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Emotional Maltreatment and Child Welfare Practice Recognizing Emotional Maltreatment and Child Welfare Practice Volume 20, Number 3 Identifying and responding to emotional Perhaps this is why, July 2015 maltreatment is a difficult area of child wel- when the NC Divi- This publication for child fare work. One thing that makes it so diffi- sion of Social Services welfare professionals is cult is that it is both common and rare. asked county DSS produced by the North Common, because emotional maltreat- child welfare pro- Carolina Division of Social ment often co-occurs with other forms of fessionals in August Services and the Family abuse and neglect (USDHHS, 2015; Trick- 2014 what they’d like and Children’s Resource Emotional ett, et al., 2011). Rare, because in North to learn more about maltreatment Program, part of the Jordan Carolina emotional abuse is a specific type through publications is a persistent, Institute for Families within of child maltreatment with its own relatively and webinars, emo- chronic pattern of the School of Social Work parental behavior at the University of North narrow legal definition. tional abuse was a Indeed, over the course of a long career in top concern. that “erodes and Carolina at Chapel Hill. corrodes a child” child protective services (CPS) it is possible to While addressing (Garbarino, 1994). In summarizing research, we frequently encounter children who have suf- emotional maltreat- try to give you new ideas for fered emotional harm at the hands of their ment will never be easy, we hope this issue refining your practice. How- caregivers, but to rarely or even never sub- will strengthen your capacity to respond to ever, this publication is not stantiate “emotional abuse.” this challenge. intended to replace child welfare training, regular su- pervision, or peer consulta- Recognizing Emotional Maltreatment tion—only to enhance them. Most parents, at one time or another, “lose professionals because it threatens children’s it” with their kids and are less than attentive, sense of safety and their long-term well- Let us hear from you! say hurtful things, or scare them unintention- being. For a discussion about emotional To comment about some- ally (American Humane Association, n.d.). abuse, a concept that is important in North thing that appears in Prac- tice Notes, please contact: Experts generally agree this is not emotional Carolina law and policy, see page 3. John McMahon maltreatment. But if it’s not, what is? Prevalence Jordan Institute for Families Defi nition Emotional maltreatment seems to be rela- School of Social Work There is growing agreement among child tively common. Gilbert and colleagues UNC–Chapel Hill welfare professionals, researchers, and (2009) found around 8% to 9% of women Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3550 other stakeholders about what separates and 4% of men said they were exposed to [email protected] emotional maltreatment from suboptimal severe psychological abuse as children. In Newsletter Staff parenting: chronicity, severity, and potential another large study of 4,549 children and Mellicent Blythe harm to the child (English, et al., 2015). youth, researchers found 6.4% had experi- Sarah Marsh These three traits are reflected in one of enced emotional maltreatment in the past John McMahon Laura Phipps the most commonly used definitions of emo- year. Of the 14 to 17-year-olds in the study, tional maltreatment: “a repeated pattern of almost a quarter (22.6%) said they had Visit Our Website caregiver behavior or extreme incidents that experienced emotional maltreatment at www.practicenotes.org convey to children that they are worthless, some point in their lives (Finkelhor, et al., flawed, unloved, unwanted, endangered, or 2009). only of value in meeting another’s needs” Emotional maltreatment may be under- (APSAC, 1995). identified. For example, when Everson and Emotional maltreatment is a phenome- colleagues (2008) interviewed 350 early non that is highly relevant to all child welfare adolescents known to CPS, they continued p. 2 Recognizing Emotional Maltreatment continued from previous page reported having had emotional mal- Emotional Maltreatment: Types of Caregiver Behaviors treatment experiences at six times the rate found in these same youth’s CPS Denying Emotional Responsiveness or Ignoring records. Includes ignoring the child's attempts and needs to interact and showing no emo- There are big differences in the tion in interactions with the child. Other behaviors include: rate of emotional maltreatment sub- • Being detached and uninvolved due to incapacity or lack of motivation stantiations from state to state. In • Interacting only when necessary 2012, emotional maltreatment vic- • Failing to express affection, caring, and love for the child. tims accounted for: Spurning (or Hostile Rejecting/Degrading) • Less than 1% of child victims in 18 Includes verbal and nonverbal acts that reject and degrade the child, including: states • Belittling, degrading, and non-physical forms of overt hostility or rejection • Shaming and/or ridiculing the child for showing normal emotion • More than a 25% of child victims • Consistently singling out one child to criticize, punish, perform most of the in six states household chores, receive fewer rewards, etc. • More than 40% of child victims in • Public humiliation. two states. Isolating These differences are probably due Includes consistently denying the child chances to interact/communicate with peers to differences in the way this form of or adults inside or outside the home. Isolation can come from a variety of care- maltreatment is defined and assessed giver motivations, but the resulting behavior prevents children from having oppor- as opposed to a variation in actual tunities for social relations with both adults and peers. Isolating includes: rates of emotional abuse (NCANDS, • Confining the child or placing unreasonable limitations on the child's free- 2012 cited in English, et al., 2015). dom of movement within the child’s environment Emotional maltreatment can occur • Placing unreasonable limitations or restrictions on child’s social interactions. on its own. However, it often co-occurs Terrorizing with other forms of child abuse or Includes behavior that threatens or is likely to physically hurt, kill, abandon, or neglect (Trickett, et al., 2011). This is place the child or the child's loved ones or love objects in recognizably dangerous situations. Includes: one of the factors that can make it dif- • Placing a child in unpredictable or chaotic circumstances ficult to identify. • Placing a child in recognizably dangerous situations Recognizing Emotional • Setting rigid or unrealistic expectations with threat of loss, harm, or danger Maltreatment if they are not met Sometimes we’re forewarned: the • Threatening or perpetrating violence against the child • Threatening or perpetrating violence against a child's loved ones or objects. CPS report explicitly alleges emotional maltreatment alone or in combination Exploiting or Corrupting with another form of abuse or neglect. Includes: • Modeling, permitting, or encouraging antisocial behavior (e.g., prostitu- Other times emotional maltreat- tion, performance in pornographic media, initiation of criminal activities, ment is present but not mentioned in substance abuse, violence to or corruption of others) the CPS report. In these instances it is • Modeling, permitting, or encouraging developmentally inappropriate behav- up to child welfare staff to recognize ior (e.g., parentification, infantalization, living the parent's unfulfilled dreams) the signs. This can be difficult. There • Encouraging or coercing abandonment of developmentally appropri- are no obvious, specific physical man- ate autonomy through extreme over-involvement, intrusiveness, and/or ifestations of emotional abuse—it is dominance (e.g., allowing little or no opportunity or support for the child's views, feelings, and wishes; micromanaging child's life) all about a negative parent-child rela- • Restricting or interfering with cognitive development. tionship, a long-standing pattern of parental behavior, and the harm this Mental, Medical, and Educational Neglect causes the child. Includes unwarranted caregiver acts that ignore, refuse to allow, or fail to provide the necessary treatment for the mental health, medical, and educational concerns Difficult, but not impossible. or needs of the child. Includes ignoring the need for or failing or refusing to allow Whether you are doing CPS assess- or provide treatment for: ments, in-home services, or foster • The child’s serious emotional/behavioral problems or needs care, signs of emotional maltreatment • The child’s serious educational problems or needs. can be found in the child and the Adapted from Hart, et al., 2002; Brassard & Donovan, 2006; PA Child Welfare Resource Center, 2014 caregiver. continued next page 2 Emotional Abuse in North Carolina North Carolina’s Juvenile Code [G.S. 7B-101(1)] defines tionally abusive parenting. (For more emotional abuse as something that occurs when a parent, on this program, see page 11.) Substantiating guardian, custodian, or caretaker of a juvenile less than 18 If emotional abuse is substantiated, emotional abuse usually years of age creates or allows to be created serious emo- perpetrators are given an opportunity requires tional damage to the juvenile. This serious emotional dam- for a hearing, after which their names collaborating age is evidenced by the juvenile’s severe anxiety, depression, are placed on the Responsible Individ- with mental withdrawal, or aggressive behavior
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