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Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Livestock Production 177 177 ISSN 0254-6019 FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in livestock production Mitigation of greenhouse Animal agriculture substantially contributes to the world economy by providing food, jobs, and financial security for billions of people. With increasing concerns over global climate change and pollution, efforts are underway to reduce the overall environmental impact of animal production. This document analyses emission of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases, an important segment of the environmental footprint of animal production. It has been developed by a team that included experts in animal/ruminant nutrition, manure and soil management, animal and whole-farm modeling, and animal reproduction. Over 900 publications focusing on nutritional and manure management mitigation strategies for methane (enteric or from manure) and nitrous oxide emissions were reviewed and analysed, and a synthesis of feed-, animal management- and manure management-based mitigation approaches and interactions amongst them has been presented. This document will help researchers, animal industry consultants, policy-makers, animal producers, non-governmental organizations, and other groups with interest in maintaining a viable and paper environmentally-responsible animal production sector to make sound decisions on selection and adoption of effective and economically feasible greenhouse gas mitigation practices. MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION A review of technical options for non-CO2 emissions FAO Cover photographs: Left: ©WrenMedia/N. Palmer Center: ©Dario Sabljak/Fotolia.com Right: ©FAO/Thomas Hug 177 FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH paper MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION A review of technical options for non-CO2 emissions Editors Pierre J. Gerber, Benjamin Henderson and Harinder P.S. Makkar FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2013 Authors’ details Alexander N. Hristov1*, Joonpyo Oh1, Chanhee Lee1, Robert Meinen1, Felipe Montes1, Troy Ott1, Jeff Firkins2, Al Rotz3, Curtis Dell3, Adegbola Adesogan4, WenZhu Yang5, Juan Tricarico6, Ermias Kebreab7, Garry Waghorn8, Jan Dijkstra9 and Simon Oosting9 1 Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 2 The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA 3 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802, USA 4 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA 5 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge AB, Canada T1J 4B1 6 Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, Rosemont, IL 60018, USA 7 University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA 8 DairyNZ, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand 9 Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Advisory group Michel Doreau (INRA/VetAgro Sup, Herbivores Unit, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France); Richard Eckard; Mario Herrero; Dong Hongmin; Tim McAllister (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada); Hayden Montgomery; Kurt Roos; Sven G. Sommer; Markos Tibbo (Livestock Officer, UN-FAO Regional Office for the Near East, Cairo, Egypt); J. Mark Powell (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service). Recommended citation Hristov, A.N., Oh, J., Lee, C., Meinen, R., Montes, F., Ott, T., Firkins, J., Rotz, A., Dell, C., Adesogan, A., Yang, W., Tricarico, J., Kebreab, E., Waghorn, G., Dijkstra, J. & Oosting, S. 2013. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in livestock production – A review of technical options for non-CO2 emissions. Edited by Pierre J. Gerber, Benjamin Henderson and Harinder P.S. Makkar. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 177. FAO, Rome, Italy. Acknowledgement The Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) project provided financial and technical contributions to this publication. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-107658-3 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-107659-0 (PDF) © FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. iii Authors’ details Alexander N. Hristov1*, Joonpyo Oh1, Chanhee Lee1, Robert Meinen1, Felipe Montes1, Troy Ott1, Jeff Firkins2, Al Rotz3, Curtis Dell3, Adegbola Adesogan4, WenZhu Yang5, Juan Tricarico6, Ermias Kebreab7, Garry Waghorn8, Jan Dijkstra9 and Simon Oosting9 Contents 1 Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 2 The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA 3 USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802, USA 4 University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA 5 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge AB, Canada T1J 4B1 Editors’ preface vii 6 Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy, Rosemont, IL 60018, USA Abstract ix 7 University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Abbreviations and acronyms xiii 8 DairyNZ, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand 9 Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands Introduction 1 * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Livestock global non-CO greenhouse gas emissions 1 Advisory group 2 Michel Doreau (INRA/VetAgro Sup, Herbivores Unit, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France); Scope and approach 5 Richard Eckard; Mario Herrero; Dong Hongmin; Tim McAllister (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada); Hayden Approach 6 Montgomery; Kurt Roos; Sven G. Sommer; Markos Tibbo (Livestock Officer, UN-FAO Regional Office for the Near East, Cairo, Egypt); J. Mark Powell (United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service). Mitigation practices 9 Recommended citation Enteric fermentation 10 Hristov, A.N., Oh, J., Lee, C., Meinen, R., Montes, F., Ott, T., Firkins, J., Rotz, A., Dell, C., Adesogan, A., Yang, W., Introduction to stoichiometry of rumen carbohydrate fermentation 10 Tricarico, J., Kebreab, E., Waghorn, G., Dijkstra, J. & Oosting, S. 2013. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in Feed supplements 14 livestock production – A review of technical options for non-CO2 emissions. Edited by Pierre J. Gerber, Benjamin Henderson and Harinder P.S. Makkar. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 177. FAO, Rome, Italy. Inhibitors 14 Electron receptors 15 Acknowledgement Ionophores 18 The Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) project provided financial and technical contributions to this publication. Plant bioactive compounds (PBAC) 19 Dietary lipids 25 Exogenous enzymes 32 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply Direct-fed microbials 33 the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the Defaunation 35 United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area Manipulation of rumen archaea and bacteria 36 or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not Feeds and feeding management 37 imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar Effect of feed intake 37 nature that are not mentioned. Concentrate inclusion 40 The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily Forage quality and management 47 reflect the views or policies of FAO. Feed processing 54 Mixed rations and feeding frequency 56 ISBN 978-92-5-107658-3 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-107659-0 (PDF) Precision feeding and feed analyses 58 Mitigation options for production systems based on low-quality feeds 60 © FAO 2013 Manure and manure management 64 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Diet manipulation and nutrient balance 68 Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, Dietary management and N O emissions from manure 68 research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that 2 appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright
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