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Volume 25, 2015 (PDF) The Chico Historian Until lions have their historians, tales of the hunt shall always glorify the hunter. - African proverb The Chico Historian Cover Art & Design Detail of Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions , gypsum hall relief from the North Palace, Nineveh, c. 645-635 B.C.E., excavated by H. Rassam beginning in 1853 (British Museum) . Cover design by Jacob Fender, CSU, Chico Alumnus, BA in History, MA in History. According to the designer, "Jake Fender works really hard, and may someday finish all the other projects he's started. Yeah, yeah, he knows." No actual lions were harmed in the publication of this journal. The Chico Historian History Department California State University, Chico 400 West First Street Trinity Hall Room 223 Chico, California, 95929-0735 (530) 898-5366 The Chico Historian is an annual publication of the Alpha Delta Omicron Chapter of the Phi Alpha Theta National History Honor Society and the California State University, Chico (CSUC) Department of History. It aims to provide students the opportunity to publish historical works, and to train editorial staff members in producing an academic journal. Issues are published at the end of each academic year. All opinions or statements of fact are the sole responsibility of the authors, and may not reflect the views of the editorial staff. The authors retain rights to individual essays. Phi Alpha Theta’s mission is to promote the study of history through the encouragement of research, good teaching, publication, and the exchange of learning and ideas among historians. The organization seeks to bring students, teachers, and writers of history together for intellectual and social exchanges, which promote and assist historical research and publication by our members in a variety of ways. Copyright © 2015 Alpha Delta Omicron, California State University, Chico. The Chico Historian We dedicate this volume to John Boyle Retired CSUC professor of Asian history John Boyle, a scholar in the area of pre- and post-war Japan, taught courses in east Asian history at Chico State from 1968 until his retirement in 1997. He is the author of Modern Japan: The American Nexus . His generous support of The Chico Historian has made the publication of this and many other issues possible . The Chico Historian The Chico Historian Volume 25: 2015 The Annual Publication of the Alpha Delta Omicron Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta and the Department of History California State University, Chico Chief Editors Jerrad Benedict & Rodney Thomson Editorial Board Justin Nielsen Chris Paintner Matthew Salisbury Kylie Tomlin The Chico Historian The Chico Historian Advising Faculty Dr. Stephen E. Lewis, The Chico Historian Dr. Najm al-Din Yousefi, Phi Alpha Theta Dr. Dallas Deforest, Phi Alpha Theta Contents Introduction & Acknowledgments v Editor and Contributor Biographies vii Articles The Evolution of Khawarij Identity in al- Shahrastani’s Kitab al-Milal wa ‘l Nihal RODNEY THOMSON 2 Rex Fuit Elizabeth: Nunc Est Jacobus (Elizabeth was King now James is Queen) SEAN T. PAINTER 16 Navajo Resistance to Relocation and Assimilation: Survival of the Diné in the Fearing Time CHRIS PAINTNER 50 John Bidwell and California’s Invisible War THOMAS GILES 68 The Ramayana in Nineteenth-Century British Intellectual History JUSTIN NIELSEN 84 The Chico Historian The Fellowship of Reconciliation and Gandhian Nonviolence KYLIE TOMLIN 100 Identity in Oil: An Examination of Indigenous Identity Construction in Ecuador JEAN WOODMANSEE 120 Doomed from Inception: Kennedy and The Alliance for Progress JERRAD BENEDICT 132 Appendix Phi Alpha Theta 2015 Initiates 146 iv The Chico Historian Introduction & Acknowledgements It is our pleasure to present to you the twenty-fifth volume of The Chico Historian , the annual journal of the California State University, Chico History Department. This, our silver anniversary edition, presents the scholarly work of eight CSUC students, current and alumni, on a rich and diverse range of topics, touching on many cultures across a time span of some 1300 years. While there was no plan to enforce a common theme, one has serendipitously appeared regardless, as each submission touches on issues of identity and conflicts over same. In chronological order, Rodney Thomson’s paper, “The Evolution of Khawarij Identity in al- Shahrastani's Kitab al-Milal wa 'l-Nihal ,” examines the first dissenting group in Islam and how they were perceived by those outside that sect. Moving forward nearly one-thousand years, Sean T. Painter explores the construction of homosexual identity in the late-sixteenth and early- seventeenth centuries and how it impacted contemporary perceptions of King James I of England in “Rex Fuit Elizabeth: Nunc Est Regina Jacobus (Elizabeth Was King Now James Is Queen).” Two papers address the tragic clash of cultures between native and invader that occurred in nineteenth century America. Chris Paintner’s “Navajo Resistance to Relocation and Assimilation: Survival of the Diné in the Fearing Time,” discusses the Navajo struggle to retain its identity in the face of attempts at forced assimilation, while Thomas Giles looks at clashing local identities in “John Bidwell and California’s Invisible War,” arguing that conflicts instigated by California settlers against native tribes were motivated largely by a desire for land. Shifting focus to the opposite side of the globe, Justin Nielsen examines the British use of the Ramayana as part of their colonial strategy in an attempt to use Indian identity against itself in his “The Ramayana in Nineteenth-Century British Intellectual History.” This year’s collection is rounded out by three works addressing twentieth-century topics. Kylie Tomlin discusses the civil rights movement's identification with nonviolence before Dr. King's involvement in an excerpt from her masters thesis entitled, "The Fellowship of Reconciliation and Gandhian Nonviolence." “Identity in v The Chico Historian Oil: An Examination of Indigenous Identity Construction in Ecuador,” by Jean Woodmansee, looks at how identity politics helped Ecuadorians gain initial support in their struggle against outside oil concerns, as well as how they helped entrench class-based disparity and negatively impacted the identity of many native peoples not associated with influential indigenous organizations. In our final offering America's often-conflicting identities as benefactor to the downtrodden and capitalist powerhouse take center stage in Jerrad Benedict's "Doomed from Inception: Kennedy and The Alliance for Progress," in which he asserts that Kennedy's Latin-American policy could only fail in the face of American military intervention and private business interests. This edition, the continuation of a long and distinguished tradition of scholarship at CSU, Chico, is the result of a great deal of work on the part of many. The Editorial Board offers its sincere thanks to those who submitted papers, whether they were accepted or not: your hard work and desire to contribute are gratefully recognized. Likewise the faculty who have served as our mentors and advisers: particularly Professor Stephen Lewis, who provided gentle but valuable guidance on publishing this years edition. Also the advisors to History Club and Phi Alpha Theta (the organizations that make up our local community of student historians), Professors Najm al-Din Yousefi and Dallas Deforest. We would be remiss if we did not mention the financial support of retired Professor John Boyle, whose generous donation made publication of this year’s Chico Historian possible. Finally, the Chief Editors would like to thank the rest of the Editorial Board, each of whom took time out of busy schedules as grad students and talented undergraduates to help select and edit submissions. What you hold in your hands is due largely to their dedication. The Chico Historian Editorial Board vi The Chico Historian Editor and Contributor Biographies Editors Jerrad Benedict is a current graduate student of history at California State University, Chico. Jerrad’s interests lie in modern Latin America, U.S. Foreign Relations, and modern European history, the intersection of which marks the foundation of his thesis research. Upon graduating with his MA in history, Jerrad intends to teach history at the college level, with future aspirations of pursuing a Ph.D. His paper was written for Dr. Jeffery Livingston’s History 490 (Historical Research & Writing) in Spring 2014. Rodney Thomson is a graduate student of history at California State University, Chico. Rod’s current research includes identity formation among early-Islamic sectarian groups and how that process was influenced by contemporary socio-political events; he is also researching student and faculty activism at Chico State College during the long 1960s. Rod intends to pursue postgraduate work in the field of Islamic and Middle Eastern studies, with the goal of getting his Ph.D. and ultimately teaching at the university level while researching and publishing on a variety of subjects. His paper was written for Professor Najm al-Din Yousefi’s History 660 (Readings in Middle Eastern History) in Fall 2014. Justin Nielsen is a graduate student in history at California State University, Chico pursuing a Master of Arts in History. His interests lie in early modern British history and the history of statecraft. Justin earned his Bachelor of Arts in History at the California State University, Sacramento. His paper was written as the culminating project for his bachelor’s degree and was greatly modified under the direction of Dr. Jason Nice as an independent research project in Fall 2014. Chris Paintner is an undergraduate at California State University, Chico. He will be graduating in Spring 2015 with a B.A. in History. Chris plans to begin working toward a teaching credential and continuing his postgraduate studies. He would like to teach at the secondary level after completing the credential program. He wrote his paper for Dr. Lisa Emmerich's History 490 (Historical Research and Writing Seminar) in Fall 2014 Matt Salisbury is currently pursuing his Master’s Degree in History at California State University, Chico.
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