cause disease are lack of oxygen, 1. Esophagus poisons, low temperatures and salinity extremes. This guide 2. Stomach concentrates on the living agents and on visual presentation of 3. Hemocoel (blood space) the structure and effects of such agents. 4. Digestive gland (hepato- pancreas) Shrimp Species 5. Heart 6. Intestine There are many shrimp species distributed world-wide. 7. Abdominal muscles Important shrimp of the Gulf of Mexico catch are the brown The "skin" or hypodermis shrimp, Penaeus aztecus\ the white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus; of a shrimp lies just beneath and the pink shrimp; Penaeus duorarum. the cuticle. It is functional in Two exotic shrimp have gained importance in Gulf Coast secreting the new exoskeleton aquaculture operations. These are the Pacific white (white leg) that develops to replace the shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, and the Pacific blue shrimp, old at shedding. Shedding of Penaeus stylirostris. These two species are used likewise Fig. 2. Internal anatomy of the cuticle (also known as shrimp. (Numbers conform to throughout the Americas on both east and west coasts. molting or ecdysis) occurs at list.) Jagged line represents In Asia, the Pacific, and to some extent the Mediterranean, intervals during a shrimp's cutaway of cuticle to expose the following species are used: Penaeus monodon, Penaeus life and allows for change in internal organs. merguiensis, Penaeus chinensis, Penaeusjaponicus, Penaeus developmental stage and ex semisulcatus, Penaeus indicus, Penaeus penicillatus and pansion in size. Metapenaeusensis. Penaeus monodon, the giant tiger (or black The reproductive organs of adults are particularly notice tiger) shrimp is the world leader in aquaculture. able. When ripe, the ovaries of females may be seen through the cuticle to begin in the cephalothorax and extend dorsally Shrimp Anatomy into the abdomen. Spermatophores, a pair of oval structures A shrimp is covered with a protective cuticle (exoskeleton, containing the sperm in adult males, are also visible through shell) and has jointed appendages. Most organs are located in the cuticle when viewed from the underside near the juncture the head end (cephalothorax) with muscles concentrated in the of cephalothorax and abdomen. The principle nervous struc- ture, the ventral nerve cord, is visible along the underside of the body between the swimmerets. Obvious Manifestations of Shrimp Disease Damaged Shells Shrimp cuticle is easily damaged in aquaculture situations when hard structures are impacted or rubbed. (Fig. 3). Blood runs openly (outside of vessels) under the shell of shrimps,out through appendagesand into tiny fringe parts. When injury occurs to the shell, the blood quickly clots and protectsdeeper parts (Fig. 4). Shell damage may also be inflicted by the pinching or biting of othershrimpin crowded conditions. Partsof appendages such as antennae may be missing. Cannibalism has an impor tant influence on survival in some phases of shrimp culture where stronger individuals devour weak ones (Fig. 5). Shells may also be damaged because they become infected. Fig. 3. Eyes of shrimp are normally black, but rubbing of a tank wall A protective outer layer is part of the cuticle. If underlying has caused this eye to appear whitish because of a prominent lesion. portions arc exposed opportunistic microbes will invade the shell and use it as a food base or portal for entry into deeper tissue. Larger marks darken and become obvious (Fig. 6). Inflammation and Melanization Darkening of shell and deeper tissues is a frequent occur rence with shrimp and other crustaceans. In the usual case, blood cells gradually congregate in particular tissue areas (in flammation) where damage has occurred and this is followed by pigment (melanin) deposition. An infective agent, injury or a toxin may cause damage and stimulate the process (Fig. 7). Gills arc particularly prone to darkening due to their fragile nature and their function as a collecting site for elimination of the body's waste products (Fig. 8). Gills readily darken upon exposure to toxic metals or chemicals and as a result of infec tion by certain fungi (Fusarium sp.). Less common but important are dark blotches that sometime occur within the tails of pond shrimp. This manifestation of Fig. 4. Microscopic view of a lesion on a uropod (tail part). Note crease necrosis (breakdown and death) of muscle portions followed by from bend in part and loss of fringe setae. melanization degrades the product's market potential. It is possible that this condition results from deep microbial inva sions that run through spaces between muscle bundles but its actual causes remain unknown (Fig. 9). Fig. 6. Tail ends of two shrimp. The lower shrimp shows typical darken ing of cuticle that involves microbial action. The darkening itself is considered a host response. The telsons of the upper shrimp are Fig. 5. Cannibalism usually begins as other shrimp devour the append opaque because of dead inner tissue. Successful entry and tissue ages. destruction by bacteria was accomplished only in those parts. Emaciation and Nutritional Deficiency Unfed shrimp lose their normal full and robust appearance and exhibit emaciation. The shell becomes thin and flexible as it covers underlying tissue such as tail meat that becomes greatly resorbed for lack of nutrients. Molting is curtailed and shell and gills may darken in time (Fig. 10). Emaciation may also follow limited feeding behavior during chronic disease conditions or an exposure to unfavorable environmental condi tions. Empty intestines arc easily observed through transparent cuticle and flesh. Prepared diets deficient in necessary constituents may pre dispose or cause disease. Vitamin C deficiency, for example, will initiate darkening of gills or certain tissues associated with the cuticle and eventually result in deaths. Fig. 7. A shrimp photographed (above) near time of back injury and (below) hours later. Injury by a toxin or disease agent will usually trig ger a similar response of inflammation and melanization. •k , f J . Fig. 9. Areas of melanized necrotic tissue in tail musculature. Fig. 10. Emaciated shrimp. Gills and body fringes have become
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