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A Historical Context and Methodology for Evaluating Trails, Roads, and Highways in California

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A Historical Context and Methodology for Evaluating Trails, Roads, and Highways in California A Historical Context and Methodology for Evaluating Trails, Roads, and Highways in California Prepared by The California Department of Transportation Sacramento, California ® ® © 2016 California Department of Transportation. All Rights Reserved. Cover photography provided Caltrans Headquarters Library. Healdsburg Wheelmen photograph courtesy of the Healdsburg Museum. For individuals with sensory disabilities, this document is available in alternate formats upon request. Please call: (916) 653-0647 Voice, or use the CA Relay Service TTY number 1-800-735-2929 Or write: Chief, Cultural Studies Office Caltrans, Division of Environmental Analysis P.O. Box 942874, MS 27 Sacramento, CA 94274-0001 A HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING TRAILS, ROADS, AND HIGHWAYS IN CALIFORNIA Prepared for: Cultural Studies Office Division of Environmental Analysis California Department of Transportation Sacramento 2016 © 2016 California Department of Transportation. All Rights Reserved. OTHER THEMATIC STUDIES BY CALTRANS Water Conveyance Systems in California, Historic Context Development and Evaluation Procedures (2000) A Historical Context and Archaeological Research Design for Agricultural Properties in California (2007) A Historical Context and Archaeological Research Design for Mining Properties in California (2008) A Historical Context and Archeological Research Design for Townsite Properties in California (2010) Tract Housing In California, 1945–1973: A Context for National Register Evaluation (2013) A Historical Context and Archaeological Research Design for Work Camp Properties in California (2013) MANAGEMENT SUMMARY The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) prepared this study in response to the need for a cohesive and comprehensive examination of trails, roads, and highways in California, and with a methodological approach for evaluating these types of properties for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). This study augments the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation’s regulations at 36 Code of Federal Regulations Part 800, and is consistent with the First Amended Programmatic Agreement among the Federal Highway Administration, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the California State Historic Preservation Officer, and the California Department of Transportation Regarding Compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as It Pertains to the Administration of the Federal-Aid Highway Program in California (2014 PA). The study is also in- tended to comply with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), California Public Resources Code section 5024, and the California Register of Historic Resources (CRHR), eligibility criteria (5024.1[c]) for the listing of historic resources. The study provides a broad historic overview documenting the development of trails, roads, and highways in California from prehistoric times to the creation of today’s modern highway system. This holistic approach was predicated upon the strong relationship between California’s modern highway system and trails and roads that span hundreds, if not thousands, of years. While railroads and bridges played a significant role in the state’s transportation history, neither property type is discussed in any detail in this study, since a plethora of published and unpublished books and articles have already been written about railroads, and a historic context study and evaluation process has been adopted for bridges. While this study does address archaeo- logical resources, the focus is largely on built environment properties, particularly roads and highways. Chapter 1 begins with a general introduction to the historic context and describes the wide range of vari- ables that led to the creation of trails, roads, and highways in California. Chapter 2 discusses pertinent literature regarding the range of transportation properties and studies that provide guidance regarding the identification and evaluation of transportation properties. Chapter 3 presents the reader with the range of property types or categories for trails, roads, and highways that include: Native American (prehis- toric, ethnographic, ethnohistoric) trails; recreation trails; exploration trails or routes; emigrant trails; wagon and stage roads; toll roads; county roads; city roads; parkways/scenic roads/recreation roads; ser- vice roads; private roads; state highways; transcontinental highways; freeways; and Interstate highways. There are situations where transportation categories or properties overlap, such as an emigrant road which later was adopted as a wagon road, or a state highway that was adopted as a transcontinental high- way. Whatever the case, it is the responsibility of the researcher to ascertain what categories or property types’ best fit the resource being evaluated. Chapter 3 also describes the National Task Force for Historic Routes’ (NTFHR) four principal types of potentially significant historic routes: cultural; exploration and discovery; aesthetic; and engineered. These definitions should not be considered as types of properties, but rather as broad themes that can be applied to the various transportation categories or property types described above. Transportation properties can have overlapping themes, as well as representing multi- ple property types or categories. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 provide overviews of each of the different categories or property types beginning with prehistoric or Native American trails through modern highways, as well as associated roadside features. Chapter 7 expands upon the NTFHR’s “types of potentially significant historic routes,” and Chapter 8 covers the proposed methodology for evaluating transportation properties, an essential part of this study. Chapter 9 provides a short guide for using the study, and Chapter 10 includes a bibliogra- phy with both references cited and other published and unpublished sources relating to the broad range of transportation properties that may be encountered in the field. A list of acronyms and abbreviations and a glossary of terms used in this study are included as Appendixes A and B, respectively. Any questions or comments on this study should be directed to the Chief, Cultural Studies Office, Division of Environmental Analysis, MS 27, P.O. Box 92874, Sacramento, CA 94274-0001. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is the sixth thematic study prepared by the Caltrans in the past five years. The other studies addressed agriculture, mining, townsites, workcamps, and suburban housing tracts. This study was pre- pared under the auspices of the Caltrans Cultural Studies Office, Division of Environmental Analysis. Dana E. Supernowicz, Caltrans Architectural Historian, served as the primary author. Contributors to the study include: Jody Brown, Dicken Everson, Gene Heck, Kelly Hobbs, Julia Huddleson, Anmarie Medin, Steve Mikesell, Chad Moffett, Gloria Scott, Margo Nayyar, Karen Swope, Scott Thompson, Kimberly Wooten, and Deborah Cismowski. The following repositories and individuals granted permission for use of photographs and other il- lustrative material: Anaheim Public Library, Heritage Center; Anaheim Museum; Automobile Club of Southern California (AAA); Bancroft Library, U.C, Berkeley; Beaumont Library District; Bill Bishell and Bob Black, Trails West, Inc.; Oregon-California Trails Association, California Chapter; California Department of Fish & Game; California State Archives; California State Library, History Room; Caltrans Headquarters Library; Cambria Historical Society; Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles; David Rumsey Map Collection; Detroit Public Library, National Automotive Collection; Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, and Boyhood Home; Emigrant Trails West website; Federal Highway Association; Gary Kinst and Joel Windmiller, Lincoln Highway Association, California Chapter; Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division; Lincoln Highway Association; Kern County Library; Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division; Los Angeles Public Library; Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive, Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles; Loyola Marymount University, Dept. of Archives and Special Collections; Marin County Free Library; Mill Valley Public Library; National Historic Route 66 Federation, www.national66.org; National Park Service; Old Spanish Trail Association; Orange Public Library and History Center; Orange County Public Library; Oregon-California Trails Association; Phillip W. Stoffer, USGS scientist; Pomona Public Library; Porterville Public Library; San Bernardino Public Library; San Joaquin Valley Library System, Mariposa County Library; San José State University, Special Collections and Archives; Santa Ana Public Library; Sourisseau Academy for State and Local History, San Jose State University; Southern Trails Chapter of the Oregon-California Trails Association; Steven C. Bryne, Trails West, Inc.; Sutter County Library; University of California Los Angeles, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, Los Angeles; University of Southern California Libraries Special Collections. v CONTENTS Management Summary .............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................v Contents
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