TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM BALBOA PARK STATION AREA PLAN ARCHEOLOGICAL CONTEXT I FINAL
Date 3 November 2006
To File No 2004 1059E Balboa Park Station Area Plan
From Randall Dean
of resources Topic an evaluation of potential presence significance archeological within the Balboa Park Station Area Plan area
OBJECTIVES
for the of this memorandum is information environmental The purpose provide background evaluation of the proposed Balboa Park Station Area Plan BPSAP regarding potential effects resources resources as to legally-significant archeological C'significant archeological and To achieve this the memorandum defined by CEQA 15064 5b c1 objective the basis for a provides an historic context of the Plan Area to serve as preliminary of that be identification and significance evaluation archeological properties may present information in this is within the Plan Area The historical and archeological provided report
related the Plan Area and on and based on secondary archeological literature to primary General Land Office secondary historical documentation including historic maps US plats Census US Coast Surveys Sanborn Fire Insurance maps etc US Bureau population the Western Project historical schedules city directories Municipal Reports Neighborhoods discussion of the reports etc This report provides a general program-level general types that be within the Plan Area and property types of archeological resources may present affected future under the General thus potentially by physical projects proposed regulatory identification of Plan and Planning Code changes proposed in the BPSAP Site-specific
is for the Phelan Site and the Auto potential archeological resources attempted Loop Kragen
Parts site for which the BPSAP proposes specific physical projects
The objective of this memorandum is not to provide the minimally necessary background where that information does not exist information regarding archeological resources already future time in archeological documentation To the degree that at some a proposed project under environmental evaluation of within the Plan Area is determined to require CEQA an
and the information for that its effects on archeological resources project site-specific
this an study evaluation is not provided in memorandum archeological consultant-prepared be Even in those cases where providing such information and assessment may required
information is available and is described in this the archeological site-specific memorandum
static and discoveries occur over state of archeological information is not new archeological of are time that alter assumptions upon which the potential presence archeological resources
I is there predicted or upon which the significance of archeological resources gauged Thus is that the the possibility that at the time some future project is proposed project site-specific of that time information in this plan will not be up-to-date with the state knowledge at regarding the archeological sensitivity of the project site
REGULATORY CONTEXT
that the effects of resource shall be taken into CEQA requires a project on an archeological
affect resource that it shall first be consideration and that if a project may an archeological determined if the historical that if the archeological resource is an resource is for the California of Historical archeological resource meets the criteria listing in Register under Criteria Resources CRHR To be eligible for listing to the CRHR A B or C an archeological site must contain artifact assemblages features or stratigraphic relationships of associated with important events or important persons or exemplary a type period or method of construction Guidelines and and and To be CEQA 5 15064 5a1 3 c 1 2 need show the to eligible under Criterion D an archeological site only potential Yield of the Interior An important information United States Department 1986 archeological historical resource under for resource that qualifies as a CEQA generally qualifies listing under Criterion D of the CRHR CEQA Guidelines 515064 5 a3D An archeological resource for under Criterion when it can be demonstrated that the may qualify listing D of historical resource has the potential to significantly contribute to questions scientific Preservation Bulletin No importance CA OHP Planning 5
HISTORIC CONTEXT
San Francisco It is known that humans have been present within the area of land comprising known have inhabited the today for at least 6000 years The earliest peoples currently to of but of hunter San Francisco Bay Area were comprised widespread sparse populations seeds and evidenced the gathers whose subsistence was based on large game nuts as by and and These lived presence of large projectile points milling stones manos metates peoples in small nomadic bands that made less use of shoreline and wetlands resources than later
after 2000 and who prehistoric populations Soon BC bayshore marsh-adapted people were Utian language Miwok-Costanoan language family speaking people began to migrate Hokan into the Bay Area from the Central Valley displacing the earlier language speaking than the older resident in populations The new inhabitants were different populations a subsistence number of respects including language larger and more sedentary settlements a and and based on acorns shellfish small game mortuary practices personal ornaments perhaps the fabrication of coiled basketry It is assumed that the Costanoan representatives later than of this Utian dispersal reached the northern end of the San Francisco peninsula no 500 BC
the The Costanoan tribe that occupied the northern end of the San Francisco peninsula in h divided into late 18 century is known under the general term Yelamu The Yelamu were of at least five settlements three semi sedentary village groups The Yelamu were composed located within San Cbutcbl Sitlintac Amuctac Tubsinte and Petlenuc that were present day the Francisco Yelamu may have also been the name of an additional settlement within
2 the shore the vicinity of Mission Dolores Sitlintac may have been located on Bay near large
tidal wetlands of the Mission Creek estuary Chutchui was located near the lake Laguna de los
Mission to three in land These Dolores east of the current Dolores two miles two villages band of the Yelamu who used them were probably the seasonally settlements of one
Yelamu used the sites of Amuctac and Tubsinte alternately Another band seasonally village have had that were located in Visitation Valley A third Yelamu band the Pedenuc may a
small settlement near the Presidio The Yelamu were allied by marriage to Costanoan groups on the east side of San Francisco Bay
Within less than two months after the arrival of the Spanish who had begun construction of attacked and the first Mission Dolores all of the Yelamu villages in San Francisco were
burned by an expedition sent by the Ssalson tribe the Costanoan tribe of the San Mateo area
The Yelamu survivors abandoned all of the San Francisco settlements seeking refuge with
missionized in the late 18'h the other groups in East Bay and Marin Until they were century
Yelamu only returned to San Francisco for occasional hunting
Plan Area lies within the basin of a The eastern part of the upper drainage Islay Creek
have flowed it was the southern tributary of Islais Creek Islay Creek may year-round since and Avenues source of Geneva Lake historically located in the area around Cayuga Niagara 9h the reaches of and is identified as dry in the summer in 1 century maps as was upper of Islais Creek that drained Len Canyon Sanborn Map Col 1899 The topographic setting
of the Plan is between the lower southern of Mt the western part Area a depression slope reliefed the south alluvial Davidson and the slightly area to The terraces and upper slopes the Plan Area have of the headwaters of Islay Creek within the eastern part of may provided has also been that desirable seasonal prehistoric occupation sites It suggested Shoup 1992
of Davidson could have been travel corridor for the gap south Mt a prehistoric groups Creek and the and faunal resource-rich between San Francisco Bay and Islais estuary marine
of the Pacific shoreline and the marshlands of Lake Merced The ecological zones Ocean be small loci archeological record left by this transhumant activity may ephemeral activity of such as has been encountered in the Sutro headlands or the more substantial deposits a
settlement site
of the Plan Area the The earliest European settlement relevant to the history was original mission of San Francisco de Asis constructed in 1776 The first mission was a temporary
structure constructed near the headwater lake of Mission Creek named by the Spanish
de los Dolores The Yelamu Costanoan settlement of Cbutcbui was guna de Nuestra Senora probably located near the mission site The location of the first mission is not known but Mission Streets there is evidence to suggest that it was in the vicinity of the Fourteenth and
to the north of Laguna de los Dolores Historians opinions of the location and extent of the
that size the lake would have Laguna Dolores are inconsistent However allowing the of south of varied both seasonally and from year to year the Laguna de los Dolores was generally
Fifteenth Street east of Guerrero Street or perhaps Mission Street north of Twentieth The second Mission Dolores Street or of Sixteenth Street and west of Howard Street was second of wood and mud PafiZada construction The identification of the location of the held mission as for the first mission must rely on conflicting evidence but the more widely
Fourteenth Mission Streets within the belief is that it also was situated in the vicinity of and
second mission for at least but Project Area The was in use eight years possibly longer
The third mission constructed in San Francisco the existing adobe Mission Dolores was
3 of several 1782 At the of constructed over a period years beginning in period its peak expansion and activity approximately 1814 to 1817 the Mission Dolores complex included covered that extended least at least forty-three buildings and is known to have an area at from Guerrero Street to Church Street and Fifteenth Street to Dolores Creek south of and Eighteenth Street However the location of many of the known buildings structures associated with Mission Dolores for example the mission prison school one of the two tanneries one of the two mills forge and bathhouse is not known thus the geographical described here Mission extent of the whole mission complex may have been larger than Dolores also maintained asistencias in San Mateo San Pablo and San Rafael The asistencias in
and Pablo that were cattle San Mateo San were agricultural is they large grain and farming The San Rafael another mission where of the operations asistenda in was in fact most
Indian neophytes were eventually transferred because of the missionaries belief that the cold windy foggy climate of San Francisco was responsible for the high mortality rate of the
Dolores that the climate Mission neophytes and of San Rafael was more healthy At the
of the Mission Dolores contained over 1200 period greatest occupancy complex neophyte
Indians and also soldiers servants including neophytes from other missions as distant as
Bala Califormia and Spanish Mexican English and American craftsmen artisans
and the All settlement buildings structures specialized activities during Spanish-Mexican period were not confined to the Mission Dolores area Various adobe houses are known to and have been present along San Jose Road near Precita Creek west of Potrero Avenue even on Potrero Hill The adobe Old Wall and rock Doss Wall were located at the base of adobe the west slope of Potrero Hill By the early 1850s there were more than 50 buildings th the Plan in there extending south from 14 Street to Precita Creek and near Area A number
than the at its level of There were also greater were present when mission was peak activity an unknown number of wood frame residences constructed by this time
held the time the The Plan Area hes within lands that Mission Dolores legally in trust from mission was established in 1776 until the mission was secularized and its properties dissolved in the mid 1830s Jos6 Cornelio Bernal the mayordomo of the mission was a principal of the of the mission's In Bernal the beneficiary parceling up property 1839 acquired one the square league land-grant known as Rincon de las Salinasy Potrero Vio which encompassed area south of Islais Creek including the Plan Area east of San Jose Avenue In 1845 Jos6 de Jesus No6 acquired the San Miguel Rancho which encompassed Twin Peaks and Mount
Davidson extending south to the current Ocean Avenue Neither No6 nor Bernal are Area known to have constructed any improvements within the Plan
18'h mid-19ffi made within the From the late century to the century the only improvement Plan cart Area was the San Jos6 Road Mission period roads were simply foot and paths whose actual alignment shifted over time depending on topographic changes such as rock or mud slides or the shift of a watercourse weather events such as flooding and in the
trail travelers discern the last absence of markers inability to used route For almost fifty Road the sole of communication between the missions years the San Jos6 was nearly means of the north Bay Mission Dolores and the San Rafael Mission and the missions of the South
since little made of watercraft for Bay the San Jos6 and Santa Clara Missions use was transits within the Bay until the mid-1830s Within the Plan Area the San Jos6 Road alignment ran along the shoulder of the southern slope of Mount Davidson well above the long narrow valley of the year-around flowing Islay Creek whose course is traced today by
4 Cayuga Avenue and Capistrano Street By the beginning 1850s the County had laid out
side of San later along the opposite eastern Islay Creek a new more even-grade Jos6 Road Street known as the County and Telegraph Road and even later as Mission The
trail became known San original Mission period as the Old Jos Road
By the beginning 1850s Carmen Cibrian de Bernal the wife of Jos6 Cornelio Bernal the
of the Rancho de las constructed in isolated original claimant Salinas had an adobe house an of pocket in the southwest corner of the land-grant near the existing intersection Alemany
Boulevard and Ocean Avenue Shortly afterward two additional houses possibly adobe Bernal were constructed close by Carmen Bernal's adobe perhaps for other members of the The Bernal Reservation family Hendry and Bowman 1940 Shoup et al 1992 may have been the only habitations near the Plan Area in the early 1850s The Bernal adobe and in two other houses and accessory structures like an adobe oven remained in place use until 1900 and for the most part at least as late as 1915 Sanborn Map Co 1899 1913 1915
In the little settlement occurred in the southwestern of Francisco early 1850s had part San Creek and farm further aside from the Carmen Bernal compound on Islay Abbey's dairy other settlement south on the Old San Jos6 Road near the City boarding the only was around Lake Merced Francisco de Haro had purchased the 2100 acres rancho that included the Lake Merced from Jos6 Antonio Galindo in 1837 De Haro constructed a house on the Alfred south side of the lake where he died in 1849 By early 1850s Green George Green Lovett and other had begun farming on the northern end of the lake perhaps sheep Lake Merced or dairy farming since the area was known for its perennial green slopes was
accessible the Port Suello Twin route originally only by Road to over Peaks a now and followed by Portola Avenue Humphreys 1853 Between 1853 1855 a small one of story wood-frame saloon-resort-like establishment was constructed near the end the
of land that toward the of the lake Lake as the small finger projected center The House establishment was called was the prototype for several others and some much grander and
out-fitted with belvederes and constructed stylishly designed magnificent large stables along what would become Ocean Avenue or near the shore The resorts an bore simple names them from that associated them only with the sea and shore sub-textually severing civilization and the urban world names such as Ocean House 1855 Pacific House by To 1863 Ocean View House later 1850s Beach House by 1863 and Rockaway House provide easier access to the Lake House around the San Miguel Hills Twin Peaks and Mt
Davidson a road was constructed connecting Lake House to the Old San Jos6 Road known as the Lake House Road The current alignment of Ocean Avenue within the Plan
follows the of the Lake the 1850s and the Area original route House Road During 1860s popular recreational circuit for San Francisco's urban residents was to travel by the plank roads of Mission or Folsom Street to Mission Dolores then follow the Old San Jos6 Road to
Lake House Road which by the mid-1860's had become re-christened as Ocean House
Road and follow shoreward Near to or at the sea one could stop for a rest and refreshments at one of the sea-side resorts such as the Ocean House where a belvedere offered a panoramic view of the coastline sea and the Great Sand Bank From here the excursionists followed the sliver of narrow road that ran between the San Miguel Hills and the vast sand dune field to the highlands of the Cliff House From the Cliff House the
the adorned return trip to town was by Point Lobos Road past vast monumentally cemeteries that lined the route providing the travelers with further excuses to prolong the
5 day The circuit was so popular that an Ocean House Omnibus left Portsmouth Square and Plaza daily at 10 am The importance of the Ocean House Road corridor as a resort removed but accessible from the continued to the recreational zone easily city shape character of the area including the Plan Area until the end of the 19th century
The first known settlement within the Plan Area was that of a farmer Schnuidt who held a
of land south of Harold to a west of large tract Ocean Avenue from possibly Avenue point farmhouse have been located the southern half of Orizaba Avenue Schmidt's appears to in the block bounded by Ocean De Montfort Jules and Faxon Avenues Although Schmidt have sold off much of his property during the 1860s his farming operation appears to continued to at least the beginning of the 1870s Goddard 1869 Wackenreuder 1861
During the latter 1850's the expanding merchant and middle class of San Francisco believed and had ethical and to that society government an religious responsibility provide surrogate parental care for children who either lacked parents or whose parents were too destitute or that morally unfit to provide an acceptable level of parental care It was commonly accepted the best vehicle for providing a suitable alternative child-rearing environment was
the addressed the of families or institutional just as Almshouse 1867 problem pauperized the Magdalan Asylum that of prostitutes or the Sailors Home 1854 that of ailing or of impoverished sailors But the first population of need addressed was that parentless or established in San partially parentless children So during the 1850s several orphanages were
Francisco the Protestant Orphans Asylum 1851 the Ladies Protection and Relief Society Even the local orphanage 1854 and the Orphan Roman Catholic Asylum 1852 though
Jewish community did not found an orphanage until 1871 in 1850 the Eureka Benevolent San Society had been established to financially assist Jewish widows and orphans The Francisco Morning Call 1893 In 1859 the City established a House of Refuge also known as the Industrial School for children from families viewed as too impoverished
dissolute be fit of for the site neglectful or morally to parents The Board Supervisors chose for a House of Refuge a site as distant from the City but yet within its jurisdiction as possible purchasing a 100 lot in the extreme southern corner of Horner's Addition The site today is that of San Francisco City College and Balboa Park The sites selected for all of these types of charitable institutions nearly all were isolated and remotely situated from the city show their ambivalent purpose of both providing assistance but relocating the assisted out-of-view of the ordinary life of morally respectable urban residents In 1875 the City constructed a of the Industrial School House of Correction under the Sheriff's Dept on the northern part site The House of Correction was intended as a correctional rehabilitation facility for
older than the Industrial In 1891 the San Francisco Industrial slightly youths School when
School was closed it was converted to a City women's jail
The San Frantisco House of Refuge or Industrial Scbool
1859 and The House of Refuge later known as the Industrial School opened in occupied
San Francisco and Balboa Park The first a 100-acre lot now occupied by City College children's institutions on the West Coast were orphanages operated by religious or benevolent societies Protestant Orphan Asylum est 1851 Ladies Relief Society Catholic decades Orphanage est 1852 The House of Refuge concept emerged on the East Coast
6 and of earlier in New York Philadelphia Boston in response to a perceived responsibility
the educational and moral needs of children from or society to provide for indigent merchant class and dissolute households Macallaire 2003 In the 1850s the prosperous of San became troubled the sudden in the expanding middle class Francisco by growth
the lower classes and fear that it would into a juvenile population among by a develop large stated the permanent poor and criminal class The school was intended as in inaugural address for the institution for the large class of feeble helpless thoughtless guileless
either the name School children who have no parents or such as do not deserve Industrial
Dept 1859 The House of Refuge concept was based on the theory that benign
the life of child of inferior could intervention early in a morally or impoverished parents the time prevent the child's evolvement into crime Macallaire 2003 Laws at permitted of children the basis of or the City to assume custody on mere vagrancy homelessness
of crimes children to the San Francisco Industrial committal petty Thus most committed
School during its 33-year existence were non-delinquents
had for the school deficits Although the City acquired property in 1856 city budgetary delayed construction of the Industrial School for several years As was the case with the earlier Houses of Refuge on the East Coast the San Francisco institution was based on a three floor of individual penitentiary-congregate model large fortress-like building with or and and laborious routine for the inmates cells or large open dormitories a daily long the and of the Industrial School Macallaire 2003 Initially only main building one wing was Reuben Clarke for two The main built although the original plan designed by was wings constructed of brick building was composed of three stories The second and third stories
for the and other resident school officers The had living quarters superintendent ground floor of stone construction contained the staff dining room kitchen and servants rooms
cells 7 12 The cells The inmate wing had three floors each with 16 small brick 5 2ft by ft
floors metal catwalk Each cell had a metal bed that folded of the upper two opened onto a and Three wells into the wall The wing also had an inmate dining room hospital ward and least until the school connected were bored and provided potable irrigation water at was the Industrial School to the Spring Valley Water Co flume west of the site Although was a municipal institution it was expected to achieve a certain level of financial self-sufficiency cultivation of the school's thus much of the inmates time was assigned to the agricultural
100 acres Although a primary motive for the creation of the Houses of Refuge was to the of provide an education and skills training to disadvantaged children development good educational or vocational facilities at the Industrial School did not occur until its latter years
work from 6 work School routine was severe rising at 530 am farm am to noon again and after until bedtime at 9 There were no until 230 and school both before supper pm distinctive form of playgrounds gymnasium or workshops The children inmates wore a of cloth clothing gray Although initially corporal punishment was proscribed flogging older eventually becoming an accepted practice Recalcitrant or youth were indentured to merchant ships Escapes were frequent In 1860 a twelve-foot high fence was constructed
into of 400 ft 400 ft In the late 1860s there were enclosing the buildings a compound by disclosed the of several of severe two grand jury investigations which occurrence cases the of brutal forms of and floggings and beatings use punishment excessive deprivation sexual abuse of some of the girl inmates by the school staff
and Inmates of the Industrial School were in the large majority boys on average 84 from but with between 10 to 16 of represented nearly all ages 3 to 18 most boys years age
7 sentiment During the economic downtown in San Francisco in the 1860s when anti-Chinese followed of was strong Chinese youth represented the largest inmate ethnic group by boys of Australian birth or parentage Between 1860 and 1869 only 13 of the boy inmates were School foreign-birth Industrial Dept 1859-1868
The inmates housed in the second after it constructed in 1863 Since girl were wing was girls were not expected to perform farming duties they generated income for the institution by
and the sexual abuse the to transfer all sewing laundering Following scandals City arranged the the Sisters The girl inmates to Magdalan Asylum maintained by of Mercy Magdalan
of General is had been created in 1859 as a Asylum where part SF Hospital located shelter for former constructed the to prostitutes A new wing was to Magdalan Asylum separately house the Industrial School girls in 1868
of the level of and During the 1880's facing continued public and press criticisms neglect abuse of child inmates the Industrial School upgraded its education curriculum to more include closely approximate that of public education and expanded the training program to a shoemaker carpenter and tailor With the creation of State operated reform schools at lone and Whitter the San Francisco Industrial School was closed in 1892 Macallaire 2003
of the distinctive features of the is the French Swiss One most historically area dairy farming and maintained community that settled along Islay Creek perhaps as early as the late 1850s the of these French major dairy operations at least until the early 1900s It was presence
Swiss families that was responsible for the place names Geneva Avenue and Geneva reaches of Creek between Mount Lake a natural lake on the upper Islay Geneva Vernon and Delano Avenues and Alemany Blvd The earliest of these Swiss farmers Crochet
Lacrouts Roche Ruer Theller may have settled on the western slopes along Islay Creek the 1860s before opposite the Bernal family ranch by early or shortly Wackenreuder 1861 of farms of the Plan Area The farm Goddard 1869 This group was to the northeast only in the area at this time documented to have been a dairy farm is that of the Thurber brothers north of Albert Isaac and Martin Thurber's dairy was located on Old San Jos6 Road just
Balboa Park between Paulding Street and Nantucket Avenue By 1868 George Smart from
New York took over the Thurber dairy Smart only 26 with a his wife Rebecca in 1870 employed ten dairy laborers including several Swiss By the 1870's Smart's brother James the York had joined him in the business and by 1880 the dairy was known as New Dairy 9h The New York Dairy remained in operation at least to 1905 and relocated to 1 Street the and either during the period 1905-1907 or 1907-1915 In any case dairy's buildings in 1915 accessory structures were yet standing vacant Crocker-Langley 1900 1905 1907
DM Bishop 1875 Langley 1863 1864 1868 76-77 1880 188-1885 Sanborn Map Co 1888 1899 1913-1815 US Census 1880 1900
Near the New York Dairy on Old San Jos6 Road was a dairy farm operation that dated at least from 1868 Initially this dairy business was comprised of the two adjoining dairy farms of William Megilligan and Charles Healey Healey appears to have left the venture after 1875 for in final the to have with Samuel its years in early 1880's Megilhgan appears partnered
the headwaters of Islais Clark In 1869 Clark had a large dairy farm in Glen Canyon near
8 Clark in the Creek Goddard 1869 Although assumedly not Swiss began dairy farming when number of Swiss farmers relocated from Cow Glen Canyon area at the time a dairy
Hollow to the Glen Park area VerPlanck 2001
French Swiss Ambrose and Frank Futter had established During the 1880's two brothers The Eureka was located on the block bounded the Eureka Daig within the Plan Area Dairy Tara and Geneva Avenue Because city by San Jos Road Niagara Avenue Street side of the location of the as both the western and eastern directories identify dairy being have been transected the Southern Pacific Railroad this block the Furrer property may by San Road Co line but with the farmhouse located at 2224 Jos6 Sanborn Map 1899 By have been in the hands of Fred Furrer perhaps a 1900 the operation of the dairy appears to and married Fred to the in 1886 at the of 22 son of one of the brothers had come US age children three niine Emma also from Switzerland By 1900 they had three ages through
and several Other member of the Furrer family Casper Simon Louis Joseph operated located in Hollow and Bernal Heights other dairies in San Francisco since the 1870's Cow San Avenue had been acquired by the By 1915 most of the Furrer dairy property on Jose of the site had been leased Southern Pacific Railroad Co for a railway car paint shop Part Plant The Furrer farmhouse and accessory or sold to the Blanchard Brown Asphaltum San but the rest of the San Jose Avenue structures remained at that time 2332 Jose Avenue 1913 sub-divided into residential lots Sanborn Map Co frontage had been single family 1915
of the 19t of the dairies located in the northern part During the latter quarter century many in relocated to available farm tracts above Islay of San Francisco especially Cow Hollow the Rock Gulch of the dynamite factory Creek and to Glen Park which following explosion farmers were also Swiss creating a first in 1869 was unoccupied Many of these new dairy Little Switzerland 2001 place-name for the area VerPlanck
1880 was the most common land use within the Plan Area The During the 1870's farming farms Ocean House Road of diverse origin including census notes several dairy along Farmsteads Ocean House Road were Scottish Irish French and Californian Hispanic along evident the the road to be within the Plan Area but as is in probably too far removed from Avenue more 1899 Sanborn the farms along San Jos6 Road and Geneva were geographically farm are within the eastern of concentrated and several of the sites of these operations part Avenue the Plan Area At least some of the farms along San Jos6 were occupied by young Census Italian families Sanborn Map Co 1899 US 1880 1900
San Francisco and San was in the late 1850s A railway connection between Jos6 proposed of the for wide tract was assumed to be the alignment The most practical route a gauge the most direct route would be Camino Real the Old San Jos6 Road which although not technolo and challenging alignment along less expensive than a more 91ically topographically the of to markets in San Francisco and San Jos6 the Bay To facilitate the shipping produce with the San Francisco and San Jos6 Industrial School negotiated rights of right-of-way school return for a rail near the Railroad Co through the institution's property in stop 1868 railroad in from 1860 until it was purchased in Macallaire 2003 The was operation had Pacific Railroad In the 1900's the municipal railway agency by the Southern Co early School site for train car to the south of the former Industrial acquired properties
9 facilities the 1950's and 1960's Interstate 280 was maintenance and repair During former Southern Pacific Railroad and the constructed by the State along the alignment between Ocean and Geneva Avenues were acquired former urban railway corporation yards for the Balboa Park Station and developed by the Bay Rapid Transit District
School It that other the reformatory institutions of the Industrial appears than major youth
and the House of Correction and a small number of farming tracts of mostly dairy ranches Track in 1895 the Plan Area was little developed until the Ingleside Race opened had been in the late 1860s for the area Speculative residential subdivision schemes proposed
Industrial School site of and Balboa south of Ocean Avenue opposite the the City College have been soon aborted Even as late as 1915 some streets in the Park but these appear to In of the Plan such as Geneva not or eastern part Area Avenue were opened improved with Alfred as The 1895 the Pacific Coast jockey Club was formed Spreckels president the club constructed a new harness and thoroughbred horse racing course Ingleside Racing
The first documented formal horse race Track south of Ocean House Road Dobkin 2004 Dolores in 1847 1857 there in San Francisco was held near Mission La Bounty 2000 By and the Pioneer Race south of were two race tracks the Union Race Course Course Laguna h Coast de los Dolores between 20h and 26 Street and east of Mission Street US Survey north of Lake Merced on 1857 In the 1860's the Ocean View Race Course was developed Pacific Club Ocean House Road south Stern Grove today In 1873 the jockey began track in the current District The racetrack at holding races at the Bay District race Bayview of horse racetrack constructed in the context of a competitive flurry Ingleside was of the and the size of the development resulting from the rising popularity sport growing 1880's and 1890's The Race Track was intended to offered purses in the Ingleside three levels and lavish facilities than its rivals The Grand Stand had incorporate larger more clubhouse and a with bar restaurant barber and betting ring There was an ornate two-story
to a small for a Southern Pacific Railroad long covered pedestrian passageway depot stables 12 line that to the There were 24 horse and passenger spur extended racing grounds facilities The Race Track was jockey houses with two separate jockey dining Ingleside located south of Ocean Avenue and west of Ashton Avenue The race track entrance Avenue and Urbano Drive Grand Stand and clubhouse were located between Ocean
between Victoria Street and Cerritos Avenue It does not appear any improvements of the Plan Area located associated within the racetrack were constructed within the part Track the last venue for within the Ingleside Race Track grounds The Ingleside Race was The Tanforan race tract was by a horse racing in San Francisco La Bounty 2000 opened In 1900 local rival jockey club in 1899 in San Bruno in San Mateo County Dobkin 2004 the track In 1906 the the first auto race in California was held at Ingleside Ingleside
the stables converted into Racetrack closed Following the earthquake of 1906 were
until 1908 this time the former race course was known as temporary hospitals During the Urban Co the former Camp Ingleside In 1910 Realty Development developed residential Terraces raceway as a single family subdivision Ingleside
Park had where the former By the late 1890s a dog racing track Ingleside Coursing opened of the are San Francisco Public Utilities Commission reservoirs west City College campus
the entrance and were located located Principally for greyhound racing raceway grandstand
near the intersection of Ocean Avenue and Brighton Avenue
10 little residential commercial had occurred in the At the end of the 19 century or developed
1899 the 80 lots Ocean Avenue between Ashton and general Plan Area In among along
still minor interior Harold Avenues 65 of the lots were vacant Further south along the saloons and club streets were small farms but along Ocean Avenue there were principally
the set who had from town for the rooms catering to horse and dog-race gambling come
the urban of San Francisco most of the commerqants day just as in neighborhoods petit German Of the eleven saloons in the small businessmen such as saloon keepers were children of Plan Are in 1900 six of the saloon keepers were German and three more were
of these saloon the fact German parents Three were women keepers perhaps explained by addition the that two of them were widowed Of the few farms in the area in 1900 in to
farms there were five Italian farm households perhaps tenant dairy along San Jos6 Road Avenue farmers There was also one German and one English farming family on Ocean
of the lots within the Plan Area still By 1915 although perhaps half were undeveloped single to the family residential and small-scale commercial development was beginning typify
of the western of the Plan Area The noticeable increase in developMent pattern part of households development of the area may a reflect a post-earthquake preference displaced be found the southern to rebuild new homes in an area of more open topography as could in of the In there was a clear change in land uses by the and western part city any event 1910's The number of saloons had fallen to five and there were more than a dozen stores
On the eastern end of the Plan and more than three times as many single family houses low industrial uses on sites Area along San Jos6 Road and Geneva Avenue density large the became the dominant land use The former Eureka Dairy site was now occupied by and two were located United Railroad railway car repair and paint shops asphalt plants and Ocean Avenues between Tara and San Jos6 Avenues and between Niagara Along Geneva Avenue was the Moore Boode Gravel Co The Spring Valley Lumber yard took up the entire block east of San Jos6 Avenue opposite the railway corporation yard
Historic Context Phelan Loop Site
sites have been recorded in the immediate of this site small Although no prehistoric vicinity
activities such or of ephemeral as temporary foraging tool-making encampments prehistoric within the site The first known groups may have occurred even on a regular basis project Lake House Road Ocean the mid improvement was the construction of later Avenue by Industrial School and its 1850's On a 100-acre site to the west the San Francisco farming the of the 1860's the Phelan Site operation was in operation from 1859 By beginning Loop land of 100 with two structures a farmhouse was part of a section of over acres probably constructed the north of the Phelan at least one of the to just to Loop parcel Probably
1869 it the houses had been structures was a farmhouse Wackenreuder 1861 By appears for the until razed absent or abandoned No other development is documented project site the 1890's The the construction of a dog-racing track the Ingleside Coursing Park in
within the lower southeast corner of the Park and project site was Coursing property shed or shed contained kennel structures By 1913-1915 there were three long one-story
the site of the used as a like buildings on project One buildings was dwelling Sanborn Map Co 1899 1913-1915
11 Historic Context Kragen Auto Parts Site
Although no prehistoric sites have been recorded in the immediate vicinity of this site small of ephemeral activities such as temporary foraging or tool-making encampments prehistoric
have within the The first known groups may occurred even on a regular basis project site improvement was the construction of Lake House Road later Ocean Avenue by the mid
1850's On a 100-acre site to the west the San Francisco Industrial School and its farming
in the the the Auto operation was operation from 1859 By beginning of 1860's I-C-ragen
Parts Site was part of a section of land of over 100 acres with two structures probably a farmhouse constructed outside and to the northeast of this site No other development is
for the until the construction of the documented project site dog racing tract Ingleside
Coursing Park in the 1890's The Kragen Auto Parts Site contained Grandstand of the race track The Grandstand facility was two-story and included a dining-room kitchen bar and track betting ring several seating platforms By 1913-1915 the race grandstand structure several has been replaced with a one-story dwelling 1140 Ocean Avenue attached to large shed buildings Sanborn Map Co 1899 1913-1915
ARCHEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
San Francisco
considerable A sizable archeological literature exists for San Francisco and there has been a amount of archeological field investigation Most of this documentation has been more descriptive than analytic in its treatment of archeological resources and most field projects have been initiated efforts rather than the of as salvage archeological implementation research or area-wide preservation plans Until recent years archeologists in San Francisco concentrated small of have primarily on a range archeological resources specifically
structural remains bunied prehistoric sites Gold Rush period and deposits Gold Rush period storeships structural remains associated with the SpanishMexican Presidio the foundations of the former City Hall complex and deposits associated with Chinese merchants number of data have also been households or A archeological recovery projects conducted in former cemetery sites involving the removal of a large number of burials
in little of remains However most cases archeological analysis cemetery features human or of the burials themselves has in because of inconsistencies in State laws resulted part regarding the status and appropriate treatment of discovered human remains and the failure to coordinate a of action interested research plan among city departments A significant work in San Francisco has been domestic and commercial void in past archeological deposits for after 1860 due to a failure by archeologists to develop appropriate research frameworks such deposits and by the mistaken view of many archeologists sometimes expressed in the that the information value of the record of historical literature archeological a phenomenon diminishes in proportion to the existence of a written record of the historical phenomenon believed that there record for Since these archeologists is generally a good documentary persons and other historical phenomena after 1860 it was often concluded that archeological remains after 1860 had less or redundant information value In reality archeological
late 19 20h research value deposits of the century or early century may have significant independent of the existence of a good associated historical record for several reasons one
12 record lacks the bias and that intrinsic to of which is that the archeological intentionality are the written record
Plan Area
of the Plan Area in the The area was There has been almost no archeological study past There have been ignored in Nelson's Bay Area shellmound survey in the early 1900s no often associated with large urban archeological research designs transportation projects done within the Plan Area nor any archeological studies done in conjunction with the CEQA Information Center File In evaluation of private sector projects Northwest No 06-156 the mid-ninefies an archeological sensitivity study Shoup and Hatoff 1992 was prepared extend the for a San Francisco Fire Department proposal to city's high pressure water supply in within and the Plan Area Within system AWSS Connection project certain streets near the Plan the included the of Avenue between Area project right-of-way Ocean Onondaga that there Avenue and San Fernando Way The archeological sensitivity study concluded the former of were only two areas of prehistoric archeological concern along alignment
Islais Creek and one area of historical archeological concern the area around the former and Hatoff of the areas Carmen Bernal adobe wid-iin the project area Shoup 1992 None within the Plan identified as archeologically sensitive are Area An archeological monitoring several program was conducted for the AWSS Connection project resulting in reports Voss
March 28 1994 May 25 1994 The only archeological feature observed within the Plan of Ocean Area was a redwood utility conduit encountered 25 ft bsg near the intersection and Plymouth Avenues Voss May 25 1994 The report did not attempt to further of and historical associations identify the feature in terms age
of within the Plan Area be due to several This past neglect archeological investigation may studies factors comparatively weaker development pressure that might prompt archeological of and a former favoritism that the local archeology community had towards certain types with archeological resources prehistoric and Gold Rush period archeological sites coupled extensive Mexican Period of the and of the an unawareness of how occupation city was large
of 9h urban that exist in San Francisco In variety 1 century archeological property types any
that the lack of research of area is event it is a commonplace in archeology archeological an since often not in itself an indication that the area has no intrinsic archeological significance with other factors may be responsible for the dearth of information Regulatory compliance Act that CEQA or Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation requires potential
of soils activities be evaluated effects on archeological properties disturbingmodifying and historical within an adequate research context that takes into account current evolving and archeological literature
Pbelan Site Arcbeological Context Loop
research of the Phelan Site area around There has been no prior archeological Loop The for this section of Ocean Avenue has been identified has having potential sensitivity small
sites associated with who have traversed this temporary prehistoric activity groups may corridor the resource-rich wetlands of Merced and the coastline with linking Lake more settlements San Francisco and permanently occupied prehistoric along Bay Shoup Hatoff
13 the kennels of the Morgan 1982 During the 1890's the site was occupied by Ingleside
Coursing Park a dog racing track
Context Parts Site Arcbeolo gical Kragen Auto
has been research of the Auto Parts Site The area There no prior archeological Kragen for around this section of Ocean Avenue has been identified has having potential sensitivity
sites associated with who have traversed small temporary prehistoric activity groups may resource-rich wetlands of the coastline with this corridor linking the Lake Merced and more and permanently occupied prehistoric settlements along San Francisco Bay Shoup Hatoff and other Morgan 1982 During the 1890's the site was occupied by the Grandstand of the track structures Ingleside Coursing Park a dog racing
Significance of Expected Archeological Resources in Project Area
of the Plan Area that that The prehistoric and historical contexts suggest expected value and archeological resources within the Plan Area may have important research would under research has therefore be legally-significant CEQA Although no archeological design for been prepared for the Plan Area research themes developed expected encountered within others of San Francisco of the as archeological resources parts same property types of within the Plan indicate the resources those expected archeological properties Area data within the Plan Area could contribute significant to questions regarding prehistoric and settlement 19t on the resource management practices distribution century faarming of children from urban margin ethnic farn-iing practices Victorian treatment especially of pauperized households and 19ffi century saloons and the German community Some the
that be within the Plan Area archeological property types may present represent archeological remains and associated research issues that have not previously been addressed th addressed in San Francisco These include 19 or only partially new archeological properties
1 9h elite recreational century immigrant French Swiss dairy farming communities century made Avenue facilities and Houses of Refuge movement A case could be that Ocean Lake and House Road Ocean House Road represented during the period between the 1850's
1906 an historic suburban recreational corridor providing upper-middle class to elite amusements for urban visitors The Ocean Avenue amusements thematically varied over
Final evaluation of the time ranging from seaside resorts to horsedog racing parks that evaluation for significance of any archeological resource property type is eligibility will the identification of an research listing to the CRHR NRHP require appropriate context for the resource property type
Cases Significance of Expected Archeological Resources in Project Area Special
the The archeological literature for San Francisco has sometimes given special attention to with question of the significance of archeological resources associated prehistoric Several have noted that populations or with the Mission Dolores complex archeologists and historical although there are many critical themes within current archeological investigations to which prehistoric archeological resources would make important
14 contributions there are other grounds for which such archeological resources are significant
These archeologists regard archeological deposits with these associations as legally research-value because these significant whether or not they possess in their own right any
have characteristics that make such as deposits special them otherwise legally significant their scarcity San Francisco prehistoric sites or importance to Indigenous Peoples sites American traditionally important to Native communities
EXPECTED ARCHEOLOGICAL PROPERTY TYPES
Based on previous archeological research and historical documentation various types be within the Area the of archeological resources are expected to present Project On
basis of certain shared historical typological and functional attributes these
archeological resources can be grouped into specific archeological property types
within the Area include Archeological property types expected Project
Prebiston c Pefiod
Occupation site remains of prehistoric occupation including human burials
of the Plan Area towards the may be present within the eastern part historic loci of Islay Creek and Geneva Lake
sites evidence of small Transhumant activity archeological ephemeral activity
loci temporary encampment tool-making or foraging sites etc may be within the of the Plan Area present western part
Histon cal Period
Schmidt's farmstead 1860's-1870's
Schmidt had a ranch along the southside of Ocean Avenue The Montfort Avenue farmhouse appears to have been located closer to De
Informationally material domestic agricultural archeological
deposits features include artifact-filled hollows such as privies wells
cisterns trash pits and sheet refuse
House of Refuge San Francisco Industrial School 1859-1891
the House of had control 100-acre site that Originally Refuge over a
includes the main campus of City College and Balboa Park The principal
building was three-stories with two wings and was located on the south
half of the existing college campus 1nformationally material archeological features include structural institutional agricultural deposits foundations
wall fence remains including escape egresses artifact-filled hollows such
15 and trash inmate caches evidence of as privies wells cisterns pits
farming practices and sheet refuse
Eureka Dairy c 1876-c 1906
and The Eureka Dairy was owned by the French Swiss brothers Ambrose
located the block San Frank Furrer The dairy was on bounded by Jose and Geneva Avenue Avenue Niagara Avenue Tara Street
Informationally material archeological domestic agricultural
deposits features including artifact-filled hollows such as privies wells evidence of cisterns and trash pits structural foundations farming
practices and sheet refuse
Ingleside Race Track 1895-1906
site outside and southwest of The horse race track occupied a large mostly the Plan Area south of Ocean Avenue and west of Ashton Avenue No Plan with known racetack improvements were constructed within the Area material the probable exception of the perimeter fence Informationally features include structural recreation facility archeological deposits
foundations trash pits and sheet refuse
Park Ingleside Coursing fl 1890's
of Avenue Dog racing course located on the north side Ocean on a large the San Francisco Industrial School the west site adjoinling property on
The former race track was on the current site of Balboa Reservoir The
former Grand Stand was located on the current Kragen Auto Parts Site and Phelan site the dog kennels and other structures were on the Loop features include structural Informationally material archeological deposits
associated with trash and foundations domestic deposits dog keeper pits
sheet refuse
Ocean Avenue Saloons and Club Rooms 1 890's c 1910
located the south Saloon saloon keeper residences and club rooms along side of Ocean Avenue Most of these establishments were operated by
German birth from the same persons of or descent perhaps region Informationally material commercial domestic archeological
deposits features include artifact-filled hollows such as privies wells
cisterns and trash pits
Farmsteads 1 870's c 1900
located Ocean Avenue and Dairy and produce farmers were along perhaps the along San Jose Avenue within the Plan Area from the 1870s through end of the 1900s The ethiic and tenant owner composition of the
this farming community within the Plan Area may have changed over
16 material period Informationally domestic agricultural archeological
deposits features include artifact-fffled hollows such as privies wells
cisterns trash pits and sheet refuse REFERENCES
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19