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Sustainable Sanitation for All - Friday, July 15, 2016 9:51:22 PM IP Address:78.124.119.136 Sustainable Sanitation for All http://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449272 - Friday, July 15, 2016 9:51:22 PM IP Address:78.124.119.136 00_SUS_FM_PG_i-xviii.indd 1 6/28/2016 9:27:14 PM Praise for this book ‘CLTS was an unpredicted phenomenon that changed the way governments, civil society and external agencies approach improving sanitary conditions for the poor; and brought hope to a depressing era of neglect and stagnation in sanitation thinking. But it appeared CLTS had a fatal flaw in that the use of often hastily built household latrines doesn’t always last. This timely book brings together experiences from Asia and Africa to examine how to sustain the transformed mind-set, the facilities triggered by CLTS and the new patterns of defecation behaviour, which changed age-old traditions, now made more treacherous by population growth. The book tackles the next frontier: how to utilize the power of CLTS to create permanent facilities and improved service levels. The volume captures experiences and analysis which sorely need to be understood and built upon if we are to induce the much-delayed sanitation revolution that transformed life in Europe.’ Piers Cross, Senior Advisor to Sanitation and Water for All, former Global Manager of the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program ‘At last, after decades of neglect, the world seems to be waking up to the greatest challenge of the 21st century; sanitation for all. But, as this book points out, declaring millions of villages open defecation free is just a start, we need to maintain the gains, deal with the faecal sludge, resolve problems of menstrual and hand hygiene, and see sanitation businesses spread around the world. It’s time for critical thinking, which is just what this book provides; a state of the art check-in on the problems that we face and the solutions that have been found around the world. Every sanitation practitioner, indeed anyone interested in sustainable approaches to public health, needs to read this thoughtful book.’ Val Curtis, Director of the Environmental Health Group at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ‘This book is a necessary and valuable addition to the sanitation literature, identifying what we have learned from 15 years of working on understanding community preferences, and addressing constraints in demand, supply and the enabling environment.’ Jan Willem Rosenboom, sanitation expert ‘This book puts forward a mix of innovative thinking based on experience and evidence that is useful and relevant whether working with communities on programmes or with governments on policy.’ Sanjay Wijesekera, Chief of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, UNICEF http://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449272 - Friday, July 15, 2016 9:51:22 PM IP Address:78.124.119.136 ‘This publication provides evidence on community-led total sanitation and it is essential we learn from it.’ Hilda Winarta, independent consultant, formerly Regional WaSH Specialist for Plan International Asia Regional Office 00_SUS_FM_PG_i-xviii.indd 2 6/28/2016 9:27:14 PM Sustainable Sanitation for All Experiences, challenges, and innovations Edited by Petra Bongartz, Naomi Vernon and John Fox http://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449272 - Friday, July 15, 2016 9:51:22 PM IP Address:78.124.119.136 00_SUS_FM_PG_i-xviii.indd 3 6/28/2016 9:27:14 PM Practical Action Publishing Ltd The Schumacher Centre, Bourton on Dunsmore, Rugby, Warwickshire, CV23 9QZ, UK www.practicalactionpublishing.org © Institute of Development Studies, CLTS Knowledge Hub, 2016 The moral right of the editors to be identified as authors of the editorial material and of the contributors of their individual chapters have been asserted under sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988. This open access publication is created under a Creative Commons Attribution Non- commercial No-derivatives CC BY-NC-ND license. This allows the reader to copy and redistribute the material; but appropriate credit must be given, the material must not be used for commercial purposes, and if the material is transformed or built upon the modified material may not be distributed. For further information see https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalogue record for this book has been requested from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-85339-927-5 Hardback ISBN 978-1-85339-928-2 Paperback ISBN 978-1-78044-927-2 Library Ebook ISBN 978-1-78044-928-9 Ebook Citation: Bongartz, P., Vernon, N., and Fox, J. (eds) (2016) Sustainable Sanitation for All: Experiences, challenges, and innovations, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing, <http:// dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780449272> Since 1974, Practical Action Publishing has published and disseminated books and information in support of international development work throughout the world. Practical Action Publishing is a trading name of Practical Action Publishing Ltd (Company Reg. No. 1159018), the wholly owned publishing company of Practical Action. Practical Action Publishing trades only in support of its parent charity objectives and any profits are covenanted back to Practical Action (Charity Reg. No. 247257, Group VAT Registration No. 880 9924 76). This document has been financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida. Sida does not necessarily share the views expressed in this material. Responsibility for its contents rests entirely with the author. Cover design by Mercer Design http://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449272 - Friday, July 15, 2016 9:51:22 PM IP Address:78.124.119.136 Indexed by Elizabeth Ball Printed by Short Run Press, UK 00_SUS_FM_PG_i-xviii.indd 4 6/28/2016 9:27:14 PM Contents Figures, tables, and boxes vii About the editors x Acronyms and abbreviations xi Acknowledgements xiii Foreword: xv Robert Chambers 1. Going beyond open defecation free 1 Naomi Vernon and Petra Bongartz PART I: Mapping the territory 29 2. Sanitation in Bangladesh: revolution, evolution, and new challenges 31 Suzanne Hanchett 3. Building environments to support sustainability of improved sanitation behaviours at scale: levers of change in East Asia 53 Nilanjana Mukherjee 4. Strengthening post-ODF programming: reviewing lessons from sub-Saharan Africa 83 Ann Thomas PART II: Physical sustainability 99 5. CLTS and sanitation marketing: aspects to consider for a better integrated approach 101 Twitty Munkhondia, Warren Mukelabai Simangolwa, and Alfonso Zapico Maceda 6. User-centred latrine guidelines – integrating CLTS with sanitation marketing: a case study from Kenya to promote informed choice 121 Yolande Coombes 7. Sanitation infrastructure sustainability challenges http://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449272 - Friday, July 15, 2016 9:51:22 PM IP Address:78.124.119.136 case study: Ethiopia 135 Hunachew Beyene 8. The long-term safe management of rural shit 139 Jamie Myers 00_SUS_FM_PG_i-xviii.indd 5 6/28/2016 9:27:14 PM vi SUSTAINABLE SANITATION FOR ALL PART III: Post-ODF engagement and monitoring 153 9. Beyond ODF: a phased approach to rural sanitation development 155 Andrew Robinson and Michael Gnilo 10. Roles and responsibilities for post-ODF engagement: building an enabling institutional environment for CLTS sustainability 167 Samuel Musembi Musyoki 11. Who is managing the post-ODF process in the community? A case study of Nambale sub-county in western Kenya 181 Elizabeth Wamera 12. Tools for embedding post-ODF sustainability: experiences from SNV Nepal 197 Anup Kumar Regmi 13. Certification of open defecation free status: emerging lessons from Kenya 211 Lewnida Sara PART IV: How to ensure equity and inclusion 223 14. Promoting choice: smart finance for rural sanitation development 225 Andrew Robinson and Michael Gnilo 15. Putting the hardest to reach at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals 245 Sue Cavill, Sharon Roose, Cathy Stephen, and Jane Wilbur 16. Leave no one behind: equality and non-discrimination in sanitation and hygiene 267 Archana Patkar PART V: How to transform social norms 281 17. Purity, pollution, and untouchability: challenges affecting the adoption, use, and sustainability of sanitation programmes in rural India 283 Aashish Gupta, Diane Coffey, and Dean Spears 18. Using social norms theory to strengthen CATS impact and sustainability 299 Therese Dooley, Louise Maule, and Michael Gnilo 19. Conclusion: gaps in knowledge and further research needs 315 http://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449272 - Friday, July 15, 2016 9:51:22 PM IP Address:78.124.119.136 Naomi Vernon and Petra Bongartz Index 319 00_SUS_FM_PG_i-xviii.indd 6 6/28/2016 9:27:14 PM Figures, tables, and boxes Figures 1.1. Creating an enabling environment for CLTS sustainability 6 2.1. American Standard SaTo-pan sanitary toilet pan 40 2.2. A tree grove used for OD in 2010 and with a latrine in 2015 41 3.1. Community Behaviour Change Ladder envisaged by STBM (Indonesia) 64 3.2. TSSM project’s causal logic 66 3.3. Capacity Development Framework and Action Plan for Rural Sanitation in Lao PDR 70 3.4. Logical sequence of change levers to engage for sector reform 76 4.1. Timeline to ODF in a typical sanitation project cycle 84 4.2. Percentage of communities in Mozambique that had been declared ODF in the previous five years that remained ODF in 2013 84 4.3. Review of partnerships required for CLTS implementation in Kakamega County, Kenya 91 4.4. Sustainability Check Framework, Mozambique 92 5.1. Sanitation marketing integrated approach 102 5.2. Results from a research survey on the price you can afford for a latrine, Kongwa District, Tanzania 106 5.3. Traditional pour flush toilet 111 5.4. SAFI-latrine 112 5.5.
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