Studies on Flower Color and Pigments in dichotoma and Iris domestica Progenies Wenji Xu1, Xiaoying Bi1, Jiajun Lei1 1Shenyang Agricultural University, Department of Horticulture

Parents Reciprocal crosses 4 4 4 4 3.5 S×Y 3.5 3.5 S 3.5 Y×S Y 3 3 3 3 Introduction 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 2 2 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1 1 1 Both Iris dichotoma and Iris domestica 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 have excellent resistance to cold, 0 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700

Absorbance Absorbance 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700 Absorbance

Absorbance 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700 drought and poor soil fertility. The level Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

of cold hardiness allows them to be 4 4 4 1 Iris dichotoma Iris dichotoma Iris dichotoma 3.5 H 3.5 H×S 3.5 S S×H unprotected for overwintering in （ ） （ ） （ ） 3 3 3 0.8 Violet Yellow White 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.6 × 2 2 2 Northern . 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.4 1 1 1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5

0 0 0 0

The knowledge on how the content 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700

Absorbance 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700 Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance 400 430 460 490 520 550 580 610 640 670 700

× 收波 and type of anthocyanins determining Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength收波 (nm)

the petal coloration of flowers will × 4 4 4 3.5 B 1 3.5 S 3.5 B×S 3 S×B provide information for a 3 3 0.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.6 comprehensive understanding of the 2 2 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.4 1 1 吸光度值（A) 1 0.2 flower color characteristics in hybrid Iris domestica 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700 progenies. Consequently it would be Absorbance Absorbance Absorbance 220 280 340 400 460 520 580 640 700 Absorbance 400 430 460 490 520 550 580 610 640 670 700 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) useful for breeding new Iris cultivars Figure 1. Parents of the inter-specific Iris hybrids. Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) with various flower colors. Figure 4. Anthocyanin chromatogram tracing of the parents and F1 progeny of the reciprocal crosses. Extraction Petroleum ether 10% HCI 25% NH3·H2O reagent

Color class Objectives Red Yellow 7A Orange-Red 33A Yellow 11A Orange Yellow 5B Orange-Red 32A Greyed-Orange 163B To determine the inheritance pattern of flower pigments and anthocyanin Pink Colorless transparent Orange-Red 33D Yellow 7A

components in hybrid seedlings. Purple Colorless transparent Red-Purple N57A Yellow 7B

Violet Colorless transparent Red-Purple 68B Yellow 2B

Brown Yellow 5C Red-Purple N66B Greyed-Orange 163A

Materials and Methods Yellow Yellow 3B Colorless transparent Yellow 2A

materials: Iris dichtoma with White Colorless transparent Colorless transparent Greenish Yellow 1B

three different flower colors and Iris Figure 5. Color reactions of petal extractions from different flower color groups. domestica were used as parents to Figure 2. Hybrid populations blooming in August in Shenyang, China. Results obtain hybrid populations. The fresh petals of hybrids and their parents  When Iris domestica was used as a female parent, the F1 and F2 progenies were observed and collected at the full- derived from any of the Iris dichotoma parents had a similar color to their female bloom stage in August, 2015. parent.  When Iris dichotoma (purple, yellow, white) was used as a female parent, the Flower color measurement: flower color of three F1 progenies were purple, brown and violet, respectively, The fresh petal colors of all hybrids and and the flowers of F2 hybrids had large variations in colors. parents were evaluated based on the  All individuals used in this study were categorized into 9 groups: purple, violet, Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart red, pink, orange, brown, yellow, white and composite color. and measured by a Chroma Meter  The petal extractions with petroleum ether indicated that only the red, orange, using the CIELAB system. yellow and brown color groups contained carotenoids. Preliminary analysis of pigments:  The petal extractions with 10％ HCl indicated that all color groups except the The fresh petals of each sample (~100 white and yellow groups contained anthocyanins. mg) were quickly ground in liquid N2. The petal powder was extracted Conclusion separately in 5 mL in the following  ％ The genetic background of the populations correlated with different types of three chemicals: petroleum ether, 10 Figure 3. Nine color groups and individuals selected from crosses. pigments (anthocyanins and carotenoids) and flower colors. This indicates that it ％ HCl and 30 NH3·H2O. is possible to genetically enhance the plant to create novel flower colors.