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Public Health and Criminal Justice Approaches to Homicide Research

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Public Health and Criminal Justice Approaches to Homicide Research The Relationship Between Non-Lethal and Lethal Violence Proceedings of the 2002 Meeting of the Homicide Research Working Group St. Louis, Missouri May 30 - June 2 Editors M. Dwayne Smith University of South Florida Paul H. Blackman National Rifle Association ii PREFACE In a number of ways, 2002 and 2003 represent transition years for the Homicide Research Working Group (HRWG), its annual meetings, variously referred to as symposia or workshops, and the Proceedings of those meetings. One major change, both in terms of the meetings and the Proceedings, deals with sponsorship. Traditionally, the HRWG’s annual meetings have been hosted by some institution, be it a university or group affiliated with a university, or a government agency devoted at least in part to the collection and/or analysis of data regarding homicides or other facets of homicide research. Prior to 2002, this generally meant at least two things: that the meetings would take place at the facilities of the hosting agency, and that attendees would be treated to something beyond ordinary panels related to the host agency. For example, in recent years, the FBI Academy provided an afternoon with tours of some of its facilities, Loyola University in Chicago arranged a field trip to the Medical Examiners’ office and a major hospital trauma center, and the University of Central Florida arranged a demonstration of forensic anthropology. More recently, however, the host has merely arranged for hotel facilities and meeting centers, and some of the panels, particularly the opening session. This has had the benefit of adding variety to the persons attracted to present at our symposia, but at the risk that they are unfamiliar with our traditional approach to preparing papers for the meetings and the Proceedings. The second form of sponsorship from which the HRWG benefited dealt with the publication of the Proceedings of our annual workshops. From the inaugural workshop in June 1992 through the 2001 symposium, the Proceedings of those meetings have been published by a federal agency with staff members who have been active in HRWG. For several years, we were very fortunate to have the U.S. Department of Justice’s National Institute of Justice publish the Proceedings, and then, for 3 years, the Federal Bureau of Investigation. With the maturity and financial security of the organization has come the obligation to publish the Proceedings ourselves, a practice that begins with these 2002 Proceedings of the HRWG meeting held in St. Louis, Missouri. Another major transition, demonstrated in this volume of the Proceedings and becoming more evident in subsequent volumes, has to do with the responsibilities of those persons who deliver presentations at the meetings. In the past, persons wishing to deliver papers at the annual workshops had a number of obligations. These included being members of the HRWG, sending in advance of the meetings a summary to the Program Committee for inclusion in the program sent to registrants, and importantly, providing editors with a polished version of their papers to be published in a subsequent Proceedings of the meetings. Often, this afforded presenters the opportunity to incorporate revisions that derived from discussions of their presentations at the meetings. At other times, the title and some of the authorship has changed between the printing of the Program and submission to the Proceedings. For a variety of reasons, the sense of obligation among presenters for contributing to the Proceedings has changed. To some extent, the HRWG has been the victim of its own success. Instead of many papers being presented in preliminary stages, some are practically ready to be submitted for possible publication by scholarly journals. While Sage, the publisher of HRWG’s iii journal, Homicide Studies, has generally agreed that publication of papers in our Proceedings does not preclude submission of the paper for review and possible publication, it is not clear that other journals necessarily share that approach. A number of HRWG presenters have therefore been reluctant to provide final versions of their papers out of concern this would prevent consideration by peer-reviewed academic journals. Other presenters, especially those with less tenure in and familiarity with the HRWG and its traditions, have simply taken to treating the HRWG meetings like other academic conventions where the word “papers” means oral presentation, perhaps with slides, overheads, or PowerPoint, but without any formal papers prepared or even planned. With this volume, we attempted to accommodate this change by a willingness to publish less polished papers, even to the point of allowing summaries to serve as substitutes. We believed this to be important so that the discussions that concluded each session would make sense to readers. However, we experienced only limited success with this approach, finding that a number of presenters failed to submit any of the requested materials. Consequently, we have, in a number of cases, utilized the only material available, namely the abstract submitted by the presenter(s) prior to the meetings. Unfortunately, some presenters had not even submitted an abstract prior to the meeting, so their work appears in name only. Taking note of the difficulties in acquiring follow-up materials from presenters, a decision was made at the 2003 HRWG meetings, held in Sacramento, California, to modify the preparation of future Proceedings. Henceforth, presenters will not be encouraged to revise their presentations prior to publication nor to adopt a standardized format of presentation. It is expected that adopting this strategy will allow for a more timely publication of the Proceedings following each year’s meeting, as well as creating a less challenging task for future editors. Thus, unless the policy is changed again, the 2002 Proceedings will be the last volume that attempts to conform to a rigorously specified format. As a final note, we have recognized that the HRWG is an international organization by retaining the linguistic differences found in papers from British Commonwealth countries. Those differences include some slight variation in spelling, different lacements of end-quotes, and lesser use of hyphens, than are common in the United States. As a reminder, academic standards require that writers, if quoting from British-style papers, should observe those grammatical and spelling differences, a practice also incumbent on non-U.S. writers when quoting from an American publication. Our gratitude to the persons whose work is included here is, of course, proportional to the extent to which they conformed to the expectations with which we commenced this project. However, we are unequivocal in our praise for the work of Victoria Gojmerac and Melissa Harrison, both of the University of South Florida, in providing the editorial and technical assistance that facilitated production of these 2002 Proceedings. We wish subsequent editors of the Proceedings much success in producing a volume of work that reflects the dedication of researchers who seek to better understand the sources of lethal violence. M. Dwayne Smith Paul H. Blackman November 2003 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface iii Table of Contents v OPENING PRESENTATION: THE PROSPECTIVE PREDICTION OF 1 HOMICIDE IN TWO COMMUNITY SAMPLES Presenter: Rolf Loeber 3 Response to Loeber: Finn-Aage Esbensen 3 Discussion 7 CHAPTER ONE: TARGETING VIOLENCE IN THE COMMUNITY: 9 EVALUATION AND PREVENTION ISSUES Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative: Partnering Researchers 11 with Practitioners to Reduce Violent Crime and Fatalities in 10 U.S. Cities James R. “Chip” Coldren, Jr., Sandra K. Costello, David R. Forde, Janice Roehl, and Dennis P. Rosenbaum Reducing Firearm Violence and Homicide in St. Louis: The Role of Research 42 in a Multi-Agency Problem-Solving Initiative Scott H. Decker and Shannan Catalano Using Evaluation to Enhance Violence Prevention Efforts in Chicago: 42 The Chicago Project for Violence Prevention Elena Quintana and Cody Stephens Discussion 43 CHAPTER TWO: VIOLENCE RESEARCH, THEORY, AND POLICY 47 Research for the Cop on the Beat: What We Can Do to Help Police 49 Barrie J. Ritter A Pragmatic Model to Better Integrate Theory and Policy on Homicide 70 (A Theory in Progress) Derral Cheatwood v Page Place, Space, and Crime Revisited: Targets and Offenders Converge in 76 Violent Index Offenses in Chicago (Research in Progress) Richard Block and Aneta Galary Discussion 77 CHAPTER THREE: CONTEXTUAL FEATURES OF NON-LETHAL 81 AND LETHAL VIOLENCE: RESULTS FROM AN NCOVR/NIJ PARTNERSHIP Ethnic Differences in Firearm Use, Injury, and Lethality in Assaultive Violence 83 Amie L. Nielson and Ramiro Martinez, Jr. Weaponry, Age, and Violence: The Role of Contextual Factors on Use of Weaponry 83 Among Youth Piyusha Singh and Jacqueline Cohen Discussion 84 CHAPTER FOUR: VIOLENCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL 87 Mass Legal Executions in the United States, 17th-20th Centuries: An Exploratory Study 89 Vance McLaughlin and Paul H. Blackman Explaining Spatial Variation in Support for Capital Punishment: A Multi-Level Analysis 118 Eric P. Baumer, Steven F. Messner, and Richard Rosenfeld Between War and Crime: Terrorism’s Challenge to Violence Research 121 Brian Buchner and Richard Rosenfeld CHAPTER FIVE: INTIMATE PARTNER AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE 123 National Trends in Canadian Intimate Partner Homicides, 1974 to 2000 125 Valerie Pottie Bunge Policy Effects on Intimate Partner Violence 126 Laura Dugan, Daniel Nagin, and Richard Rosenfeld Sexual Homicides in Victoria, Australia 138 Damon A. Muller Discussion 164 vi Page CHAPTER SIX: LETHAL AND NON-LETHAL VIOLENCE 169 IN SOCIAL CONTEXT Predictors Associated with Lethal and Non-Lethal Violence: A Contextual 171 Analysis Greg S. Weaver, Janice Clifford Wittekind, Thomas A. Petee, Lin Huff-Corzine, and Jay Corzine Regional Variations in Lethal and Non-Lethal Assaults 185 Roland Chilton Homicide in the Course of Other Crime in Australia 198 Jenny Mouzos Discussion 210 CHAPTER SEVEN: GROUPS, NETWORKS, ORGANIZATIONS, 215 AND VIOLENCE Developmental Trajectories of Boy’s Delinquent Group Membership and 217 Facilitation of Violent Behaviors During Adolescence Eric Lacourse, Daniel S.
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