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An Exploratory Study of Women's Experiences Regarding the Interplay An exploratory study of women’s experiences regarding the interplay between domestic violence and abuse and sports events Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Swallow, Jodie Citation Swallow, J. (2017). An exploratory study of women’s experiences regarding the interplay between domestic violence and abuse and sports events (Doctoral dissertation). University of Chester, United Kingdom. Publisher University of Chester Download date 28/09/2021 08:49:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/620835 An exploratory study of women’s experiences regarding the interplay between domestic violence and abuse and sports events. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Chester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Jodie Swallow June 2017 1 Declaration by Candidate The material being presented for examination is my own work and has not been submitted for an award of this or another HEI except in minor particulars which are explicitly noted in the body of the thesis. Where research pertaining to this thesis was undertaken collaboratively, the nature and extent of my individual contribution has been made explicit. Signed………………………………………………………………………………… Dated…………………………………………………………………………………… 2 Table of Contents 3 Acknowledgments 8 Abstract 9 Glossary of Terms 10 Chapter One: Introduction to the Thesis 11 1.1 Structure of the chapter 11 1.2 Background to the thesis 11 1.3 Study aims 14 1.4 Plan of the thesis 14 1.5 Personal location 16 1.6 Terminology used in the thesis 17 1.7 Conventions used in the thesis 18 1.8 Structure of the thesis 18 Chapter Two: Literature Review 22 2.1 Structure of literature review chapters 22 2.2 Literature review strategy 23 Part One: Domestic Violence and Abuse 24 2.3 Introduction 24 2.4 Prevalence of domestic violence and abuse 25 2.5 Terminology 28 2.6 Historical and legal context of domestic violence and abuse 30 2.6.1 Domestic violence and abuse in history 31 2.6.2 A movement for change 32 2.6.3 Coercive and controlling behaviours 36 2.6.4 Summary 38 2.7 Living within an abusive relationship 39 2.8 Theoretical explanations of domestic violence and abuse 44 2.8.1 Individual theories 44 2.8.2 Interpersonal explanations 45 2.8.3 Structural theories 45 2.8.3.1 Social-structural 45 2.8.3.2 Feminist theory 46 2.8.4 The ecological model 47 3 Chapter Three: Literature Review 48 Part Two - Men, Sport and Negative Attitudes Towards Women 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Team combat sport and violence 48 3.3 A brief history of organized sport 49 3.4 Team combat sport, masculinities and hegemonic masculinities 50 3.5 Male athletes and negative attitudes towards women 52 3.6 Team combat sport (mainly football) and DVA 55 3.7 Theorising the link between domestic violence and abuse and sport 61 3.7.1 Fandom, watching sport and domestic violence and abuse 62 3.7.2 The triad: alcohol, domestic violence and abuse and sport 65 37.3 Sport and permissions for violence 67 3.8 Campaigns which target domestic violence and abuse through sport 69 3.9 Summary 72 Chapter Four: Research Methodology 73 4.1 Structure of the chapter 73 4.2 Finding self 73 4.3 Ontological orientation 74 4.4 Feminist theory 75 4.5 Feminist standpoint epistemology 78 4.6 Lacanian theory 81 4.6.1 The Mirror Stage 83 4.6.2 The Real, The Symbolic and The Imaginary 84 4.6.3 Desire 86 4.7 Lacanian theory and feminist thought 87 4.8 A reflective note 91 Chapter Five: Methods 92 5.1 Structure of the chapter 92 5.2 Data collection framework 92 5.3 Fidelity within the research process 93 5.4 Reflexivity 95 5.5 Ethical considerations 97 5.6 Gatekeepers and access 97 5.7 Recruitment 102 5.8 Interview tool 105 4 5.9 Consent and anonymity 108 5.10 Risk management and the researcher 109 5.11 Data analysis 110 Chapter Six: Pen Portraits 113 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Amber 114 6.3 Ann 115 6.4 Bailey 117 6.5 Becky 118 6.6 Dynamo Deb 118 6.7 Linda 119 6.8 Louise 121 6.9 Lowri 122 6.10 Mary 123 6.11 Summary 125 Chapter Seven: Analysis and Discussion 126 7.1 Introduction to the analysis and discussion chapters 126 The Perpetrator 128 7.2 Painting a portrait of a perpetrator 128 7.3 Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 131 The Nature of Sport 134 7.4 Sport is for men 134 7.5 Sport and men’s violence 137 7.6 The Sports fan 139 7.7 Alcohol, watching sport and domestic violence and abuse 144 7.8 ‘Birds of a feather stick together’ 146 Chapter Eight: Analysis and Discussion 150 The Abuse 150 8.1 Introduction 150 8.2 ‘…not just in football, he was nasty anyway’ 150 8.3 The nature of domestic violence and abuse 151 Sport and non-physical abuse 156 8.4 Abiding by the rules 156 8.5 Sport as a means to subjugate 158 5 8.6 Controlling from afar 162 8.7 Laying the blame and upsetting the karma 164 Sport and physical abuse 167 8.8 Physical abuse within the larger schema of domestic violence and abuse 167 8.9 The significance of sporting outcome 167 8.10 The role of alcohol 169 Chapter Nine: Analysis and Discussion 172 The abusive relationship 172 9.1 Introduction 172 9.2 ‘Walking on eggshells’ and sport 172 9.3 Labelling the relationship as abusive 174 9.4 Managing the abuse and regaining self 176 9.5 Separation and the women’s relationship with sport 179 Chapter Ten: Analysis and Discussion 182 Pulling together the threads 182 10.1 Introduction 182 10.2 Caveats to this study 182 10.3 What does this study tell us? 183 10.3.1 Prevalence 183 10.3.2 The perpetrator 185 10.3.3 The abuse 187 10.4 Theoretical framework 192 Chapter Eleven: Conclusion 194 11.1 Introduction 194 11.2 Revisiting the project aims 194 11.3 Summary – what does all this mean? 195 11.4 Policy implications 196 11.4.1 Key point one 196 11.4.2 Key point two 197 11.5 What I have learnt about myself 198 11.6 Closing comments 199 References 200 Appendix One: Flyer 220 6 Appendix Two: Ethical approval 221 Appendix Three: Abstract of Transcribed Data (Mary) 224 Appendix Four: Participant Information Sheet 225 Appendix Five: Letter from Ethics Committee 228 Appendix Six: Written Consent Form 229 7 Acknowledgements There have been many people, family, friends and colleagues who have been instrumental in helping me complete this thesis. I am very grateful for their words of encouragement at every stage of this process. I owe my deepest gratitude to the nine women who generously shared their experiences with me. This thesis would not have been possible without them. I hope I have done justice to the stories they told. I also wish to thank the staff and managers at the various support groups and refuges which I visited. It was a privilege to get to know them and I thank them for their kindness, care and support. I would like to thank my supervisors. I will always be indebted to Professor Dean Garratt for the role he played in getting this PhD underway. He has been very generous with his knowledge and has constantly challenged me to push myself further, providing me with the confidence to develop my ideas. I thank Professor June Keeling for sharing her expertise, passion and wisdom. She offered guidance whilst giving me the space to find my own way. I thank them both for their unfailing enthusiasm and dedication to this project, taken together they formed the ‘dream team’ and I will miss their company enormously. I also thank Dr Paul Moran, a late comer to the team, for his constructive and insightful comments. I almost gave up this project before it had begun. I am fortunate that three friends, Dr Sarah Dubberley, Dr Caroline Hughes and Dr Caro Gorden would not countenance such a notion. I will always be grateful for their help and advice at that critical stage. Finally, I express my appreciation to my very special family. I thank my sister Helena for her endless support which manifested in hours of proof reading. I thank my husband Andrew for his love and patience. I am humbled by his faith in me. It is fair to say that my children, Angus and Pip, have embraced this project: not many teenagers will have argued with their mother about feminist thought and what Lacan meant by desire. They shared in my successes and motivated me when my spirits dipped. Angus asked me if this thesis represented my greatest achievement. It does not: Angus and Pip are my greatest achievement and I look forward to watching them flourish and find their own way in the world. 8 Abstract An exploratory study of women’s experiences regarding the interplay between domestic violence and abuse and sporting events. Jodie Swallow Abstract This qualitative study aimed to examine and critically explore women’s accounts as to how their abusive partner’s interest in sport (team combat sports in particular) impacted on the domestic violence and abuse they endured. The study was underpinned by feminist standpoint epistemology and Lacanian theory. Values aligning with feminist standpoint epistemology, such as the nature and balance of power, were central to this research which had at its core the voices of marginalised women.
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