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Thesis Lois Moriel Robles Master´s Thesis, 60 credits Ecosystems, Governance and Globalisation Master´s programme 2007/09, 120 credits Socio-economic drivers influencing sustainability in a social-ecological system Insights from whale shark tourism in northern Quintana Roo, Mexico Loïs Moriel Robles Socio-economic drivers influencing sustainability in a social-ecological system Insights from whale shark tourism in northern Quintana Roo, Mexico Loïs Moriel Robles [email protected] August 2009 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master in Ecosystems , Governance and Globalisation 1 Abstract Wildlife tourism is promoted as a livelihood alternative activity to extractive use, such as the case of whale shark interaction in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Whale sharks seasonally aggregate (from May to September) northeast Yucatan peninsula, where they annually attract about 20000 visitors. This study analyzes the socio-economic drivers, influencing the sustainability of this recreational activity, through semi-structured (n=44) and in-depth (n=4) interviews to local stakeholders, tourists surveys (n=262), and a cost-benefit analysis. Results indicate that intermediaries put pressure on the optimization of the operation, as well as it decreases the economic return to local operators (licensees). Local operators are not aware of the real costs of operations, and additionally tourists are poorly informed of (1) the species, (2) the code of conduct (regulations) and (3) how to support local community’s development. In conclusion, those factors along with the lack of surveillance threaten whale shark tourism sustainability. Inclusion of all stakeholders in management and planning of wildlife tourism is necessary in order to obtain desirable practices, as well as investment in environmental education. Key words : sustainability, whale shark tourism, intermediaries, operation, market access. 2 Acknowledgements I don’t know if this is the end or the beginning of a journey, but I know that a lot of people have been part of this “complex adaptive” process and experience. Directly or indirectly, doesn’t matter! Firstly, I’d deeply like to thank all PSTs from Holbox, Isla Mujeres, Chiquila and Cancun for the information provided during the interviews. ¡¡¡Muchísimas gracias!!! Les agradezco la generosidad, bondad y humildad con la que me atendieron e incluso abrieron las puertas de sus hogares. ¡¡¡Recuerden que no siempre el pez grande se come al chico, y que los cambios suceden!!!¡También me gustaría remarcar el trabajo tan importante que personas como Morelia realizan para mejorar la comunidad! I’d also like to thank CONANP (Yum Balam and Isla Contoy) staff members for their support and insights provided on whale shark tourism! Thanks to Paco and Jaime! Special thanks go to Juancho and my “sister” Sandra Otoch. Very very very special thanks go to Norma Betancourt, muchísimas gracias porque sin ti esto no habría sido possible! Special thanks also to Cintia and Cecilia! Gracias por su hospitalidad y las tortas de cochinita ! I’d also like to thank Domino team! Rafael de la Parra, Oscar Reyes, Natalie Cárdenas and Montserrat Trigo ¡ por su ayuda, por la información, los tips, y por compartir su conocimiento conmigo ! I specially thank to Dr. Rachel T. Graham from her insights and reflections on my work. Likewise, I would like to thank EGG coordinator, Dr. Miriam Huitric. Moreover, I want to thank all my friends and colleagues!! Special thanks to Anna (!!!), Kaitlyn and Patricia. Mireia!!!! Ho hem aconseguit!!! Gràcies per les classes “bunkeritzades” d’estadística. Finalmente, me gustaría dedicar esta tesis a mi familia que me ha apoyado, aun sin entenderme, durante todo este tiempo. Mama, sabes que eres mi ejemplo a seguir!! Muchas gracias Papa por creer en mí!! Gracias Miguel! Gracias Ángeles por ofrecerme la mejor “base de operaciones” y por tu paciencia!! No puedo dejar de mencionar y agradecer enormemente la hospitalidad y el apoyo brindado a esta “simi- yucateca” por mi familia mexicana. Gracias a la familia Ortega García, especialmente a Carlos. A todos, Muchas Gracias por ser parte de mi viaje (y mis locuras). 3 Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Wildlife Tourism and Natural Resource Sustainability .............................................. 8 1.2 Whale Shark Tourism Industry in Quintana Roo ....................................................... 9 1.3 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 10 1.4 Relevance of the research ......................................................................................... 11 2. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 12 2.1 Summary of relevant literature ................................................................................. 12 2.2 Gaps in Knowledge .................................................................................................. 14 2.3 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 14 2.2.1 Resilience and Optimization Paradigm .................................................... 15 2.2.2 Vulnerability ............................................................................................. 16 3. Study Case Description ............................................................................................ 17 3.1 Whale Shark ............................................................................................................. 17 3.2 Stakeholders ............................................................................................................. 19 3.2.1 Prestadores de Servicios Turisticos (PST) ................................................ 19 3.2.2 Intermediaries ........................................................................................... 20 3.2.3 Environmental Institutions ....................................................................... 21 3.3 Whale Shark Aggregation Area................................................................................ 24 3.4 Study sites and socio-economic context ................................................................... 25 3.4.1 Quintana Roo ............................................................................................ 25 3.4.2 Local communities involved in whale shark tourism ............................... 26 4. Methods ..................................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Epistemological background .................................................................................... 30 4.2 Research Design ....................................................................................................... 30 4.3 Data Collection ......................................................................................................... 31 4.3.1 Tourist Surveys ......................................................................................... 31 4.3.2 Semi-structured and in-depth interviews to PSTs .................................... 32 4.3.3 In-depth interviews to environmental institutions and researchers .......... 33 4.3.4 Oral Presentations ..................................................................................... 33 4.3.5 Explanatory interviews to intermediaries ................................................. 33 4.3.5 Cost-Benefit Analysis ............................................................................... 34 4.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 34 4.6.1 Role of Intermediaries .............................................................................. 35 4 4.4.2 Economic sustainability ............................................................................ 35 4.4.3 Implications on the Natural Resource ...................................................... 37 4.4.4 Implications for the Future of the Social-ecological system (SES) .......... 37 4.7 Critical reflection of the methods ............................................................................. 38 5. Results ........................................................................................................................ 39 5.1 The Role of Intermediaries ....................................................................................... 39 5.1.1 Tourists Preferences for Tour Operators .................................................. 39 5. 1. 2 Commercial link between local operators and intermediaries ................ 41 5. 1. 3 Relation between local operators and intermediaries ............................. 43 5. 1.4 Negotiation process between local operators and intermediaries ............ 43 5. 1.5 Extra demands from intermediaries ......................................................... 44 5. 1.6 Extra activities ......................................................................................... 45 5. 1.7 Marketing strategies ................................................................................ 46 5. 1. 8 Access to market ....................................................................................
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