Index to Proper Names and Languages

Home , Classical Chinese, Eastern Min, Mandarin Daily News, Tan Lark Sye

A D Amoy, 1, 3–8, 16, 20, 25, 39, 41, 42, 82, 92. Dutch, 57 See also Xiamen Arakanese, 22 E Australia, 28, 49 Eastern Min, 40 English, 10, 15, 26, 27, 31–35, 39, 43–47, B 49–51, 62, 65, 68, 70, 92, 98, 99 Beijing, 16, 79, 87, 90, 101. See also Peking Ethnic Chinese, 14, 16, 19, 31, 39, 40, 43–49, British, 8, 20, 26, 39, 41, 46, 50 59, 95–97 Brunei, 1 Burma, 2, 13, 19–22, 24–26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 95 F Burmese, 8–10, 20, 22, 25–33, 96 Faxian, 24 Burmese Hokkien, 8–10, 26 Foochow, 20, 40, 44 Fujian, 1–3, 8, 9, 13–16, 19–22, 24–26, 28, 33, C 40–44, 55–58, 63, 77–82, 84, 87–92, 95, Cai Shuang, 79 96, 98–101 California, 32, 33 Fuzhou, 20 Cantonese, 2, 3, 16, 20, 21, 29–31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40–43, 45, 50, 64, 68, 78, 80, 87 G Ceylon, 24 Gan, 87 Changhua, 56, 58 Guangdong, 2, 3, 20, 21, 40, 55–57, 79 Chao-Shan, 87 Guiyang, 81 Chaozhou, 2, 3, 6, 55. See also Teochew Guizhou, 81 Chen Yi, 63 Guoyu, 16, 25, 42, 45, 62–65, 68, 72, 73, 79, Chiayi, 56, 58 80, 98, 99 China, 1, 2, 10, 11, 16, 19–22, 24, 25, 27, 28, Gu Yanwu, 1 39–43, 55–57, 62, 65, 73, 77–87, 90, 92, 95, 96, 99–101 H Chinese, 1, 2, 5–7, 10, 15, 16, 20–22, 24–32, Hainan, 2, 4 39–51, 55–64, 66, 68, 69, 73, 78–83, 86, Hainanese, 3–5, 20, 40, 41, 43 87, 96, 98–100. See also Ethnic Chinese; Hakka, 20, 25, 34, 40, 44, 55–59, 63, 64, Standard Chinese 66–69 Chinese community, 22, 25, 40, 45, 57, 58 Han Chinese, 19, 56, 77 Chinese Singaporean, 41, 44–46, 48, 49, 51 Han dynasty, 16 Classical Chinese, 7, 27, 59, 60, 77–79 Hebei, 81

Henghua, 20, 40 O Hmong, 87 Okinawan, 60 Hokchia, 40 Overseas Chinese, 20, 40, 42, 84, 85, 92, 96 Hokkien, 1–3, 5, 7–16, 19–37, 39–52, 55, 57, 58, 72, 77–80, 82, 84–92, P 95–99, 101 Peking, 16, 64, 79. See also Beijing Hong Kong, 20, 27, 28, 30, 64, 68 Penghu, 56, 58 Housing and development board (HDB), 44 Philippines, 1, 15 Hsinchu, 57, 58 Portuguese, 11, 29 Putian, 20 I Putonghua, 7, 16, 77, 79–81, 83–90, 92, 96, Indian, 29, 40, 44 98–100 Indonesia, 1, 8, 15 Putonghua Shuiping Kaoshi, 80, 91 Puxian Min, 40 J Japanese, 7, 55, 57–63, 65, 68, 80, 96, 98 Q Japanization, 61, 63 Qing (dynasty), 8, 57, 78 Jin, 79, 82, 87 Qin Shi Huang, 82 Quanzhou, 1, 3–8, 15, 20, 27, 55, 57, 58, 67, K 77, 80, 82, 86–92, 99 Kaohsiung, 14, 56, 58, 69, 89, 99 Karen, 22 R Keelung, 56, 61 Rangoon, 20–22, 25–29, 31–33, 95–97 Korean, 34, 72, 87 Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong), 57 S San Francisco, 19, 22, 31, 32 L Shanghainese, 2, 40 Luanping, 81 Shantou, 4–6, 55 Shenzhen, 84 M Singapore, 1, 10, 13–15, 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, Macao, 13, 19, 22, 28–33, 37, 64 39–52, 57, 58, 65, 85, 95–97, 99–101 Malay, 8–11, 44, 46, 50 Singapore Hokkien, 10 Malayan Hokkien, 8, 10, 20 Singapore Mandarin, 10 Malaysia, 1, 8, 15, 20, 97 Singlish, 65 Manchu, 77, 82 Southeast Asia, 1, 2, 4, 8, 20, 21, 24, 27, 39, Mandarin, 2, 7, 10, 16, 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 40, 55, 57, 80, 85, 92, 96 33, 34, 39, 40, 42–47, 49–52, 55, 59, Southeast Asian, 1, 4, 8–11, 15, 95 62–66, 68–73, 78–80, 82, 85–87, 95–100 Southern Min, 1–11, 13, 15, 16, 27, 34, 40, 55, Mandarin Daily News, 64, 65 57–73, 78–80, 82, 83, 86–88, 90, 92, Maritime Chinese, 20, 25 95–101 Meizhou, 21 Speak Mandarin Campaign, 39, 43, 44, 50–52, Ming (dynasty), 8 100 Mon, 22 Standard Chinese, 10, 16, 63, 78 Mongol, 77 Strait Hokkien, 3–8 Mongolian, 87 Mountain Chinese, 20 T Tai, 19 N Taichung, 14, 56, 69, 99 Nationalist (Party), 55, 63, 65, 73, 96, 100 Tainan, 56–58, 68, 87 Nationwide Propaganda Week for Putonghua Taipei, 56, 59–61, 68, 69, 73, 87, 96, 98 Promotion, 81 Taipei Rapid Transit System, 68 New York, 34, 72 Taiwan, 1, 2, 11, 13–16, 27, 28, 30, 34, 55–69, New Zealand, 49 71–73, 78, 80, 90, 92, 95–101 Index to Proper Names and Languages 105

Taiwanese, 1, 3–8, 15, 59–66, 68–70, 73, 82, Wu, 40, 87 89, 98, 99 Wu Shouli, 62 Taiwanese Mandarin, 61, 64, 65, 69, 73, 98 Taoyuan, 56, 68 X Tamil, 46 Xiamen, 3, 8, 14, 16, 39, 55, 77, 80–88, 90–92, Tan Kah Kee, 42 96, 98, 99. See also Amoy Tan Lark Sye, 42 Xiang, 84, 87 Teochew, 1–8, 40, 43, 45, 49, 55, 57. See also Chaozhou Y Thailand, 2, 15 Yi, 87, 92 Tibetan, 87 Yongzheng Emperor, 79 Tibeto-Burman, 19 Yue, 40, 87 Toisan Cantonese, 20, 21, 25 Yunnan, 20, 92 Yunnanese, 20 U U.S.A., 13, 28, 33, 35 Z Uyghur, 87 Zhangzhou, 1, 3–8, 14, 55, 57, 58, 67, 77, 79, 82, 87–89, 91, 99 V Zhejiang, 2 Vietnam, 15 Zheng Chenggong. See Koxinga Vietnamese, 7 Zhuhai, 84

W World War II, 62, 63, 95 Index to General Subjects

A Communication, 3, 12, 15, 23, 29, 30, 32, 40, Aboriginal language, 58 60, 63–66, 70, 79, 81, 86, 88, 98 Assimilation, 31, 57, 59–62 Communicative, 1, 13, 14, 55, 66, 78 Attitude, 13–15, 44, 47, 58, 64, 69, 71, 87, 89, Communicative events, 1, 13, 14 99, 100 Communicative index, 55, 66 Compartmentalization, 22, 85 B Competence, 12, 23, 24, 29, 30, 33, 36, 47, 78, Bāng, 40–42, 45, 58 88. See also Fluency and Proﬁciency Behavior, 13, 23, 29, 35, 37, 100 Competent, 23 Bilingual, 12, 22, 23, 28, 29, 33–35, 45–47, 51, Competition, 41, 47, 68, 78, 80, 98 58–60, 69, 80, 84, 88, 99 Contact, 8, 43, 58, 59 Bilingualism, 19, 34, 43, 45–47, 52, 59, 72, 79–81, 86, 92. See also Transitional D bilingualism Decline, 15, 39, 41, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 90, 95, Biliterate, 28, 33, 46 96, 98, 99 Book Houses, 59 Denasalization, 5 Bopomofo, 64, 68, 79 Dialect, 1–8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 20–22, 25–27, Borrowed, 1, 8, 10, 16, 27, 61 39–47, 55, 57, 59, 61, 64–67, 69, 77–80, Broadcast, 30, 43, 44, 68, 82, 92 82, 86, 87, 88 Burmanization, 22, 96 Diglossia, 77 Diglossic, 78 C Discrimination, 78, 92 Capital (city), 16, 61, 73, 101 Dominance, 20, 26, 39, 58, 69, 96 Census, 20, 39, 40, 44–47, 51, 56, 57, 83, 84, Dominant (language), 12, 19, 26, 29–31, 86, 97, 99 33–35, 37, 39, 40, 44, 45, 48, 55, 58, 59, Character, 7, 50, 62, 64, 68, 78, 79, 81, 82 61, 62, 64, 72, 96, 98 Children, 2, 13, 19, 25, 26, 28–34, 40, 45, 46, 78, 86, 95–100 E Clan, 21, 58 Education, 22, 26, 28, 42, 43, 45–47, 60, Code-switch, 34, 48, 65, 85, 88, 89 62–64, 66, 68, 96 Colloquial pronunciation, 10, 78 Educational, 15, 68 Colloquial reading, 7, 80 Emigrant, 15, 23 Colonial, 10, 20, 28, 40, 41, 44, 96, 98 Employment, 29, 60, 63, 88 Colonization, 8, 41, 50, 55, 57, 59, 60 Endangerment, 2, 12, 39, 77, 78, 80, 99 Colonizer, 57, 61, 63 Enrollment, 59 Colony, 29, 39, 41, 46 Ethnic, 1, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28, Common Schools, 59, 60 29, 31, 32, 39–51, 59, 61, 68, 69, 77, 80, Communicate, 13, 24, 29, 30, 60, 80, 85, 90 87, 89, 95–98

Ethnic group, 12, 19, 41–45, 51 J Ethnic language, 1, 11, 12, 26, 32, 50, 55, 61, Japanization, 61, 63 66, 68, 69, 77, 80, 89, 95–98 Ethnic minorities, 35 K Ethnicity, 12, 13, 16, 20, 41, 48, 61, 80 Kindergarten, 30. See also School

F L Family, 2, 11–15, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28–37, Language behavior, 13 41, 44, 46, 47, 51, 55, 57, 61, 64, 66, 78, Language policy, 39, 43, 45, 59, 62, 79, 96, 97, 85, 88, 92, 97, 100, 101 99 Female, 22 Language shift, 19, 23, 24, 30–32, 35, 36, 39, First language, 12, 31, 39, 40, 46, 47, 51, 59, 41, 44, 46, 47, 50–52, 58, 61, 71–73, 77, 61, 81, 86, 87 78, 82–84, 86, 88–91, 95, 96, 99 Fluency, 23, 40, 70, 71. See also Competence Lingua franca, 1, 11, 12, 26, 39, 40, 44, 47, 50, and Proﬁciency 58, 60, 61, 83, 95, 97, 98 Fluent, 26, 28, 30–33, 45, 48, 55, 70, 84, 87, 96 Linguistic proﬁle, 15, 26, 28, 30, 62 Fluently, 60, 63, 72 Literacy, 28, 31, 45–47, 62, 63, 66, 78 Foreign language, 29, 46 Literary pronunciation, 7 Frequency, 12, 23, 65, 68 Literary reading, 7, 10, 50, 78, 79 Fruit, 10, 69, 84, 88, 99 Loanword, 8–10, 20, 27, 61–63 Functional status, 12–14, 32, 55, 68, 77, 78, 80, 86, 89, 95, 97, 98 M Functionality, 1, 11, 12, 50, 61 Mainlander, 63–65, 71, 73, 98 Maintenance, 2, 34 G Mandarinization, 63 Generation, 2, 15, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, Marriage, 23, 26, 28. See also Intermarriage 32–36, 41, 44, 45, 47, 51, 52, 55, 61, 62, Martial law, 66, 71, 96 70, 72, 86, 88, 90, 91, 96, 97, 100, 101 Media, 44, 66 Girl, 60, 78 Migrant, 15, 20, 22, 25, 26, 56, 57, 61, 71, 73, Glove puppetry, 27 83–85, 95, 96, 98, 100 Grandfather, 98 Migration, 2, 8, 15, 20, 22, 23, 33–35, 57, 58, Grandmother, 29, 34–36, 71, 98 77, 84, 95, 96. See also Immigration Grandparent, 31, 32, 34, 35, 55, 71, 72, 90, 98, Minority language, 22, 87 101 Missionary, 64 Monolingual, 11, 12, 15, 25, 28, 29, 34, 35, 78, H 85, 86 Heritage (language), 2, 43, 66, 86, 101 Monolingualism, 47, 63 Home domain, 29–31, 51 Monoliterate, 46 Home language, 30, 32–34, 39, 44, 46, 51 Mother tongue, 2, 40–42, 45, 58, 63, 70, 80, 86, 87, 89, 99 I Movie, 27, 85, 98 Identity, 3, 11, 26, 28, 35, 41, 98 Multilingual, 19, 23, 26, 33, 34, 45, 99 Immigration, 15, 33, 36, 37, 41, 49 See also Migration N Imperialization, 59, 60 Nasal vowels, 5 Independence, 2, 22, 31, 39–41 National language, 8, 11, 26, 42, 59, 61, 62, Inner language, 1, 11, 12, 32, 34, 50, 55, 66, 66–69, 77–79, 83, 97, 99 69, 86, 89, 92, 95–99 Nationalization, 22, 28 Integration, 22, 44, 73 Native language, 14, 68, 70 Intelligibility, 3, 16, 40, 69 Native tongue, 26, 27, 35, 41, 51, 78 Intermarriage, 70, 71, 73 See also Marriage Naturalization, 28 Islanders, 64, 71, 73 Index to General Subjects 109

O T Occupations, 20, 58, 81, 100 Teacher, 29, 30, 43, 64, 66, 81, 89, 90 Orthography, 68 Teenager, 34, 41, 70, 88, 98 Television, 30, 44, 64, 66, 80, 92, 96 P Temple, 21, 48, 84 Passive speakers, 47–49, 99 Textbook, 59, 64, 79 Pinyin, 16, 58, 79 Tolerance, 49, 60 Population, 19, 29, 40, 45, 49, 56–58, 61, Tolerant, 69, 99 63, 69, 70, 73, 79, 83–85, 91, 92, Tones, 1, 5, 6, 8 99, 100 Topolect, 78–80, 82, 83, 86, 98 Prestige, 41, 46, 47, 60, 65, 73, 78, 82 Traditional operas, 82 Private domain, 12, 58, 86, 90, 98 Transaction, 14, 84, 89, 92, 99 Private language, 1, 11, 12, 29, 95, 96 Transitional, 5, 52, 63, 64, 69, 81, 86 Proficiency, 24, 70–72, 80, 87, 96, 98, 100. Transitional bilingualism, 47, 79. See also See also Competence and Fluency Bilingualism Proficient, 69, 87 Transliteration, 1, 2, 16, 50, 58, 62 Public domain, 11, 49, 50, 61, 65, 68, 69, 73, Transmission, 44, 71, 72, 95, 97, 98 77, 84, 88, 90, 92 U R Urban, 55, 70, 71, 81, 83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, Radio, 43, 60, 66, 80, 96 96, 98 Reserve zone, 90, 92 Retrocession, 55, 62, 63 V Revitalization, 78, 90, 96, 99, 101 Value, 13, 65, 70 Rhyme, 5, 7 Variation, 5–7, 11, 15, 35, 89, 96 Romanization, 58, 68 Vernacular language, 1, 11, 12, 58, 61, 66, 77, Rural, 25, 43, 55, 70, 71, 87, 89, 90, 92, 96 78, 95, 98 Vitality, 47, 86, 89, 95, 99, 101 S School, 22, 25, 26, 28–32, 34, 42, 43, 45–47, W 59, 60, 64–66, 68, 72, 78, 81, 86–89, 92, Women, 25, 69, 78, 83 96, 98. See also Kindergarten Writing (system), 11, 24, 47, 50, 68, 77–80 Solidarity, 50, 65, 70 Written form, 61, 62, 78 Sound changes, 6 Standardization, 11, 66, 81 Y Switching, 29, 40, 84, 85, 88, 89 Younger generation, 26, 33, 36, 70, 72, 97, 100 Syllable finals, 5 Youngest child model, 15, 19, 35, 37, 39, Syllable initials, 4 50–52, 72, 73, 77, 91, 92, 95, 100, 101