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NEI MARI DEL SUD.Pdf Donatella Guida NEI MARI DEL SUD Il viaggio nel Sud-Est Asiatico tra realtà ed immaginazione: storiografia e letteratura nella Cina Ming e Qing Edizioni Nuova Cultura Copyright © 2007 Edizione Nuova Cultura – Roma Composizione grafica a cura dell’Autore Alla memoria di mio padre, appassionato lettore L’altrove è uno specchio in negativo. Il viaggiatore riconosce il poco che è suo, scoprendo il molto che non ha avuto e non avrà. Io parlo parlo, –dice Marco,– ma chi m’ascolta ritiene solo le parole che aspetta. Altra è la descrizione del mondo cui tu presti benigno orecchio, altra quella che farà il giro dei capannelli di scaricatori e gondolieri sulle fondamenta di casa mia il giorno del mio ritorno, altra ancora quella che potrei dettare in tarda età, se venissi fatto prigioniero da pirati genovesi e messo in ceppi nella stessa cella con uno scrivano di romanzi d’avventura. Chi comanda al racconto non è la voce: è l’orecchio. Italo Calvino, Le città invisibili Indice Ringraziamenti............................................................................................................................11 Abbreviazioni..............................................................................................................................13 Tabella di conversione dei pesi e delle misure .......................................................................14 Introduzione................................................................................................................................15 Capitolo 1 – Il viaggio ................................................................................................................23 1.1. Il viaggio: etimologie e significati dei termini cinesi.......................................................23 1.2. Il viaggio in letteratura: generi ed archetipi.....................................................................26 Capitolo 2 – Il Sud-est Asiatico nella storiografia Ming e Qing............................................47 2.1. Il ruolo del Sud-est Asiatico nella concezione cinese nel mondo ..................................47 2.1.1. Premesse storiche .........................................................................................................47 2.1.2. La restaurazione della dinastia Ming ..........................................................................55 2.1.3. I Qing fra tradizione e modernità ................................................................................61 2.2. Le fonti storiografiche .........................................................................................................64 2.2.1. Diari e relazioni di viaggio ..........................................................................................65 2.2.2. Opere geografiche e opere compilative .........................................................................74 2.2.3. Storie dinastiche e Gazzette locali ................................................................................85 Capitolo 3 – I Paesi del Sud-est Asiatico: la documentazione storiografica........................89 3.1. Vietnam.................................................................................................................................90 3.1.1. Annam 安南...............................................................................................................90 3.1.2. Zhancheng 占城 .........................................................................................................96 3.1.3. Yuenan 越南 ............................................................................................................107 3.2. Cambogia: Zhenla 真臘.....................................................................................................117 3.3. Thailandia: Xianluo 暹羅 ..................................................................................................128 3.4. Myanmar: Miandian 緬甸 .................................................................................................147 3.5. Malesia: Manlajia 滿剌加..................................................................................................166 3.6. Sumatra ...............................................................................................................................177 3.6.1. Sanfoqi 三佛齊.........................................................................................................177 3.6.2. Sumendala 蘇門答剌 ..............................................................................................183 3.7. Giava: Zhaowa 爪哇...........................................................................................................189 3.8. Borneo .................................................................................................................................214 3.8.1. Boni 浡泥 .................................................................................................................214 3.8.2. Poluo 婆羅................................................................................................................217 3.8.3. Wenlang Mashen 文郎馬神....................................................................................219 Capitolo 4 – I Paesi del Sud-Est Asiatico in letteratura .......................................................225 Conclusioni .................................................................................................................................305 Bibliografia ..................................................................................................................................313 Ringraziamenti Non è facile menzionare tutte le persone a cui devo riconoscenza per avermi aiutato, consigliato e sostenuto nel corso della preparazione e della stesura del presente lavoro, che rappresenta una rielaborazione della mia tesi di dottorato: primo fra tutti il Prof. Paolo Santangelo, che è stato ed è, fin dalla semplice ideazione di ogni mio progetto di ricerca, costantemente presente in un rigoroso percorso di analisi ed approfondimento dei materiali esaminati: a lui va il mio ringraziamento per le stimolanti conversazioni e soprattutto per l’infinita pazienza ed attenzione con cui ha seguito, passo dopo passo, il procedere del mio studio. Ringrazio la Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation di Taiwan per il sostegno dato alle mie ricerche. Desidero esprimere la mia gratitudine al Prof. Lionello Lanciotti, Coordinatore del Dottorato di Ricerca C.A.E.O. al tempo in cui ero dottoranda, per la consueta, solerte disponibilità nel soddisfare i miei quesiti e per la generosa cortesia dimostratami in innumerevoli occasioni. Un grazie di cuore anche al Prof. Adolfo Tamburello, che ha avuto la pazienza e la gentilezza di inoltrarsi in questi mari del Sud per darmi il conforto di un suo giudizio. Ricorderò sempre con affetto e ammirazione l’incanto e la passione delle sue lezioni sulla storia e civiltà dell’Estremo Oriente. Ringrazio sentitamente il Prof. Mario Sabattini, che mi ha gentilmente aiutato a risolvere alcuni dubbi riguardanti la lingua e la cultura thailandese. E’con profonda riconoscenza che offro il mio ringraziamento al Prof. Bai Yukun 白玉崑, di cui ho avuto il privilegio di essere per più di dieci anni indegna collega alle scuole dell’Is.I.A.O. (ex Is.M.E.O.) di Roma: egli è stato una insostituibile luce che ha illuminato i passi più oscuri di molti dei testi letterari esaminati e tradotti. Degli errori sono, ovviamente, l’unica responsabile. Lo ringrazio infinitamente per la preziosa precisione e per il moltissimo tempo ed attenzione che mi ha dedicato, nella speranza di potere ancora approfittare spesso dei suoi insegnamenti. Un sentito ringraziamento al Prof. Zhuang Guotu 莊國土 del Centro di Ricerche sul Sud-est asiatico dell’Università di Xiamen, presso cui ho trascorso un soggiorno di studio estremamente proficuo ed interessante: nonostante i suoi innumerevoli impegni scientifici ed amministrativi, si è dimostrato generosamente disponibile ad aiutarmi e consigliarmi. La mia sincera gratitudine al Prof. Liao Dake 廖大珂 del medesimo centro, che, accantonando tutte le sue molteplici attività di ricerca e di insegnamento, mi ha seguito per l’intero periodo di studio nel 1996, dedicandosi insieme a me intere giornate alla raccolta ed alla cernita delle fonti cinesi. Grazie alla sua estrema dedizione, ho potuto avere accesso a testi rari o difficilmente reperibili. A tale proposito, ringrazio anche il personale della sezione dedicata ai volumi antichi della Biblioteca Centrale dell’Università di Xiamen, che con grande gentilezza mi ha concesso in visione edizioni originali e preziosi manoscritti, ed il prof. Gu Hai 顧海 , insigne specialista del settore, che mi ha fatto dono di alcune sue opere e mi ha elargito preziosi suggerimenti. Desidero esprimere il mio ringraziamento ai Prof. Shi Changyu 石昌渝 e Liu Shide 劉世 德 dell’Accademia delle Scienze Sociali di Beijing; alla Prof. Ellen Widmer, autrice dello splendido saggio sullo Shuihu houzhuan , che mi ha generosamente inviato alcune pagine di un’edizione antica di Jinghua yuan di cui ero sprovvista; alla Dr. Valentina Georgieva dell’Università di Leiden, della cui fornitissima biblioteca ho beneficiato più volte durante la raccolta dei materiali: a lei, mia collega ed amica, va il mio affettuoso ringraziamento. Allo stesso modo, porgo il mio sentito grazie alla Prof. Tiziana Lippiello dell’Università di Venezia, che in numerose occasioni ha rapidamente ed efficacemente dato seguito alle mie richieste. Grazie di cuore a Massimo Di Vuolo, amico di una vita, che dagli Stati
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