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ANAL CLEANSING: Lack of Materials Contributes to Disease, Shame, Confusion Questions
ANAL CLEANSING: Lack of materials contributes to disease, shame, confusion Questions Without proper materials for anal cleansing, students desires to wipe and to wash their hands after wiping. and their classmates are at increased risk of acquiring “Sometimes there is feces left on you and your hands diarrheal diseases through hand contamination. The and, say, you have bought doughnuts and shared lack of such materials at schools is a concern. Further- them with someone and then he will eat your dirt… more, latrines can be quickly filled if inadequate mate- and then he is sick and then you feel bad,” said a rials (such as rocks or corncobs) are used by students. grade 7 male from Kamunda. To better understand how anal cleansing can be ef- fectively communicated, SWASH+ researchers wanted Perceived personal risk of disease or illness was men- to know three things: tioned near the end of discussions as a reason to • How do students feel about anal cleansing? clean properly. Cholera was the illness mentioned first, • What materials are best for anal cleansing? and, followed by dysentery, typhoid and nyach (a term for • How much do students know about this area? any STI excluding HIV/AIDS). Emotional factors that motivate students to wipe in- Research clude a desire to avoid shame due to soiled clothing or smelliness. Students also mentioned that ineffective Since 2007, the SWASH+ program has been conduct- cleansing inhibits concentration. “When you smell, you ing research in rural Nyanza Province, Kenya, to assess cannot focus in class,” said a grade 7 female from the impact, sustainability, and scalability of a school- Bunde. -
Model 5412 — Recessed Bradex Product Materials Capacity
5412 Toilet Tissue Dispenser Model 5412 — Recessed BradEX® Dual Roll ADA Compliant Product Materials FLANGE: 22 gauge stainless steel with exposed surfaces in architectural satin finish. Flange of one-piece seamless construction, 1" wide with ¼" return. CABINET: 22 gauge stainless steel with exposed surfaces in architectural satin finish. Welded construction with burr-free edges SERVICE DOOR: 22 gauge stainless steel with exposed surfaces in architectural satin finish and tumbler lock keyed like other Bradley units. Hinged at bottom. SPINDLES: molded polyethylene. Capacity Two standard core toilet tissue rolls through 5" in diameter. Operation Cabinet holds two rolls of 4½" x 5" standard core toilet tissue, one above the other. When first roll is used up, fresh roll automatically drops down for use. Unique retaining mechanism prevents use of spare roll until first roll is completely used. Spindles non-removable by user. Hinged door permits access to storage compartment for ser vic ing of unit. Installation Verify all rough-in dimensions prior to installation. Requires rough wall 7 5 opening 5 ⁄8"W x 10 ⁄8"H x 4"D. Secure to framing with mounting screws (not included) at holes provided. Mounting Kit #899-027 available from Bradley. Visit bradleycorp.com for more information. Shim at screw points as re quired. Guide Specification Recessed dual roll toilet tissue dispenser shall be heavy gauge satin finish stainless steel and hold two standard core toilet tissue rolls. 5 3 5 Overall dimensions: 5 ⁄8"W x 10 ⁄8"H x 5 ⁄16"D ADA Compliant Consult local and national accessibility codes for proper installation guidelines. -
Flushing Money Away?
Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority Making Paradise Possible Are you flushing money away? WATER USE If every American home with older, inefficient toilets replaced them with new high efficiency toilets, we would SAVE save nearly 640 billion gallons 67% of water per year, equal to OLDER LOW more than two weeks of flow Toilets account for approximately 27 percent of a home’s TOILET FLOW over Niagara Falls. indoor water consumption. Toilets are also a major source of wasted water due to leaks or inefficiency. Jiggling the handle is not a solution! It’s a symptom of something that could cost you Replacement of older toilets with low flow models can hundreds of dollars while wasting thousands of gallons save approximately 4,000 gal per year per person. of water each year. A simple way to test your toilet for Whether you're remodeling a bathroom, building a new leaks is to add a few drops of food coloring to the top home, or simply replacing an old, leaky toilet, a Water- tank, wait a few hours and see if any color seeps down into the bowl. Sense labeled toilet is a great option. FKAA can help. WaterSense Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority has a wide variety of , a program Toilets use either a siphonic sponsored by the U.S. or a wash-down method to conservation tools and methods available for you to use. remove waste from the bowl. Please contact any of our offices and ask about how you Environmental Protection e siphonic method, more can start saving right away. -
Archaeologies of Race and Urban Poverty: The
33 Paul R. Mullins accessed from the ground level or a second-floor Lewis C. Jones walkway that extended into the yard, where the large outhouse loomed over the neighboring out- buildings and even some of the nearby homes. Archaeologies of Race and The outhouse remained in the yard until just Urban Poverty: The Politics after 1955, when it was finally dismantled not of Slumming, Engagement, long before most of the block itself was razed. In 1970 an administrator at Indiana University- and the Color Line Purdue University, Indianapolis (IUPUI) described the outhouse as an “architectural and engineer- ABSTRACT ing marvel,” but by then the outhouse had been dismantled for 15 years and its brick foundation For more than a century, social reformers and scholars have sat beneath a university parking lot. In the sub- examined urban impoverishment and inequalities along the color sequent years the outhouse has fascinated faculty, line and linked “slum life” to African America. An engaged students, and community members, but most of archaeology provides a powerful mechanism to assess how urban-renewal and tenement-reform discourses were used to that fascination has revolved around the mechan- reproduce color and class inequalities. Such an archaeology ics of the tower, fostering a string of jokes about should illuminate how comparable ideological distortions are which campus constituency deserved the upper- wielded in the contemporary world to reproduce longstand- story seat (Gray 2003:43). The superficial humor ing inequalities. A 20th-century neighborhood in Indianapolis, in the outhouse discourse reflects understandable Indiana, is examined to probe how various contemporary con- stituencies borrow from, negotiate, and refute long-established wonder about the structure as an engineering urban impoverishment and racial discourses and stake claims feat as well as curiosity about such a seemingly to diverse present-day forms of community heritage. -
Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines
Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines Esnati James Chaggu Promotor: Prof. dr.ir. G. Lettinga Hoogleraar in de anaërobe zuiveringstechnologie en hergebruik van afvalstoffen Co-promotoren: Dr. W. T. M. Sanders Post-doc onderzoeker bij de sectie Milieutechnologie, Wageningen Universiteit, Nederland Prof. A. Mashauri Dar-es-Salaam Universiteit, Tanzania Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Prof. G. Spaargaren Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. H. J. Gijzen UNESCO-IHE, Delft, Nederland Dr. G. J. Medema KIWA Water Research, Nieuwegein, Nederland Prof. Dr. H. Folmer Wageningen Universiteit Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoekschool Wimek Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines Esnati James Chaggu Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. Dr. Ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 23 maart 2003 des namiddags te half twee in de aula CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG. Chaggu, E. J. Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines ISBN: 90-5808-989-4 Subject headings: excreta disposal/blackwater/nightsoil/anaerobic digestion/improved pit latrines Abstract - Chaggu, E. J. (2004). Sustainable Environmental Protection Using Modified Pit-Latrines. Ph.D Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. Pit-latrines are on-site excreta disposal facilities widely used as anaerobic accumulation system for stabilizing human wastes like excreta, both in rural and urban settlements of developing countries. Flooding of pit-latrines is often a common phenomenon, especially in situations of high water table (HWT) conditions and during the rainy season, causing a health jeopardy to residents. The pits are not water-tight, the (ground)water can freely flow in and out of the pit, especially in HWT areas. -
What Happens When We Flush?
Anthropology Now ISSN: 1942-8200 (Print) 1949-2901 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uann20 What Happens When We Flush? Nicholas C. Kawa To cite this article: Nicholas C. Kawa (2016) What Happens When We Flush?, Anthropology Now, 8:2, 34-43 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19428200.2016.1202580 Published online: 29 Sep 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 17 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uann20 Download by: [Tufts University] Date: 04 January 2017, At: 14:38 features reach far into our houses with their tentacles, they are carefully hidden from view, and we are happily ignorant of the invisible Venice What Happens When of shit underlying our bathrooms, bedrooms, dance halls, and parliaments.”1 We Flush? So what really happens when the mod- ern toilet goes “flush”? The human excreta it Nicholas C. Kawa handles most certainly does not disappear. Instead, a potential resource is turned into waste. But it hasn’t always been this way, and ost people who use a flush toilet prob- it doesn’t have to be. Mably don’t spend a lot of time thinking about where their bodily fluids and solids will journey after they deposit them. This is be- Dark Earths and Night Soils cause modern sanitation systems are designed to limit personal responsibilities when it Much of my research as an environmental comes to managing these most intimate forms anthropologist has focused on human rela- of excreta. -
HEALTH ASPECTS of DRY SANITATION with WASTE REUSE Anne Peasey
HEALTH ASPECTS OF DRY SANITATION WITH WASTE REUSE Anne Peasey Task No. 324 WELL STUDIES IN WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse Anne Peasey WELL Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse ii London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Keppel Street London WC1E 7HT © LSHTM/WEDC Peasey, A. (2000) Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse WELL Designed and Produced at LSHTM Health Aspects of Dry Sanitation with Waste Reuse EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND Dry sanitation is defined in this report as the on-site disposal of human urine and faeces without the use of water as a carrier. This definition includes many of the most popular options for low- cost sanitation including pit latrines, Ventilated Improved Pits, SanPlats, etc. There has always been an interest in the reuse of human waste as a fertiliser, and there has been much recent work on the development of composting and other processes to permit human waste reuse. This report examines the practice of dry sanitation with reuse in Mexico, with a particular focus on health issues and the lessons to be learned from case studies and experience. DRY SANITATION WITH REUSE There are two distinct technical approaches to dry sanitation with reuse; · Dehydration. Urine and faeces are managed separately. The deposited faecal matter may be dried by the addition of lime, ash, or earth, and the contents are simply isolated from human contact for a specified period of time to reduce the presence of pathogens. · Decomposition (composting) In this process, bacteria, worms, or other organisms are used to break organic matter down to produce compost. -
Guidelines for the Reuse of Gray Water
GUIDELINES FOR THE REUSE OF GRAY WATER Prepared by Hawaii State Department of Health Wastewater Branch June 22, 2009 STATE OF HAWAII, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH GUIDELINES FOR THE REUSE OF GRAY WATER TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapters Page I Introduction .................................................................................. 1 II What is Gray Water? .................................................................... 2 III Gray water Health and Safety Concerns ...................................... 3 IV Characterizing Gray Water........................................................... 5 V Acceptable Uses for Gray Water.................................................. 8 VI Effects of Gray Water on Plants................................................... 9 VII Gray Water System General Requirements ................................. 15 VIII Gray Water System Design Consideration................................... 17 IX Gray Water System Maintenance................................................. 22 Appendix A. Gray Water System Design B. Washing Machine Water Reuse C. Example Calculations D. Percolation Rates E. Evapotranspiration Maps F. Gray Water Committee Members G. Waiver Letters from the Counties Guidelines for the Reuse of Gray Water June 22, 2009 Foreword The Department of Health has supported water reuse provided public health is not compromised. The Hawaii Legislature has urged the Department of Health to develop gray water recycling guidelines in House Resolution 290 of the twenty-fourth Legislature in 2008 and House Concurrent -
Composting Toilets: a Review* of Their Use in Public Venues in the U.S
Composting Toilets: A Review* of Their Use in Public Venues in the U.S. (Updated November 8, 2016) Introduction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 The Crystal Springs Golf Course :::::::::: 5 Manufacturers :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 El Pol´ınSpring ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 Buildings at the Vermont Law School ::::: 2 San Jose Environmental Innovation Center7 The Bronx Zoo Eco-Restroom ::::::::::::: 4 Frequently asked questions :::::::::::::::: 7 The University of Vermont :::::::::::::::: 5 Concluding remarks ::::::::::::::::::::: 11 Installations in California ::::::::::::::::: 5 Introduction Mention \composting toilet", and most people will think of something suitable for a summer cabin or a rural residence off the grid|a kind of classy outhouse|surely not something suitable for installation in an urban environment. As one person has remarked, flush toilets are the accepted social standard. The idea of collecting human excrement in a basement composting bin does not exactly square with the modern paradigm of gracious living. There is, however, more to the story. In what follows, we describe six composting toilet installations of varying types, currently installed for public use in locations in the United States, including three in California. We consider only those for institutional, industrial, municipal and commercial venues, i.e., those for which maintenance can be assured. We do not consider composting toilet installations for residential use. In our descriptions, we include comments by administrators, architects and users. As we shall see, every one of these six installations is positively viewed. We also include a section on frequently asked questions, including discussions of costs and possible legal barriers. Manufacturers: Clivus Multrum is the leader A comprehensive list of manufacturers of composting toilets is available as a pdf that may be downloaded from http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/876. -
A Community Based Program Promotes Sanitation
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 11446 A Community Based Program Promotes Sanitation María Laura Alzúa Habiba Djebbari Amy J. Pickering MARCH 2018 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 11446 A Community Based Program Promotes Sanitation María Laura Alzúa CEDLAS-FCE-Universidad Nacional de la Plata, CONICET Habiba Djebbari Aix Marseille University (AMSE), EHESS, CNRS and IZA Amy J. Pickering Tufts University MARCH 2018 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 11446 MARCH 2018 ABSTRACT A Community Based Program Promotes Sanitation* Basic sanitation facilities are still lacking in large parts of the developing world, engendering serious environmental health risks. -
Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) Services in Nigeria} Public Disclosure Authorized
Report No: AUS0000053 . Nigeria Sustainable WSS Services in Nigeria { Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) Services in Nigeria} Public Disclosure Authorized . {December 2017} . WAT . Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized . Document of the World Bank . © 2017 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. {YEAR OF PUBLICATION}. {TITLE}. © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Technical Assistance to Fecal Sludge Management Services in Port Harcourt, Nigeria Selection #1222708 ASSESSMENT REPORT AND PROJECT DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED PILOT AREAS 1 August 2017 ii Project Development in Selected Pilot Areas EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The imperative for improving the collection, treatment, and disposal of human excreta is gaining increasing attention in international development efforts. -
SMC: Guide 5: Gérer Les Toilettes Et Les Douches Publiques
EAU ET ASSAINISSEMENT POUR TOUS Guide méthodologique n°5 Gérer les toilettes et les douches publiques 2 sommaire 3 Introduction 6. Deux conditions préalables à une bonne gestion : une conception adéquate des ouvrages et une promotion de l’hygiène ciblée u 11. CHAPITRE 1. La gestion des blocs sanitaires dans les établissements scolaires u 25. CHAPITRE 2. La gestion des blocs sanitaires dans les centres de santé 33. CHAPITRE 3. La gestion des blocs sanitaires u dans les lieux publics marchands 55. CHAPITRE 4 La gestion des blocs sanitaires u partagés dans les quartiers défavorisés 69 Le suivi et le contrôle de la gestion des blocs sanitaires 78. Bibliographie GUIDE N°5_Mise en page 1 24/11/10 14:46 Page1 EAU ET ASSAINISSEMENT POUR TOUS Guides méthodologiques n°5 Gérer les toilettes et les douches publiques Stratégies municipales concertées (SMC), un programme coordonné par le PDM (Partenariat pour le développement municipal) et le programme Solidarité Eau (pS-Eau) GUIDE N°5_Mise en page 1 24/11/10 14:46 Page2 • Auteur : Jérémie Toubkiss, UrbaConsulting • Contributeurs : . Laura Hurter, UrbaConsulting . Bruno Valfrey, UrbaConsulting . Denis Désille, pS-Eau . Christophe Le Jallé, pS-Eau • Publication réalisée sur un financement de l’AFD et de la Facilité ACP-UE pour l'eau de la Commission euro- péenne Conception graphique, mise en page : Solange Münzer Impression : Panoply, novembre 2010 GUIDE N°5_Mise en page 1 24/11/10 14:46 Page3 Introduction De quoi parle cette publication ? tions sanitaires et environnementales dans la Le présent ouvrage d’aide à la décision a pour zone d’implantation.