Kwaliteitsbewaking Van Optische Netwerken Via Ingebedde Digitale Signaalverwerking in Ware Tijd

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Kwaliteitsbewaking Van Optische Netwerken Via Ingebedde Digitale Signaalverwerking in Ware Tijd Faculteit Toegepaste Wetenschappen Vakgroep Informatietechnologie Voorzitter: Prof. Dr. Ir. P. LAGASSE Kwaliteitsbewaking van optische netwerken via ingebedde digitale signaalverwerking in ware tijd door Pieter-Jan BUSSCHAERT Tom DEGRYSE Promotor: Prof. Dr. Ir. J. VANDEWEGE Copromotor: Ir. B. DE MULDER Scriptiebegeleider: Ir. W. CHEN Scriptie ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van burgerlijk ingenieur in de computerwetenschappen Academiejaar 2005–2006 Voorwoord Voor U ligt het resultaat van een jaar hard werken in het laboratorium Intec Design en van vijf jaar studie aan de Universiteit Gent. Tijdens dit jaar kregen we de kans om veel nieuwe kennis op te doen in verschillende domeinen binnen onze interessesfeer. We kunnen dan ook met plezier terugkijken naar de vele aangename momenten, die hebben geleid tot een resultaat waar we zelf tevreden over zijn. We willen hier ook van de gelegenheid gebruik maken om een aantal mensen te bedanken. Eerst en vooral bedanken we Prof. Dr. Ir. P. Lagasse en Prof. Dr. Ir. J. Vandewege voor het beschikbaar stellen van hun infrastructuur zodat deze thesis mogelijk werd. In het bijzonder wensen we onze promotor, Prof. Dr. Ir. J. Vandewege, te bedanken om ons de kans te geven dit onderwerp te bestuderen en uit te werken, alsook voor zijn steun en interesse gedurende het verloop van de thesis. Verder gaat er ook een speciaal woordje van dank uit naar onze copromotor, Ir. B. De Mulder, voor de vele uitleg in verband met de optische netwerken en de analoge elektronica, alsook voor het lezen en het verbeteren van de thesistekst. Daarnaast wensen we ook onze thesisbegeleider, Ir. W. Chen, van harte te bedanken voor de hulp bij het testplatform en bij de digitale elektronica. Verder bedanken we ook alle personen van Intec Design voor de hulp en de vele aangename momenten. Ook onze medestudenten, Frederick Bossuyt, Phillippe Poelaert en Stijn Vancoillie, mogen we zeker niet vergeten. Zij zorgden gedurende het volledige jaar voor een aangename sfeer in ons “thesiskot”. En tenslotte wensen we onze familie en vriendin nog te bedanken voor de jarenlange steun. Pieter-Jan Busschaert & Tom Degryse, juni 2006 Toelating tot bruikleen “De auteur geeft de toelating deze scriptie voor consultatie beschikbaar te stellen en delen van de scriptie te kopi¨eren voor persoonlijk gebruik. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperkingen van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrek- king tot de verplichting de bron uitdrukkelijk te vermelden bij het aanhalen van resultaten uit deze scriptie.” Pieter-Jan Busschaert & Tom Degryse, juni 2006 Kwaliteitsbewaking van optische netwerken via ingebedde digitale signaalverwerking in ware tijd door Pieter-Jan BUSSCHAERT Tom DEGRYSE Scriptie ingediend tot het behalen van de academische graad van burgerlijk ingenieur in de computerwetenschappen Academiejaar 2005–2006 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Ir. J. VANDEWEGE Copromotor: Ir. B. DE MULDER Scriptiebegeleider : Ir. W. CHEN Faculteit Toegepaste Wetenschappen Universiteit Gent Vakgroep Informatietechnologie Voorzitter: Prof. Dr. Ir. P. LAGASSE Samenvatting Deze thesis is een onderdeel van een overkoepelend project waarin een systeem ontwikkeld wordt om de kwaliteit van een glasvezelverbinding te bewaken. Deze kwaliteitscontrole wordt ge¨ıntegreerd in de eindpunten van het glasvezelnetwerk aan de kant van de gebruiker. Dit betekent dat de kosten zo laag mogelijk moeten gehouden worden. Daarnaast moet de kwali- teitsbewaking gebeuren zonder dat de gebruiker hiervan iets merkt. Deze thesis bestaat uit twee delen. In het eerste deel worden enkele nieuwe technologie¨en on- derzocht die het systeem in de toekomst zouden kunnen verbeteren. In Hoofdstuk 3 wordt het gebruik van een microprocessor op de FPGA’s onderzocht. Hoofdstuk 4 bespreekt enkele alternatieven voor analoog-naar-digitaalconversie. Het tweede deel beschrijft de concrete verbe- teringen aan het bestaande systeem. In Hoofdstuk 5 wordt de digitale hardware besproken. Als laatste komt in Hoofdstuk 6 de implementatie van de grafische user interface aan bod. Trefwoorden optische netwerken, OTDR, digitale signaalverwerking, user interface Optical network monitoring by real time embedded digital signal processing Pieter-Jan Busschaert & Tom Degryse Supervisor(s): Prof. Dr. Ir. J. Vandewege, Ir. B. De Mulder, Ir. W. Chen Abstract— This article describes the digital signal processing designed In the access network, time-domain multiplexing (TDM) is to monitor the quality of an optical fiber. The first section explains the often used. In TDM networks, time slots are preserved for any technique used to monitor the fiber. The test setup is also described in the next section. In the third section some research topics are described. The transmitter, which sends information in bursts instead of con- next two sections give on overview of the improvements made to the original tinuously. These bursts are long enough to be used to measure system. Firstly, the changes to the digital hardware are discussed. Secondly, the negative step response. This results in a completely non- the implementation of a graphical user interface is presented. This article intrusive OTDR measurement, which assembles measurements ends with some concluding remarks. very quick because every transmitted data burst improves the Keywords—optical network, OTDR, digital signal processing, user inter- face knowledge of the channel link status. There is no need for a dedicated OTDR laser, which results in a low-cost system. I. INTRODUCTION II. TEST SETUP HEN a pulse is transmitted through an optical fiber, an To implement the signal processing improvements, a test W echo is returned. This echo is caused by two differ- setup [2] at INTEC Design is used. The analogue front-end con- ent types of reflection. There are reflections caused by sudden tains, amongst others, a laser diode and a photo diode. The laser changes in the fiber, like fiber joins or breaks. The second part diode is used to transmit the excitation signal and both diodes of the echo is a weak backscattering signal caused by the inter- can receive the optical reflection. Both receivers are connected action of the light with particles that are much smaller than the to their own FPGA. The FPGAs process the signals in real time. wavelength of the light. This backscattering decays exponen- The result is transfered to the computer over an USB2.0 inter- tially over the length of the fiber. The echo can be used to locate face. The software on the pc stores this data in text files. Since the damaged parts in a fiber. This technique is called optical there is no graphical user interface (GUI), further processing and time-domain reflectometry (OTDR). displaying is done with Matlab. In a traditional OTDR system, the fiber is excited with a nar- row light pulse. There is a trade-off when choosing the pulse width. A narrow pulse results in a measurement with a better spatial accuracy, but the reflected signal is weak and contains more noise. If the signal is too weak, the backscattering from the last part of the fiber might not be visible. When using a longer pulse, the signal is stronger, so the whole fiber can be Fig. 1. Test setup monitored. The disadvantage is the lower spatial resolution. If two events are close to each other, the second one will be ob- scured by the feedback of the first event. The test system has the ability to perform an interleaved mea- In [1] a new method to excite the fiber is described. Instead surement. If the OTDR instrument works in interleaved mode, a of using a narrow pulse, the fiber is excited for a very long time, measurement is made with and without the excitation pulse. The until the fiber is completely filled up with light. When the laser data samples resulting from the measurement without the light is switched off, the backscattered reflection is measured. This pulse are then subtracted from measured data samples after the results in the negative step response of the optical fiber, instead fiber is excited with a light pulse. This is used to suppress the of the pulse response. The pulse response can be derived from transient noise caused by the analogue electronics in the front- the negative step response for an arbitrary pulse width. end. This paper presents a way to embed this monitoring in the last-drop of the fiber access network. This puts several con- III. RESEARCH straints on the fiber monitoring system. Because the equipment In this section some new technologies are investigated that is not shared by a large number of customers, the system needs can improve the OTDR system in the future. Firstly, the use to be very cheap. The customer should not notice the presence of a microprocessor on the FPGA chips is considered. A pro- of this monitoring system at all. The measurement should run totype with the MicroBlaze processor integrated with the other in the background without user interaction. Monitoring the fiber VHDL code has been implemented. Although this prototype may not interfere with the data on the optical fiber. This is nec- has shown that the MicroBlaze is too slow to be used in the real essary to prevent the decrease of the network communication time measurement, it can be used for post-processing. The soft- speed. ware environment on the MicroBlaze allows faster development of the signal processing algorithms, because the C-language can one wants to extend the word length even further, the data words be used instead of VHDL. need to be split up in 8 parts. Secondly, some alternatives are examined for the expensive analog-to-digital converters (ADC). Most research has been V. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE done on the topic of multibit sigma-delta modulation. A sigma- The original software platform has two major parts. The first delta ADC uses an ADC with a lower resolution. By using over- part is a FX2 driver for Linux. This driver has to be loaded into sampling techniques, the resolution can be increased by digital the Linux kernel and can be used by other programs to commu- filtering.
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