The Place of Dereva and Volhynia in Norse–Slav Relations

SITUNE DEI 2009

The place of Dereva and Volhynia in Norse–Slav relations

in the 9th to 11th centuries

Fedir Androshchuk

Abstract. This paper deals with two Ukrainian ‘lived in the forest like any wild beast’. To regions mentioned in historical sources as the east, the land of ‘Derevlians’ bordered ‘Dereva’ and ‘Volhynia’ which were highly in- the land of Kiev. From the end of the 10th volved in contacts between Slavs and Norse- century, the area settled by the Derevlians men. Rich and exclusive finds of Byzantine, was incorporated into the land of Kiev, Slavonic and Scandinavian origins are exam- which then had its western border along the ined in connection with the social and econom- Goryn River. The two main cities in the land ical background of both regions. of the Derevlians mentioned by the Chroni- cles were Iskorosten and Vruchij (which are ny Swedish archaeologist dealing with the modern towns of Korosten and Ovruch Athe archaeology of Sigtuna is familiar in Zhytomyr oblast of Ukraine). It is the with a very particular and numerous artefact area around Vruchij which is famous for the namely spindle-whorls of a light-red stone quarrying and working of the above-men- (fig. 1). This kind of stone is sometimes tioned light-red schist, which has been dis- called ‘Volhynian schist’, however, this is covered at Sigtuna and other sites across not entirely correct. It is known from the Northern Europe. In the following article I written sources that in medieval time term will try to show that the cultural contacts be- ‘Volhynia’ was applied to the large region tween Sweden and the above-mentioned re- between the Bug and the Goryn rivers in the gions of Ukraine have a long history and Ukraine (Stryzhak 1985:34; fig. 2). Before stretch back to the time before Sigtuna was the 11th century, when the term ‘Volhynia’ established. was established, the names of two groups of Slavonic people, namely the Dulebians and Written sources about the history Buzhians, were used. The people who in- of Iskorosten habited the area situated to the east of the According to the Novgorod Chronicle, Bug River were known as the Derevlians, Prince Igor brought Derevlians under who according to the Laurentian Chronicle Kiev’s authority in 883, while in the

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Fig. 1. Spindle-whorls made of Ovruch schist found in Sigtuna (Humlegården 3 site, 2006). Photo by Sigtuna Museum.

Fig. 2. Map of the area of Southern Rus’ with places mentioned in the article. Drawing by the author.

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Lavrentian Chronicle, this is attributed to ly Iron Age (Zvizdeckyj 2004). Inhuma- Prince Oleg (PSRL I:24). Besides the trib- tions have been discovered in five barrows. ute paid by Derevlians, tribute was also paid Among the finds was a knife, a bucket, a sil- to Kiev by the Ulichians who ‘inhabited the ver finger ring, silver and bronze temple banks of the Dniester, and extended as far as rings, a lyre-shaped buckle and beads of the Danube’ (Cross 1953:56). Prince Igor glass, amber and corneal. Another cemetery granted the tribute paid by the Derevlians (No. 1), also located on the left bank of the and Ulichians to his voevoda (troop com- river, comprised 60 barrows which con- mander) Sveneld. The mentioned tribute tained both inhumation and cremation was ‘chernaja kuna’, that is to say ‘black graves. This cemetery contained the largest marten’. The Primary Russian Chronicle barrow, measuring 4.9 m high and 18.2 m in describes how Sveneld’s tribute made diameter, and surrounded by a ditch. Three Igor’s retinue envious, complaining that layers of stones were recorded in the mound ‘the servants of Sveneld are adorned with of the barrow, as well as a wooden chamber; weapons and fine raiment, but we are 3.5 x 2.4 m large. The chamber contained a naked’. According to this source Prince Igor double grave. Among the finds associated went twice to demand tribute from the with the buried individual, were the remains Derevlians. He increased the amount to be of a basket, a small iron axe, a knife, a whet- paid, and collected it by force. On his home stone, a ‘schist brooch’, a brooch of bronze, way to Kiev it is told that he decided to turn a silver finger ring and a vessel. A row of back and demand even more tribute. When other items such as ceramics, five S-shaped he came to the Derevlians’ city of Isko- silver temple-rings, four barrel-shaped sil- rosten the indignant Derevlians came out ver beads decorated with granulation, and a from the city and killed Prince Igor. After number of beads of corneal, some of this, according to the Chronicle, the coloured glass, a silver finger ring, a knife Derevlians decided to marry their Prince and a little silver bell were associated with Mal to Igor’s widow Olga. the other individual in the chamber The Chronicle describes the attack on (Vyezhev 1954:145–153; Zvizdeckij et al the city in a very dramatic way. How much 2004:54–55). Another large barrow (No. was true in this legendary story was not 16; 3.4 m high and 15 m in diameter) has clear until 2001 when an archaeological ex- been excavated and contained a female with cavation was started. two massive ear-rings of the so-called ‘Kiev-type’, as well as five temple-rings of The Archaeology of Iskorosten gold, two knifes and a fragmented basket. The archaeological monuments of Isko- These graves are interpreted as burials of rosten, which might be chronologically re- the Derevlian elite (Zvizdeckij et al 2004: lated to the historical account told by The 54–55). Primary Russian Chronicle, consist of three On the opposite, right bank of the river, hill-forts and four cemeteries. One ceme- were situated three hill-forts and two cemetery (No. 2) containing 68 barrows, is situ- teries (cemetery No. 3 consisting of 18 bar- ated on the left bank of Uzh River in the rows; No. 4 of 30 barrows). One hill-fort vicinity of a large hill-fort dated to the ear- (No. 1) was located on a high rocky hill and

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Fig. 3. Gold ear-rings of ‘Nitra-type’ from Isko- Fig. 4. Scandinavian pendants decorated in rosten. After Zvizdeckyj et al 2004. Borre style from Iskorosten. After Zvizdeckyj et al 2004.

Fig. 6. Weapons of Carolingian origin found in Listven (left) and Bycheva (right). Drawing by the Fig. 5. A spearhead of Petersen’s type E found author. in the vicinity of the Motronin monastery in the region of Cherkasy. Photo by M. Levada.

Fig. 8. Scandinavian brooch from the village of Kovalivka, in the area of Nemyrov, Vin- nitsa region. Photo by M. Potupchuk.

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Fig. 7. Finds from the Chervone hill-fort. Photo by M. Potupchuk.

11 FEDIR ANDROSHCHUK was bordered to the west and southwest by cenko & Zvizdeckyj 2006:74, 84, fig. 3; a small stream. The fortification structure it- fig. 4). A nearby barrow has been investi- self was destroyed by a quarry in the 1920s gated and contained one cremation grave and 1930s. An unfortified settlement 350 x with four Arabic coins. At present, this is the 300 x 100 x 150 m large is situated below only evidence of a possible larger cemetery the northeast side of the hill-fort. Here, a associated with the settlement and the hill- small sunken floored building, as well as an fort (Zvizdeckij et al 2004:78). own build of stone and a pit with pottery The dating and character of the second from 6th and 7th centuries were investigat- hill-fort, situated c. 120 m southwest from ed. Ten other buildings belong to the later the above-mentioned hill-fort, is not clear. period, dating to the 9th–10th centuries, in Early investigations have revealed a ‘pit one of which (No. 1), were found two gold house’ with a central fire-place which dates lunula-shaped ear-rings. This find is similar broadly to the 10th to 12th centuries to the so-called Nitra-type earrings found in (Zvizdeckij et al 2004:58). Moravia (fig. 3). A fragmentary crucible The third hill-fort is located c. 750 m was also found in the same building. Two southwest from hill-fort No. 2. It is situated more earrings were found in another build- on a high cliff-embankment of the river ing (No. 7), and also a pin of a Scandinavian (40 m high above the river). Hill-fort No. 2 oval brooch (Zvizdeckij et al 2004:78). An- covers c. 1 hectare in area and is oval- other object of Scandinavian origin which shaped. Remains of the ramparts as well as has been found in the settlement is a cross- cultural layers from the 9th to the 18th cen- shaped pendant of silver (Zocenko and tury have been recorded here. Most impor- Zvizdeckyj 2006:76, fig. 7). The fortifica- tant perhaps is the evidence for the production structure consisted of a 6 m wide and 2 tion and working of iron, including weapon- m deep ditch, along with an escarpment ry and other objects dated to the 11th–13th with a 10 m wide terrace and remains of a century (Zvizdeckij et al 2004:65pp). wall with stone and wooden constructions Mention should also be made of a large which were destroyed by a fire. As well as a barrow known today as ‘Igor’s grave’. This quantity of ceramics, a spearhead and two is situated 7–8 km northeast from the city, silver ear-rings were found in the lower part on the right bank of the river. The barrow of the ditch fill. During the excavation of was destroyed during World War I and the the terrace and wall a number of different only dating evidence known is a bronze items were excavated. Among them a silver scabbard-chape decorated in Borre style ear-ring and an Arabic coin, dated to (group II:3 according to Paulsen 882–907 AD, which had been made into a 1955:48pp; Fechner 1982; Zocenko 2004: pendant. Silver and bronze buttons and 88, fig. 2). mounts were also found, as well as belt fit- To sum up, it is apparent that at least tings, little bells, beads, arrowheads of dif- three hill-forts situated on the right bank of ferent types including lancet-shaped forms Uzh River existed in 10th century. The and two Scandinavian silver pendants dec- function of the hill-forts is not clear, but orated in the Borre style (Zvizdeckij et al judging from their small size, it is possible 2004:85, fig. 18:110, 19:15, 21:59; Zo- that they were used only in exceptional cas-

12 DEREVA AND VOLHYNIA es as places of refuge and defence. The per- went through both marsh and woodlands manent settlement close to the hill-fort and were very dangerous for strangers. In No. 1 dates from the 7th century. It is ap- the Ovruch area, there are a number of good parent that a Slavic settlement established at rivers, but only one of them – the Sluch – that time was inhabited until it was de- was navigable. The others, like the Ubort, stroyed, which judging from the coins and the Slavechna, the Uzh, the Noryn, the other finds took place in the middle of the Zhereva and the Stviga were only seasonal- 10th century (Zvizdeckij 2004). Finds of ly navigable (Pochilevich 2007:178). The silver and gold discovered both in graves forest, which is dominated by pine, fir and and the settlement are noteworthy for their birch was a main source of livelihood in this quality and richness, which in some in as- area. The characteristic fauna of the region pects are of much better quality than those include: deer, elk, bear, trout, otter, beaver we know from graves in Kiev. What were and black marten. Historical sources of the economic sources of the Derevlians’ 14–16th century tell us that a regular tribute wealth, and why it was so important for taken from this area consisted of honey, Kiev to have power over the ‘Derevlians beavers and black martens. Further to these, land’? rich depositions of iron ore should be men- The very limited archaeological excava- tioned. This is basically what is known tions do not allow definitive conclusions to about the economical resources of the re- be made regarding the occupation of local gion from later periods which, I believe, population. For this we need to turn to the provide a good basis for evaluating the eco- historical, Medieval sources. nomical potential of the land of the Dereva in the preceding 9th–12th century. Before Sources and resources of Dereva we return to discuss the reasons for the mil- The landscape is flat and low, dipping itary conflict between the Derevlians and slightly towards the Pripyat River. Only Kiev Princes, some words about possible along the Noryn River does the landscape political structure of the Derevlians should rise and form a chain of hills. This is exact- first be made. ly the place were deposits of the so-called ‘Ovruch’ or ‘Volhynian’light-red schist are Territorial structure of concentrated and this has also been the most the Derevlian principality populated area. Deposits of rock crystal in From both The Primary Russian Chronicle the area of Olvesk should also be men- and The Novgorodian Chronicles we learn tioned. Chains of hills of different geologi- that apart from the Prince Mal, there were a cal character are also known along the number of other princes ‘who had made the Zhereva and Uzh rivers as well as part of the land of Dereva prosperous’ (PSRL I, stb 56; Sluch River. In other places hills occur very NPL 1950:112). In the reconstructed terri- sporadically which meant that as late as the tory of the Dereva there are c. 20 hill-forts 19th century the people in this region lived which are interpreted as possible small trib- relatively isolated from each other. Com- al centres (Zvizdeckij 2004:41). Up until munication between settlements would now, no attempt has been made to recon- have been very difficult as the roads and struct the territorial structures of these small

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‘principalities’. To this end, I propose that it cle, as well as the mentioning of a number is possible to employ the administrative and of Derevlian Princes, it is possible to sug- territorial structures of this region known gest that the volost structure was very ar- from 14–16th centuries (Klepatskij 2007), chaic and originated from a time when a as a model for what might have existed in number of the Derevlian principalities ex- earlier centuries. Comparing the locations isted. A volost consisted of a main settle- of hill-forts that date to the 8–10th century, ment and in most cases a hill-fort and a with the centres of certain territorial units – number of surrounding villages. Neither a so called ‘volost’ (the verb ‘volodeti’ meant village nor a volost itself could be sold or ‘to posses’) shows interesting correlation. purchased. Their rulers could change, but Plotting the hill-forts on to a map with the structure was always the same – a main the reconstructed borders of the 14th–16th settlement / hill-fort-town and villages century ‘volost’, shows that in some such which ‘gravitated’ towards it. The volost units there is only one hill-fort (Olevsk) never was a compact territorial area. One while in others, there are several. The rea- volost could have some settlements situated son of such differences is the complicated within the area of other volosts. In later pe- history that has shaped the territory of some riods, volosts were headed by voevodas, of the units, and of particular interest in this that is to say ‘troop commanders’ responsi- respect is Ovruchskaja volost. ble for organising the warriors, and chief su- As mentioned above Iskorosten is the pervisors and governors over their territo- only city mentioned in the Chronicles in ries. A voevoda was also responsible for the connection with Dereva. This was the resi- collecting of tribute; except the honey trib- dence of their Prince Mal who might also ute which was a responsibility of a certain have possessed a territory which is men- official known as the ‘kluchnik’ (meaning tioned in medieval sources as ‘Malinskaja ‘a person with the key’) (Klepatskij volost’. The Malinskaja volost was situated 2007:92pp, 98). From the written sources south-east from Iskorosten and included we know that in the 11–13th centuries, a settlements along the Irsha River. So it is volost could be granted for short-term mili- possible that this region was the southern tary service. A volost could not belong to a border of his ‘principality’, while to the certain prince, but to the throne (‘stol’in old west it bordered with Zvyagolskaya and Russian). Every new prince who became a Olevskaya volost. The northern borders of possessor of a throne became also a posses- his territory stretched up to the Pripyat Riv- sor of a particular, or a number of, volost. er. Most problematic is the eastern border, Losing the throne had the consequence of where there is not any known ‘volost’. Be- also losing the volost (Tolochko 1992: fore Kiev princes established their authori- 157–160). ty over the land of Derevlians, this northern territory was most probably the subject of Possessors and governors numbers of disputes with the population of of the land of Dereva Kiev. Before its subjugation to Kiev authority, the Bearing in mind the number of volosts Derevlian land consisted of a number of mentioned by the Primary Russian Chroni- petty ‘principalities’ which we know as

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‘volosts’ruled by princes responsible for all both in the territory of the Carolingian Em- military business and also the so-called pire and Scandinavia (Androshchuk 2007). ‘starcy’ or ‘stareishiny’, that is to say the A winged spearhead from Listven (mod- ‘elders’who were responsible for collecting ern Dubno rajon, Rovenska oblast) should and sorting the tribute and were also the ad- also be mentioned. Winged spearheads are judicators for the ‘volost’ population (Cross known in Scandinavia and usually consid- 1953:58; Klepatskij 2007:396). ered Carolingian weaponry, particularly Because of decentralized character of specimens with pattern-welded blades (Sol- the political power of this territory it is most berg 1991:241–257). This particular spear- probable that the tribute in form of honey, head is without pattern-welding and judg- beavers, black martens and iron would have ing from the shape of the blade (Westphal been paid irregularly. Looking for external 2002) might date to the late 8th century, or markets was necessary for the Derevlians the early 9th century, and similar to that of and probably was a reason for their conflicts the above-mentioned sword from Bycheva. with the Polyanians who dwelt along the Until now we have not any clear evi- Dnieper, which was an important trade dence on direct contacts between the Car- route. In their search for external markets, olingian Empire and this Slavonic area dur- Derevlians found a number of good coun- ing the 9th century. None of the swords terparts, in particular the Norsemen who in found at sites that could be interpreted as the 9th–10th centuries were searching for trade centres were Type B (the only excep- wealth and power in Eastern Europe. In this tion is a single find of a lower guard of such respect, some items of weaponry should be sword from the Gnezdovo settlement in brought to our consideration. Russia). To my mind these Ukrainian finds The most southerly found object of could be interpreted as evidence for first Scandinavian origin in the area of the contacts between Norsemen and local “Russian land” is a spearhead of Petersen’s Slavonic population. It highly probable that type E (Fig. 5) that was discovered by acci- a demand for local economical resources dent in the vicinity of the Motronin was the primary reason for Scandinavian monastery close to the Tiasmin River (mod- visitors to this area. ern Cherkasy oblast). This find may be con- Some philologists explain the place- sidered evidence that the Norsemen were name ‘Iskorosten’ as derived from Old even exploring resources as far as the south- Norse í skarpstaini that is ‘on the steep ern tributaries of Dnieper. Two other stray rock’ (Schramm 2001:257). Nevertheless, finds have a direct connection to the area neither the character of the city, nor the con- under consideration (Zocenko 2004:91, text of the Scandinavian finds supports an fig. 5, 96, fig. 6; fig. 6ab). A sword of Pe- interpretation that the city was founded by tersen’s type B dated to the Early Viking Pe- Scandinavians. All the above-mentioned riod has been found in the vicinity of the vil- artefacts can only provide evidence that the lage Bycheva (formerly known as Podol- local population had contacts with Scandi- jen). It is a classical specimen with a pat- navians and some of them lived in the town tern-welded blade, with examples known before the attack.

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After returning from the campaign know from the medieval period: the Malska against the Greeks, Igor started war with the volost along the Irsha River, the Zavshska- Derevlians and the Ulichians. Sveneld was ja volost between the Uzh and Irsha rivers, a troop commander in these wars and re- and the Kamenovaja volost between the ceived the Derevlian tribute as a reward for Ubort and Slavechnaya River. After the es- his victory over the Ulichians (NPL tablishment of Kiev authority, the political 1950:110). The Derevlians paid him black and administrative centre was moved from martens per hearth as a tribute, just like the the destroyed Iskorosten to Vruchij/ people of this region did 500 years later to Ovruch. their ‘voevoda’ (compare the term The question of why the centre of Dere- ‘podymshchina’ recorded in 15th–16th cen- va was moved to Vruchij is interesting to tury). Sveneld did not reside in the consider. The reason might lie in an area of Derevlian land permanently. At the time of the local economy never mentioned by writ- Igor’s attack he was in Kiev which means ten sources, but very well known thanks to that his mission was short-term (Artamonov archaeological records; the above-men- 1966:31). After the burning and capturing tioned Ovruch schist. More than 15 special of the city, Olga imposed upon the manufacturing-settlements (c. 10–16 ha Derevlians a heavy tribute, distributed be- square) as well as mines situated c. 6–8 km tween Kiev and city of Vyshgorod. Accord- away, have been documented in this area ing to the Chronicle, Olga passed through (Pavlenko 2005; Tomashevsky et al 2003: the land of Dereva accompanied by her son 133–134). and her retinue, establishing laws and trib- There is a discussion as to when both ute. The Chronicle tells us that Olga’s hunt- production and export of the schist began. ing grounds, boundary-posts, towns, and Some scholars suggest that its industrial trading-posts were established throughout manufacture started in 940s–970s after the the country. Particularly interesting in this incorporation of ‘Dereva’ into the sphere of respect are the ‘boundary-posts’ or ‘znam- Kiev authority. Other scholars propose that janija’. In the documents from 14th–16th small-scale production of Ovruch schist centuries ‘znamjanija’ means a particular might be dated as early as 7th–8th century signs of property cut on the honey-trees (Tomashevskiy et al 2003:134). The impor- (Klepatskij 2007:371). Beekeeping has tant fact is that spindle-whorls and whet- been an important aspect of economy in the stones made of the Ovruch schist found in Kiev region during many centuries. Fur- cultural layer and objects in Iskorosten date thermore, it is probable that a particular per- from AD 700 to 950 (buildings 2, 4, 6), son – ‘kluchnica’ Malusha – had responsi- which means that production of the schist bility for collecting honey for Olga; was controlled by Iskorosten during this pe- Malusha was also the mother to Price riod. It is highly probably that during the Vladimir. course of the 10th century, spindle-whorls It seems that the territory, which had be- made of the Ovruch schist were sold or were longed earlier to the Derevlian Prince Mal, exchanged to people living at Shestovica was laid under Kiev authority. This territo- (Blifeld 1977:155), and at Chodosovka, a ry probably included those lands, which we number of settlements of the Romenskaya

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Culture, and also at Novgorod (Rybina in Peresopnica on the Stubla River in west- 1978:25–26), Gorodishche and Beloozero. ern Volhynia containing jewellery making During 10th–11th centuries a number of im- tools, matrices for the manufacture of such ported spindle-whorls reached Chersonesos ear-rings and a scale and weights, all pro- (Kolesnikova 2006:129), as well as main vide good evidence for the suggestion there centres along Danube (Perhavko 1999), and existed a gold-smithing centre of Byzantine in Poland, the Baltic lands, and at Hedeby, character (Duczko 1983:214pp; Zoll- Lund and Sigtuna (Gabriel 1989:201, Adamikowa et al 1999:114). There were Liste 1), as well as Volga-Bulgaria (Jaki- probably several artistic centres in the terri- mov 1992). It needs to be mentioned that tory between Dnepr and Dniester and West- spindle-whorls of a light-red stone are ern Bug rivers where the Slavic art of gran- known in Russian hoards from 11th–12th ulation was produced. century (Korzuhina 1954:137, nr 149; I would like to draw attention to a par- Dadicenko 2002). The red schist was used ticular type of site closely associated with for jewellery, as well as in the construction such finds, namely circle-shaped hill-forts of palaces, churches and sarcophagus of like Echimauti on the Dnester and Cher- Kiev Princes. It was evidently the red colour vone in the Southern Bug River basin. The itself, which was also associated with hill-fort at Chervone has been briefly men- colour of the Byzantine Emperors, that gave tioned in publications (Chavljuk 1969), but it value, and through which wider associa- the artefacts in the Vinnitsa historical muse- tions and relationships were displayed. um provide a good assemblage of jewellery (Fig. 7), parallels of which we know from Conclusions both barrows and hoards of 10th century, As it was mentioned above, there are other particularly in the recently found hoard objects, which indicate another important from Gnezdovo in Russia (Pushkina 1996). geographical sphere of interaction of which Scales along with bronze ingots, silver Ara- the residents of Iskorosten were part. Apart bic coins, fragmented objects and unfin- from two gold ear-rings, which have their ished granulation work on lunula- and bell- most close parallels in graves of the Great shaped pendants indicate that large scale sil- Moravia (Chropovsky 1993:76, fig. 5) there ver- and bronze-smithing was practiced are several ear-rings of so called ‘Volhynian here. type’which have been discussed recently by For further discussion and interpretation different scholars (Pushkina 1996; Zoll- of the finds from Chervone, it is important Adamikowa et al 1999; Rabinovich & to bear in mind the completely excavated Ryabtseva 2006; Zhylina 2007). There are hill-fort of Echimauti in Moldova (Rabi- several variants of similar ear-rings and novich & Ryabtseva 2006). This was a other objects decorated with filigree and small 86 x 60 m hill-fort with a wooden granulation finds, large numbers of which rampart filled with stones, soil and covered are concentrated mainly in the territory be- with clay. A number of items of jewellery tween the Danube and the Dnieper and including bronze necklaces and bracelets specifically in Volhynia. This concentration made of twisted wires and also earrings, along with the famous grave of a goldsmith lunula- and circular pendants, bow beads

17 FEDIR ANDROSHCHUK decorated with granulation as well as tools idence on the contacts between Dereva, for their manufacturing were discovered. It Volhynian and Scandinavia even in the has been suggested that in 10th century, sil- 11th–12th century. Among these is a hoard ver Arabic coins provided the raw material in Chaicha, Ovruch area, containing an arm for local jewellers, while local ironwork ring and necklace of silver (Korzuhina was totally dependent upon imported iron 1954:91, Table. XII:1, fig. 7; for further de- ore. Among possible areas providing iron tails see Androshchuk 2008). ore are the Carpathians and the upper Dni- Thus, both written sources and archaeo- ester regions. To my mind, another source logical data provide evidence that the lands area for iron ore might have been Dereva. In of Dereva and Volhynia had a good eco- the second part of 10th century the Pripy- nomical potential for their local social and at–Styr waterway played an important role economic development. The search for in the communication between Dereva, Vol- trading markets and trade communications hynia and the Dnester River basin. In the is the most plausible reason for not only the Styr River basin, barrows containing beads local richness and prosperity but also the and earrings with granulation of the same emerging conflicts with the new clan of type as those found in the Southern Bug riv- Ryurikids established in Kiev. The er basin have been recorded (Gupalo Ryurikids settled down in the centre con- 2006:61, fig. 48:6, 49:95). trolling a trade route that connected a large There are at least two finds indicating part of the Eastern Europe with the Greeks. Scandinavian interest in the Volhynian re- The establishment of political control by gion. One of them is the find from Uppland, Kiev Princes over the lands located along which includes a large circular brooch in the Pripyat River and its tributaries by mar- Borre style, glass beads, Arabic coins and a riage-alliances with local princes or/and by bow bead decorated in granulation style. force strengthened the economical power of These finds have been discussed in detail by Kiev. Under these circumstances, the value Wladyslaw Duczko (1982). Another find is of light-red schist was also changed. Having a circular brooch, decorated in Borre style, been restricted mainly by the local econom- which came to light accidentally in the vil- ic necessity of the Derevlians it turned into lage of Kovalivka, Nemyrov rajon, Vinnit- an important marker of large-scaled territo- ca oblast (Jansson et al. 2006, fig. 8). There rial property and the social relationships of are other, mainly single, finds providing ev- the Kiev Princes.

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