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~^— — - ¦ - . _ . . ~ ~ ~ - , j ! —[ L | _ 1 ¦ ii ¦ iii ¦ aim ¦¦ ' r t n ¦ j - . ¦ 1 .. ^ ^ ^_ No. CLV.] NOVEMBE R, 1818. [Vol. XIIU HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.

History of/Dissenting Meeting-House, Bowl-AlleyL ane , Hull. Sir , Hull + Oct. 15, 1818. buildings shall conti nue to stan d or compliance with the suggestion IN our societies to e*ist,) a highly inte- of ray respecte d friend Mr. Turner , restin g account is preserv ed in th e of Newcastle , in one of your former first volume of Palmer 's Nonconfor- Volumes, [VI. 166;] I send you a mists' Memorial , and is prese nted to sketch of the Histor y of the Dissenters ' the readers of the Repositor y in & Chape l, in Bowl-Alley Laue,| H ull. somewhat abrid ged form , accompa - Such narratives , accomp anied with nied with a few observations. statements of the number of regular Samuel Charles , M. A. of Cor pas worshi pers, and other par ticulars re- Christi CoL Cambrid ge, was bor n at specting the present state of our socie- Chesterfield , Septem ber 6, 1633, and ties, can n ot fail to inter est some of ordained in 1 655. After residing a your readers , and may fu rnish all with few years in Sir Joh n Gell's family at mat ter for profitable refl ection on the Hopton , he was present ed by Sir J ohn- comparative merits of the different Curzon to the parish of Miek leoveiv mocjes of conducting religious worshi p in Derb yshire. €i His earl y ministra - and instruction , which have at dif- tions were affectionat e, judicious and ferent periods been adop ted amongst successful. He exercised a par tic ular us. With warmes t wishes for your and const an t watch over his own sou],, success in advancing the cause of the especial ly in solemn duties, public or pure gospel of Chris t, I am yours, private/ 1 The period of his confor - respectfully, mity to the Church must have been GEORGE KENRICK. very short indeed , since he was chosen The Chapel in Bowl Alley, belong- pastor at Hull seven years after bis ing to the Presb yteri an Dissenters , taking orde rs , and he had spent some is considerablof y *' the oldest in the part of the interval as a Dissentin g town but what date does not ap- teacher at Belper , in Derbyshire. pear b^ y any authentic record hithert o ** His principal settlements ," says the met with. Mr. Samue l Charles was Nonconformists ' Memorial , " were at chosen pastor of this cong re gation in Belper and Hull/ * It appears not im- l66£.' r See the History of Kingsto n - pr obable , thoug h not specified either upon-Huil , by the Rev. John Tickel J , by Cal amy or his Edit or, that Mr. 1796. The earliest formed Dissenting Charles was one of those " many Society in H ull, of the origin of which hundred ministers '" who were ejected any account is pre served, is the Bap- from their livings in 1660, im mad ir- tists * Ch urch in Dagger Lane , founded ately after the restor ation of Chafc tes in 164S. As that which is the subject II. , " because they were in seques- of this sketch is acknowled ged to be trations where othe rs had been cast of older date tha n this, and no account out by the parliament/ 9 Introd uction, cati be obt ained of its ori gin, it seems p. 21. probabl e tha t it is otie of the earliest He observed the day of his ejection esta blishm ents of the class of Dis-* from his li ving as a fast all his life senters to which it belongs. after. He viewed conformity in such Of Mr. Charles , who was one of a light , as to express his persuasi on, the ever-to-be honoured 9000 minis- that such violence would it have done ters who sacrificed every prospect 6f to his conscience , th at if he had con- earth ly honour, wealth and aggran - formed , ha could not have been saved* dizement, for the sake of a good cow- When he left his parsonage -house, he science, (whose praises will continue wro te th us in his diar y : ** For ttiy to resound in our churches , while our salrty O Lor d, I have left my hou se. VQJ U XIH , 4 ii N 666 History of Dissenting Meetiny-House, Bowl-Alley Lane , Hull. So far as I can look into mine own from you ; you are to preach the gos- heart , for th ee onl y hav e I left houses pel of peace,—M r. C. I am so, and and land s ! I am su re I go out like also the terror of the Lord to all Abraham , not knowing whithe r to wicked and impen itent sinners, and go." hard-hea rted hypocrites. —Aid. Yoii After labouring for twenty yea rs in are so—M r. C. But, my masters , are the ministry at the Chapel in Bow l- the re no malefacto rs in H ull, but two Alley Lane, Mr. Charl es was at length minis ters of the gospel, Mr. Ashley imprisoned , on which occasion he and myself? Are there no drunkard s, writes thus in his diary : u A pr isoner no Sabbath -breakers , no sweare rs ?— for Christ ! Good Lord , what is this ^ Aid. Mr. Charl es, have you taken the for a poor worm ! Both my degrees oaths of allegiance and supremacy ?-— at the Univers ity have not set me so Mr. C. I am re ad y to take them. —- high as when I commenced prisoner Aid. Are you in hol y orders accord - fo r Christ " His labou rs at H ull were ing to the Church of England ? Do remarkabl y successfu l ; and his up- you preac h ?—Mr. C. You can tell ri ght and honourab le conduct pro - as well as I. But , gentlem en, before cured him the respect of the ma- you pass any ugly sentence, consider gistrates of that place. But. the the dying votes of the last Westmin - Earl of Plymouth coming thither in ster Parliamen t of immortal honour : the year 1682, after having been ap- Resolved , *' That the execution of the pointed governor of the place, sent penal laws against Dissenting Protes - for the mayor and alderm en, and with tants is, at this time, grievous to the great vehemence forba de them , un der subject —a furtherance to Popery —a pain of the loss of thei r charter , any weakening of the Protestant rel igion, longer to suffer the meetings of the and dangero us to the kingdom." Dissenters. Aid. Do you call the execution of One of the aldermen (Duncalf) told the king's laws an ugly work ?—Mr. the Earl , " by many years ' observa - C« But before you execute the king's tion 1 hav e found the Dissenters pious, laws, (God bless him , and send him peaceab le men, and loyal subjects to out live me,) I pray you hea r me to their king ; and , th erefo re, being this one thing ; there have been some an oltl man and going into anot her person s in England , who have made world , I w ill have no hand in pe rse- as great a fi gu re as any in Hull , whp cuting them ." Mr. Charles and Mr. ha ve been hanged for executing the Ashley (Mr - Richard Astlei/, accor d- king 's laws. But if you will execute ing to TickelFs History , chosen pastor the law, pray do not outdo the law, of the abov e-named Baptist Churc h for it is sever e enough upon us.— in 1669), were, notwit hstan ding, sent Aid. If we do, you may look for your for unde r the influence of the Earl 's remed y—Mr. C. Remed y ! I had threats. The latter , having timely rather never be sick than be put to warning, made his escape into the look for my remed y.—Aid. We did country . Mr. Charles made his ap- not send for you to preach to us.-?- pearan ce immed iatel y, in obedience to Mr. C. I doubt you want one to tel l the summons . The followin g is the vou the truth. —-Aid, We hav e a Pro- princi pal pa rt of his own lively an d testant church and a Protestant mi- instructive narrative of this intervie w, nist ry.—Mr. C. Long , long, long may which may be seen in the Nonconfor - you so have ! Yet, 1 pray , let me mists' Memorial . acqua int you with this : the Jews Mr. Charles being called before the had a chur ch esta blished by God 's mag istra tes of H ull, February % 1682, law, and a ministry established by the following dial ogue took place:— law. Yet thei r silenci ng, imprisoning, Mr. C I am here , my masters , in and murderi ng a few poor fisherm en , obedience to your warrant . What is that were commissioned by the Re- your pleasure with me ? But I pray deemer of the world to preach the you consider before you do any thin g, everlasting gospel , cost them so dear , that imprisoning the ministe rs of the that God has not done reckoning with gospel is the devil's work , and I do them to this day, and it i» abov e 16OO not think you can do his work and years ago Aid. It was not for si- escape his wages.-—Aid * Mr - Charles , lencing the apostles ; it was for cru- we expected a different salutation cifying• ' -Cbrist *-*~ttf r« > C. It was so History of Dissenting Meeting-House, Bowl*A lley Lane, Hull. 6&7 itkteed . But tha t did not fill up the Mr. Cha rles was an " excellent full measure ^f their sin, nor bri ng scholar , well skilled in the oriental lan- the wrath of God upon them and guages , and a great historian ; an accu- their poster ity to the uttermost , unti l ra te, lively and successful preacher , they forb ade the apostles to preach indefati gabl y st udious , retire d and the gospel to the Gentil es that they devout y a pruden t (Econo mist, of a might be saved . 1 Thess. ii. 15, 16. warm and courageous temper , and a . Aid. We have as learned men in zealous reprover of reigning vices." He enjoyed firm health till the Church of Eng lan d as you.— 9 overtak en Mr. C. Yes ! yes ! some whose by the students diseases, the stone books I am not worth y to wipe the and str anguar y, which he bore with dust from .—Town Clerk. He does invincible patien ce, and of which he not speak as he thinks. —Mr. C. How died Dec. 23, 1703, with great peac e can you tel l that , unless you were and comfort , and even with €t assu- God Almighty, the searcher of hearts , rance and triump h.*' His age was whose prerog ative alone that is ? I seventy years , forty -one of which had wish you had as much wisdom and been spent in the exercise of the honest y as the tow n-clerk at Ephesus ministry at HulL h ad. He took the part of the blessed I have in my hands , Mr. Edit or, a ApDstle St. Paul : but you are ver y small thick quar to volume, containi ng brisk agai nst me. I pr ay you, gen- some of Mr. Cha rles's Sermons , tak en tlemen, do not judge my case, and in short -hand by Mr. Thomas Mart in, derive me of my liberty by a piece grandfather of the present Mr. Mar tin of the law ; but let the whole act be of Hull , throug h whose kindness I read. —Aid . 'Tis a long act , and we have obtained a sight of it. The must go to dinner. —One of t hem said Sermons in this little collection were 'tis a sh ort act , a short act, let it be all preached between the years 1630 read. For which he had little thanks and 1695. They furnish a pleasing given him by some. Afte r reading of monumen t of the piety and zeal of the the act , Mr , Charles said, where are author , and his intim ate acquaintan ce the two witnesses ? Let me see them with the Scri ptures . His sentime nts face to /ace, after the manner of En- ar e those of prett y high Calvinism . gland , that will swear I was the par - Mr. Charles was succeeded in the son, vicar or curate , and did refuse to yea r 1 704, by Mr. Joh n Billingsley, give my assent and consent to tak e son of John Billingsley, M. A., who the oath , and to mak e the declaration , was ejected from the vicarage of Ches- according to the Act of Uniformit y.— terfi eld. At the expiration of a year Aid. It is no matter. —Mr. C. There and a half, this gentleman remov ed must needs be pro of th at I am such to London to become assistan t to Dr. a person as the act describes. You Harris , in which capacity he was may as well, if you have no proof that probabl y better known. He died, it I am the parson , vicar or curate , send seems, at an advanced age, in the year for the man th at next goes by in the 1721. [Mon. Repos. VI. 326.] streets , and execute the Five Mile He was succeeded in the ministry Act upon him.—Aid. Do you think at Hull in 1705, by Mr. Jo h n'Witter , th at we sit here like a company of who discharged the d uties of his office fools ? Will you take and subscribe with zeal , fidelity and acceptance , for the oath accor ding to the act ? You fifty yea rs . He is spoken of with do preach , you do baptize , you do hi gh respect hy the very few amongst administe r the Sacrament. —Mr. C. liis numerous hea rer s who yet surv ive. Did you see me ?—A id. No; but we The infirmities of age compelled him did hea r so Mr. C. And will you to resi gn in 1755, and shor tly after - deprive a man of his libert y by hear- w ards he closed a useful life by a say ? You may then find yours elves seren e and tranquil death . His pic- work enough, as the worl d goes. tu re hang s in the vestry of the chapel, Upon this they ordered him to with- and the countenance is indicative of dra w, and he was carried to the jail , deep pen etration and close study. and impris oned six months. It was dur ing the minist ry of this After he was set at libert y , he con - gentleman , that Mr. Leona rd Cha m- tinued labourin g among st his people berl ain , a dra per in Hull , (who had at Sun, to the day of hfe deat h. probab ly sat many years under th e 668 History of Dissenting Meeting-Hous e, Bowl-Al ley Lane, Hulh instructions of Mr.' W.'s learned and manners , qualities which never forsoo k zealous pre decessor Mr. Sam. Charles ,) him from the fi rst dawn of y outhf ul bequeathed several estates for the use vivacity, to the composed and tranqu il of the poor , and for the purposes of serenit y with which his evening* of education in this town and adj acent life was accom panied and closed . No places, and his valuable library to the one can say t hat he was ever inju red chapel in Bowl-Alley Lane. Mr. by Mr. Beverley , an d numbers attest , Cham berlain appears , if any opinion with tears of gratitude , the services may be f ormed f rom his libra ry, to they have received from him. It is have been a man of taste and learn ing. not too much to say, that had he been Most of the books are in the dead re duced to his last six-pence, he langu ages, an d amon gst its t r easure s would have shared it with the need y. are , Walton 's Polyglott Bible, T ros- It is scar cely n ecessar y to add , tha t tius' Sy riac New Testament , the work s such a man was t he delight of his of many of the G ree k and Latin Fa- companions , and that he secu red the the rs, the Maittaire Classics, an d se- uniform and general respect of the veral othe r good editions of Horace , town an d neigh bourhood in which he .Juv enal , Cicero , &c. j Camden 's Br i- resided . His pul pit services were tanni a, Thores by\s Leeds, an d other distinguished by neatn ess, persp icuity works in hi gh estimation. It is evi- and simplicity and occasionall y by dentl y designed and calculated rather exhortat ions uncommon ly affectionate , for the use of a minister than of the persu asive and pathetic. If ever there majority of the members of a religious was an occasion when Mr. Beverley 's societv. The trustees of his chariti es temper rase beyond its ordinar y level, are required to be members of the it was when he had occasion to speak societ y in Bowl-Alley Lane . The of Popery. When he discoursed of fund s are considerable , and the trus- its gross perversions of Chris tian doc- tees are ena bled, in fulfilment of the trine , the idolatry which itintroduce d wishes of the testator , to contr ibute a into public worshi p, the immoral re- small sum to the salary of the minister , servations and indul gences which it £10 to the education of a student for authorize d , and its artfu l policy to the ministry, (at Manche ster College, keep the people in slavery and dar k- Yor k ,) to distribute eighteen-pence ness, he seemed to lose the controu l and a loaf of bread week l y, to a bou t of his indi gnation. But his indign a- twenty poor persons at the ch a pel , to tion was no unhallowed flame fed by supp ort a hospital for the aged at party spirit *, but the honest displea- Sutton , th ree miles from Hull , an d a sure of an i n gen uous an d pious mind , hosp ital and school at Selby, of which i n contem plating the best of heavenl y kst Rev- T. Smith is master. The gifts perverted to the wors t of pur- will is dated 1716, and its liberal and poses, by the passions and worldl y- judicious provis ions may be consider ed mindedness of men . His sentiments as an encoura ging proof of the good were Unitarian , but his was the office effects attending reli gious instruction. of the p ioneer to the army of truth $ Mr. Wilter was succeeded in the p reparin g t h e way, by removing pre- pastoral office by Mr. Titus Cording- judices and smoothing asperities , for ley, about May , 1 755. This amiable bolder and more unequivocal declara - young man continued to hold this tions of Unita riari isni in more recent office only two years and a halfV when times . he died of a decline , much lamented His familiar intercourse with man- by his acquain tance. [Mon . Repos. kind was marked with the gentlenesif V. 325, 326.] of the lamb. His customary reply, in At the end of the yea r 17^7, he the latte r part of his life, to inquirers was succeeded by Mr . John Bevcrley, after his health , " going gentl y down a native of York. Tbis gentleman the vale," is remem bered by many, was educated at the Universit y of and was no less character istic of the Glasgow. He was a man of consi- temper with which he past th rough derable learning, an elegant and in- life, than of the gra dual and almost teresting preacher , and an industrious imperceptible decline with which h6 student of the sacred volume. He reti red from it. His picture hang s in was eminentl y distinguish ed for wai ru the vesjtry. . benevolence of heart and suavity of He resi gned the pastoral offi ce ill r- History of Dissenting Meeting-House, Botvl-AlleyL ane , Hull 669 year 1799> aft r a ministry of had , in earl y life, been one of John the ^ 's preachers , who had often fort y-two years ; but contin ued to Wesley exemplify his own instr uctions in th'e been hea rd to lament the loss of so eyes of his flock until the year 181&. val uabl e a servant by his conversion rMon . Repos. V. 477, and VII. 533— to Unitariani sm. To his earl y studies , 535.3 His remains were attended to un der so great a master , was to be thei r repo sitory , in the chapel , by his attri bu ted t hat talent for religious congre gatio n an d ma ny of the most conversat ion by which he was distin- r espectable person s in the - town , A guished . He was an occasional Co r- neat monume ntal tab let is placed on respondent of the Monthl y Repositor y, the left-hand side of the pul pit, wit h under the signature Sabrina , to which the following inscription : work , I believe, I may refer your readers for a further account of him. As a testimony [VIII. 550, 55 1 .] He was distin - Of thei r respect and veneration for his characte r, guish ed b y probity and simplicity of This Monu ment is erecte d to the memory of char acter. His heart , in the word s of The Rev. Joh n Beverley, one who knew him well, " was as pure By this congregation , of which as a child 's." He published , while at He was upwards of forty years the faithful Hull , a pamp hlet , entitled " Diversity And affectionat e pastor. of Sects no valid Argument against the He died on the 27th day of May , 1812, Truth of the Christian Reli gion,'* &c. In the 79th year of his ag*e, [Mon. Repos. V. 256, 257.] Leaving* a name He d ied sudd en ly in the month of Unsullied hy the whisper of calumny, , ISIS , and reposes in a vault ia Afte r a long and lingerin g* illness, June Which he bore with humility and the chapel r by the side of his pred e- Resignation , characte ristic cessor , Mr- Beverley, just under the Of his holy life, and tru ly edifying spot from which their successors are to To all who k new him . proclaim that gospel , against which the The remembrance of the just is sweet. " gates of the grave shall not prevail .** On the ri ght-hand side of the pul pit Shortl y after the resi gnation of Mr. is a monumental tablet , corresponding Beverl ey, the choice of the congrega- to the one above- mentioned , bearing tion fell on Mr. Wm. Oke Manning , the following inscription : eldest son of Mr. Manning , of Exeter. In mem ory of But Mr. M. having anoth er session to The Rey. William Severn , spend at the College at Manc heste r* Whose mortal part lies interred in the the Society thought themselve s pecu- aisle below, liarl y fort u nat e in enga ging in the This Tablet is erecte d by his affectionat e interval the services of Mr. Geor ge widow , as a Lee, who removed to Hull , fro m Bel- Memorial of her esteem and affection . per , in Derb yshire , at this time. During* seven yeais, Mr. Severn performed the duties of Mi- During the ministry of Mr. Man - n ister to ning, it was discovered that the build - This congregation , ing was so far infected with the dry With zeal and punctual ity, with p rob ity, rot , t hat it was necessar y to pull it benevolence down. The presen t ^struct u re was And pi ety , never excelled. raise d on the same site, an d opene d A fit of apop lexy suddenl y finished bis in the month of September , 1803. It career is aii octagon , capa ble of seati ng about On the 22d day of June , 1813, 650 pe rsons , and is an uncommon ly In the 59th year of bis ag'e , neat and commodious Whilst he was takin g- his usual buildin g. A fter Even hig^ s walk. remainin g about fi ve years in the past oral office, Mr. Mann ing quitted What he was , the day will declare Hu ll in 1 805, to enter into b usiness in After this mournful eyenjt , Mr. Lee's London , leaving behind him si high valuable services wer e again called ch ara cter for benevolence aiid gen - for , and afforded dur ing a year and a tlemanly deportment. Mr. Lee, at half; at the expiration of which titn e, the solicitatio n of the Society, a^ain the writer of the presen t art icle came officiat ed for a few months , and in hither from Chest erfield . This con- 1 806, KTr , Seveiin, of Kidderminster , nexion commented With! the beginniwg was chosen pastor. This gerit leinan of the year ! 815; 670 The Correspondence between Locke and Limborch, translate d. About twenty-five years ago, the gree of religious inquiry goes on. chapel in Bowl-Alley JLane was at- Sunday schools, for all denominations, tended by a very numerous congre- were established in April last, in gation, consisting of the most respec- which about fift y children are in- table families in the town ; but their structed. Most of the yoiinger mem- numbers suffered great diminution at bers are engaged as voluntary teachers, the close of the century. Several of and the older members as visitors and the represe n tatives of wealthy fami- contributors. The books in the li- lies, whose names stand in the register brary, particularly the modern publi- as having been baptized by the mi- cations, added to it principally during nister, have now forsaken the house the ministry of Mr. Severn, are much in which their ancestors had long read. But the object which excites worsh i ped . The number of constant most interest, is, the new Unitarian attendants has not, for some years Association, fro m which extensive past, exceeded one hundred and fifty. benefits are anticipated. But amongst them a considerable de-

THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN LOCKE AND LIMBORCH, TRANSLATED, WI TH HIS TORICAL NOTES.

The Correspondence between Locke and have attributed my silence to neglect. Limborch, 1685— 1704. You, I know, are too kind to im- (Continued from p. 612.) pute to me that offence. For though my pen is sometimes rather tardy in No. 32. replying, yet my mind is not indif- John Loche to Philip & Limborch. ferent : and if I take this freedom, it Oates. March 4, 1697. is only with those with whom I would cultivate not only civility, but sincere My worth y Fkien p, and intimate friendshi p, those to w hom ETWEEN public business and I acknowledge that I owe much, and B my own indifferent health, I to whom 1 greatly desire to be more enjoy so small a portion of literary indebted- leisure, that I must trust to your con- Going lately to London, after suf- sideration towards your friends, to fering, during eight days, from short- excuse my too long silence, which, ness of breat h, I was forced to return however, has not been occasioned by hither for recovery. This weakness the least diminution of good-will and of lungs, will, I hope, soon restore me regard. I will not inquire whether to my former leisure. For what has you or I w rote last. It is sufficient an aged valetudinarian to offer his that I f eel m yself culpable, for having country besides his good wishes ? All been so lon g without the advantage must yield to nature's decay. If here of your most agreeable correspon- 1 can have books and the correspon- dence. It seemed, indeed, to me a dence of friends, the employments great and lamentable chasm in the which have been suspended, or at course of my life, when our corres- least interrupted, those best allevia- pondence being interrupted, I was tions of old age will be resumed. For, destitute of that highest of all gratifi- amidst public engagements, there is cations which is derived from the scarcel y leisure to inquire what is affectionate intercourse of friends. going forward in the Republic of Attention to my infirm health, occu- Letters. pied me in the country during all the A mong us, too many writers waste past winter, except when some ur- their ink in strife and bickering- If gent business frequently intruded and the warmth of the disputants were snatched away the time which I might excited solel y by a love of truth, the have devoted to my friends. I know ardour and energy of their debates not what else to say to yourself or would be worthy of praise. But their many other friends, or how I can arguments are not always so managed otherwise save my reputation, if they that you cap give them credit for a The Correspondence between Locke and Limborch, translated. 671 pr edominan t desire to explain and lieved from academical engagements, esta blish the truth . but the severity of the cold inte rposed In my Essay on the Human Under- no small impediment to writi ng. I standing, something is, at last , f ound have read , however, the whole t rea - out which is not quite soun d, and tise from beginning to end , nor could which has been objected to b y men I be satisfied without a second pe- of no common rank ,, * Should I dis- rusal. cover any errors on con sidering their I n th e mean time we have received arg ument s, I shall gratefull y acknow- here the Acts of Leipsie for the month ledge and readil y correct them. On of October , in which there is an ab- the other hand , I ought to give my stra ct of that tre atise , after the mann er rea sons wh y I adhere to my op inion of those Doctors . First , they say the when I cannot discover it to be con- na me of the aut hor is Pock ius, hastil y t rary to truth. M y Defence \ em- trust ing, ! fancy, to uncertain rumour , ployed me part of last winter , as and mistaking one letter in the name. healt h would allow* But wh y do I Then , they are carefu l to bring into detain you with our trifles ? I wish the abst ra ct every thin g which seems to know what you and y our frien ds calcu lated to excite pr ejudi ce against are doing, who are occu pied with the auth or , that they may thus appear more important studi es. How sham e- to avenge the contempt poured on ful is the demand of a speed y rep ly systems of theology. They highly from you , when 1 have been so dila- extol John Edwards * for h aving dis- tory ! But I know you will gra tif y tinguished himself by various cont ro - me, lest you should seem too serious ly versial writings against the Socinian to aven ge your self for my delay. heres y, and having publis hed a vo- Fare well, niy excellent friend , and lume of Thoug hts concerning the Causes still regard me as you have made me, and Occasions of Atheism, [1695,] Mos t respectfull y yours , especial ly in the presen t day . In this J. LOCKE. book he is continual ly glancin g at the opinions of that anonymou s author , as No. 33. pernicious , and not far from Socini- Phili Limborch anism and Atheism. They have sub- p a to John Locke. joined an abstrac t of two works , one Amster dam, Mar ch &6, 1697. % of which is a short apology for the My worth y Friend , aforesaid treatise ; the other is by I SHOULD sooner have.answer ed John Edwards , and entitled Socini- your letter, which did not reach me anism Un mask ed, f You must be bet - till the 15th of October ; but as you asked wy opinion of the English work * " A Divine of the Church of En- trans lated into Frenc h, § I waited for gland ," son of the virulent Presb yterian sufficien t leisure to read the whole of Edwards , the author of Gangrcena. He that elegant treatise , that I might at- died in 1710, age d 78. See Biog. Brit . V. tentivel y consi der its conten ts, in their 543—546 . connex ion. This winter season ap- -f 6i Or the Unreasonableness of the Opinion concernin g' one Article of Faith peare d peculiarl y favourable to my u design , when we are general l y re- onl y." He also published A Brief Vin- dicatio n of the Fundamen tal Articles of the Ch ristian Faith ," and iC The Socinian * " Dr. Stillingfleet, Bishop of Wo r- Creed ," 1696 and 1607. These , with cester , in his Defence of the Doctrine of some part of the treatis e on Atheism , wer e the Trinit y, publ ish ed in 1697." Stfe " occas ioned by Mr. Locke ' s public ation Brit . Biog. VII. 14, 15, 57. of The Reasona bleness of Christian ity, as -f- Ci A Lett er to the Lord Bishop of Wor- delivered in the Scriptures, and by the cester ,' ' date d Oate s, Jan. 7, 1697. writin g's of some pro fessed Socinians . Mr . % Tliis Letter , dated according - to the Edwards was the first person that encoun- N. S. appea rs to have been written before tere d , what he appreh ended to be Mr . No. 32, had Wen received . Locke ' s dange rous notions of the one sole § See p. 610, col, 1. This t ranslati on , article of fai th. Our autho r ' s wri tings entitled Christia nismc Raisonnab ley was ve- agai nst Mr . Locke , have sunk into total ne- publis hed in 1715, in two volumes, 12mo, glect, while The Reasonableness of Chris * See Notiv. Diet. Hist. art. Locke* 177£, tia nity still continues to be read. " Ibid * IV . 131. 545, Note. See Locke 's Vin dica tion and 672 The Correspondence between Locke and Limboreh, trans lated. ter acquainte d with the se treatises few points , which detrac t nothing than I can be. They appear to regre t from the prin cipal design, and , per - that the Thoug hts of Edward s have haps , I have misunder stood them. Yet not come to their hands. Of that they as you requir e my opinion , I propose have onl y an abst ract , but they have to you these consideratio ns, such as received the other book. they are , not because they are of any You know that I have wri tten a moment , but to comp ly with your System of Theology, * yet systems desire :— are not so prized by me, but that 1 Jus t at the beg inning the auth or p refer this small treatise to many sys- says, that the doctrine of redemption tems ; freel y confessing tha t 1 have is founded upon the supposition of thence derived more sound divinit y Adam ' s fall. It is indeed certain , tha t than from the systems of numerous the fall of Ada m is not excluded from writers. But that author teaches a the doctrine of redemption ; yet nei- theology far too gentle and liberal y ther are every one's own sins thus ex- while he scrup les to confine salvation cluded. The opinion of many of the within the narrow bounds of human learn ed is, that our Lord Jesus Ch rist decisions , and maintains , not t he or- has deliver ed us from the misery into thodox y of the creed s of sects, but of which we fell b y the sin of Adam , and the word of God . Such a crime the restored us to the same stat e of hap - systematic Doctors are sure to punish piness which we lost in Adam". Th ese by a discreditable imputation of So- appear to me to underva lue the im- cinianism aud Ath eism ; as if they men se benefit we receive from Christ. who con scientiousl y refuse to rever- who has delivered us from many of- ence human decisions , were to be fences, as the apostl e speak s, Rom. v., regarded as thus abjurin g rel i gion and intr od u ced us to a far happ ier itself. condition , even to eterna l life in I very much approve the desi gn of heaven. the author in that treatise. This, I I also find there this opinion , that think , he has happ il y pursued , aud Ada m, by sin, lost immortalit y and full y proved his point. Two thin gs becam e mortal . * If by immortality especial l y please me — the correc t the autho r intends that if Adam had sketch of the evangelical history, in not sinned, he would not have died ; the ninth chapter , by which severa l and by mortalit y, that thr ough sin he passages in the gospels, a pparent l y incur red the necessity of d ying, his obscure , are satisfactoril y explained— opinion I think very just. But if and that luminous deduct ion of argu- immortalit y, as the word strictl y sig- ments , by which it appear s wh y our ni fi es, m ean the impossibility of his Lord Jesu s Christ , while on earth , d ying, I cannot think it is correct to never expre ssly tau ght that he was say that Adam was created immortal * the Messiah . These are peculiar to I have full y explained my opinion in this author , and clearl y discover his my Christian Theology ', B. ii. Ch. xxiv. ju dgment and ingenuity. But there are For this immortalit y, or immun ity many other passages which stron gly from death , is plainl y of a different confirm the pr incipal ar gume nt of his nat u re from the immortalit y of God ; book , that a belief in Jesus , as the jtist as mortalit y or a liability to death Christ , is the faith which justifies. differs widely from death or a neces- You have here my opinion of that sity of dying. W herefore , it seems to treatise , which I have resolved to read me to be said rat her impr oper ly, p. a third time. 230, that Adam' s immortality was But you ask me to send you any like fhat of God , after which it was remark s which have occurred to me formed , -f And thoug h it most be in reading that treati se. The whole is so excellent that I* know ri ot what u to propose , worth y of anim adversion. * The state of paradise was a stat e of immortal i ty, of life without end , which It haa so full y my sissent, that the re- f Vorks have made lie lost that very day that he eat. " , marks I are only on a very tol . ed. 4, p. 507. f " Adam , l>eing the son of God hnd his Second Vindication hoth published in this and image^ oi ^ part also, of the likeness 1096. his Fat her , thai he wm immortal .0 Ibid, ? Sec p. 478, col. 1, Note. p. 558. The Correspondenc e between Locke and Limlorchf translated. 673 adm itted, th at immortality is else- 11 , 12, and especiall y Heb. ii- 10: where described as a likeness of God , For it became him, for whom, are all yet it does not thenc e follow , when things, and by whom are all things, in Adam is -said to be formed after the bringing many sons unto glory, to ma ke image of God , t hat the image was the cap tain of their salvation perfect immortali ty : for every thing which throug h sufferings . And b y this ar - the Scri pt ure designs b y the image of gument he speciall y exhorts the faith- God, is not necessari ly intended , when ful to the patient endurance of perse- man is said to be formed in the image cution. 1 Pet. iv. 12, 13 y Heb. xii. of God. It is sufficient that there be 1, 2, 3. This, I believe, to be the same excellent qua l ity in man , for image of Christ, to which the apostle which he is said to bear the image says that God has predestinated us of God . Amon g other places 1 see, to be confor med, Rom. viii. 29, with p. 232, a re ference to Romans viii. 29, which agrees what we read, Acts xiv. w here the forekno wn and pre desti- 2£, 2 Tim. iii. 12. nated by God , are said to be con * The author remarks, p. 246, that formed to the image of his Son, that f ie he has not met with any instance in might be the first- born among many which the Lord Jesus " assumes to brethren * The author supposes im- himself the title of Priest, or mentions mortality and eternal life to be in- an y thing relating to his priesthood ."* ten ded by the image to which we The pries tl y office of Christ is cer- must be conformed. * I, however, tainl y revealed to us in the apostoliG conclude, that not so much etern al Epistles, and especially in the Epistle life is here intende d, as the way to to the Hebrews. And though it must attain it, in which the faithfu l ar e to be admitted, that the Lord Jesus no resemble Christ, namel y, by afflictions where in the gospels claims the titl e and the cross ; which r esemblance of priest, yet it cannot be denied that our Lord points out to his disciples, he sometimes claims to act as a pri est 5 Luke xxiv. 26 : Ought not Christ to for he says expressl y, that he was have suffered these things, and to enter about to give his life, XvTp ov avrt into his glory ? The connexion of the TtoXhuv, Matt. xx. 28, He calls his chapter confirms this sense, for he had blood th e blood of the New Testament said , ver. 17> we are heirs of God and which is shed for many ? for the remis- joint heirs with Christ ; if so he that sion of sins, M att. xxvi. 28. We we suffer with 7iim 9 that we may he also cannot den y th at this had reference to glorif ied together. And it is remar k- the priesthood . Wherefore it were , able, th at , on that occasion , the faithf ul perhaps , better to omit this , an d not are exhorted to bear t he cross an d supp l y an occasion for the cav ils of afflictions for the sake of the gospel , those who are ever disposed to ca- an d are urged among other argume n ts lumniate. by the Divine will , which purpos es Besides these, I have met with t6 bring us to salvation b y t he cross . other things in that treatise , which And lest they should deem it ri gorous appear scarce ly consistent , as, pro- for God to send so many evils in this babl y, the author has not full y ex- worl d upon those whom he loves, plained himself. He says, p. 13, lie proposes to them the examp le of " Adam being thus turned out of para- Chris t, unto whose image God liad dise, and all his posterity born out of pre destin ed them to be conformed , it , t he consequence of it was, that all an d consequent ly called them to en- men should die and remain unde r dur e the cross. And , in the sequel , deat h for ever , an d so be utter ly lost. lie furth er shews them , that t hose From this estate of death /' he say s, afflictions , by which they were united " Jesus Christ restores all man kind to Christ , could not p ossibl y sepa- to life," an d this by the law of faith , ra te them from the love of God. The which afterwa rds he full y proves to Scri pture here , an d in many other be contained in the gospel. + These places, declares , that if we wou ld be things, in my judgment , are tru ly parta kers of Christ' s glory we must, said ; but I cannot clearl y understan d like him, endure the cross , 2 Tim. ii. how they agree with what we meet _ * * Works , p. 559. * Works , p. 562. f ibid. p. 509. \ Oii . XIII. 4 R 674 The Corresp ondence between Locke and Limborch , translate d. vHth , pp. £50 and 266, that they who Christ is described , but not of his arer ighteous do not depend on favour , sace rdo tal . What , therefore , if here but have " a ri ght to the tree of life:"* were added the influence of his sacer- for they, being the posteri ty of Adam dotal office ; that thus the w orld be- also, would alike contin ue for ever came reconciled to God , so that now unde r the power of death. How , thro ugh Christ there is pr ovided for there fore, could such acqui re by thei r all men , every where , a way of reco- ri ghteousness, a rig ht to the tree of very from that misery into w hich they life so as to need no favour , since it had fallen bv the sin of Adam and was before laid clown, that all were thei r own sins, and of attainin g eter - delivered from tha t condition of una - nal salvation ? This doctri ne being- deat h , and this b y the law established , it may, 1 think , be shewn voidable ^ of faith ? Whence it seems to follow, accordin g to the princi ples of salva- that such deliverance couM be ob- tion before laid down , how they who tained onl y b y a law of fait h ; there- never heard of Chris t may be saved fore not b y perfec t obedience to the b y him y- namel y, because God (as law of works ; for , to deliver from this author says, p. 292, *) app lies misery , is of favour , which is excluded the grac e pr ocured b y Christ , and by the law of works. ]Nor upon that imputes , on account of Christ , remis- prin ciple can it be satisfactoril y ex- sion of sins and ri ghteousness to tho se plained how , as t he author describes , who, by the instinct of the light of they can be saved who never heard of nature , fl y to his grace and compas- h Adam they sion , repent Christ , f For * if throug of their sins and implore be necessaril y obnoxious to etern al their pardon. And thu s the benefit death , from which , by a law of faith which , where Christ is preache d , can- alone, throu gh the grac e of Christ , not be obtai ned without proper faith they are delivered , it seems insuffi- in him , they obtain without such cient that , b y the light of nat u re , faith , since he has not been preached they have some faint glimmerings of to them, throu gh a gracious divine the faith that God is merciful. Their imputation ; for God can extend his salvation , it seems, should rather de- bounteous mer cies far beyond the pen d on that law of faith which God literal sense of his promises. Thus has fixed as the condition of salvation . the sal v ation of all is procured by I observe that the systematic Doctors the prop itiator y sacrifice of Christ. &re much offended with this part ; Such views appear to me not very and are not satisfi ed with those five different from those of this author , advantages J which , according to the and agreeable to the gospel doctrine. author , the advent of the Lord Jesu s The last chapter 1 highl y approve , f pro cured for mankind. I agree that being convinced that all which re- nothing should be ad vanced to the spects the belief and practice neces- prejudice of the truth for the sake of sar y to salvation , is contained in the conciliating the systematic Doctors ; Gospels and the Acts, and that no and whatever they allege unreasona - new article is add ed in the Epistles. bl y should , in my opinion , be rejected For , what some have rep resent ed as with indi gnation. Yet it deserves new arti cles of faith are not so; but consideration , whether such language either clearer explications of articles ought not to be u sed as , thoug h it fail before delivered , or vindications of a to satisf y them , may possibl y give less doctrine alrea d y tau ght , from objec- offence, and , in my jud gment , affor d tions, chiefl y those of the Jews. Of a more exact definition of the truth . this we have a stri king examp le in 1 observe , indeed , that the influence the Epistle to the Romans. of the prophetic and king l y office of Such are the few things which have occurred in my readin g, and which I ? Works, pp. 563, 567. I bid. pp. 509, 570 . * Wo rks p . 572. f The , u knowledge of one G od—a clear -f- Ultimum Caput per oninia amplector, k nowled^ ge of dut y—'re formation in the Tlie English T reatis e is not divided into outward forms of worshi ping the Deity— chapters 3 hut Limh oreh refers to the grea t encoura gement to a virtuo us and concludin g1 paragrap hs which follow the 7 pious life—the promise of assistance ** enlargement .on the five advantages * Sec Ibid. pp. 573—581. Ibid . pp. 581—585. Mr. Brande s Estimate of Dr. Pr iestley 's Chemical Discoveries* 675 submit to ybur consideration. I have , I add a recen t example in this cit y probab ly, fai led in some places to whic h ought not to be passed over. comprehend full y the aut hor 's mean - Last summer , a ma idservant , that ing. These are , however , inconside- she might rob her master 's house, set rab le, and beside the author 's princ ipal it on fire in the night. She was ca- design , which he appears to me to pitally convicted , and , at her execu - have accom plished by a course of tion , largel y, and in very stron g lan - arg uments quite unexceptionable , so guage , professed her failh in the merit s tha t he has engaged my al most unqua- of Christ y to the clergyman who lified assent. I especial ly commend attended her . He not only gave the him far so clearl y and candidl y, nor criminal the most undou bted assu- less solidl y* demonstratin g the neces- rance of sal vation , but also in his sity of repentance and good works , sermon , an the following day, warml y and shewing how the law of faith has commended her faitli to the congre - not repealed , thou gh it has miti gated gation. He, indeed , did not scrup le the law of works . 1 cannot approve to declare , that , the public sham e onl y their divinit y who teach , that , even excepted , he could wish so to end his before any act of repe ntance , we are life. Many app lauded , though some ju stified in the sight of God , th roug h (not onl y Remonstra nts, but also Con- the faith b y which we apply to ou r- tra-Remon strants), could not refrain selves the merits of Christ. Thoug ht- from expressing their indignation less men,-when full of this persuasion , against the en comium of such an en * even in the midst of their wick edness, comiast . readil y account themselve s j ustified At length I must concl ude. With and saved , if they appear to have your usua l kindness you will pardon faith , however wavering. Careless my prolixity. teachers also are apt to encourage this Farewel l, my most worth y and ever rash confidence , not scru pling to pro- respected friend. nounce , without any hesitation , the You rs, affectionatel y, salvation of the profane and vicious, P. a LIMB ORCH. if, in thei r last moments , they have onl y pr ofessed a firm reliance on the merits of Chris t.

MISCELLANEOUS COMMUNICATIONS.

Mr. Brand e' s Estimate of Dr. Priest- the Roy al Society of Edinbur gh, Pro - ley s Chemica l Discoveries. fessor of Chem istr y in the Roya l In- stitution of G reat Britain , and Prof essor [In volume I. 216—219 and 32$— M' S34 we inserted Mons « Cuvier 's of Chem istry and Materia edica to > 17 the Society of Apothecaries in the " Eulogy on Dr. Priestley , pro - 1 nounced in the French Nation al In- City of London/ Prefi xed to Vol. stitute. The reader will there see in III. of Supp lement to Encyclopaedia what estimation Dr. Priestley is held Britannica. 4to. Pp. 48—61. It will amongst forei gn philosophe rs. We be borne in mind by the reader , that Mr. Brande pr ofesses to ascertain Dr. have now the satisfaction of adding to ' that tribute to his memory , another Priestley s merits in only one branc h by one of the fi rst English chemists of philosop h y. Ed.] the various discoverie s, of the present day. It is the more OF which valuable , as it is in the form of histo- it is the object of this Dissert a- rical and philosop hical criticism. We tion to unfol d, none hgive been more extract it from " A Dissertation , ex- important in their consequences than hibiting a General View ^of the Pro - those relating to the composition of gress of Chemical Ph ilosophy, from atmos pheric air, a subject which the the Earl y Ages to the End of the ancients seem not to have tho ught Ei ghteenth Century . By W illiam upon , since th &y regarded it as an Thomstti Brande , Secretary of the element or ulti mate princ iple of mat- Royal Society of London , Fellow of ter. In this , an in most othe r bra nches 676 Mr * Brande' s Estimat e of Dr. Priestley 9s Chemical Discoveries. of experimental science, the advances prove d b y Black and others ; and this of the human mind hav e been very opinion seemed to be sanctioned by grad ual : Mayow, in 167 4, was upon the discovery, that air thus tai n ted by the very brink of that stream of dis- res pirati on and combustion , might, in covery, which , in 1774, carr ied Dr. some measure , be restored to puri ty Priestley into the fastnesses of Pneu- by exposure to the action of lime matic Chemistry. Hales , by shew ing w ater , which abso rbed the fixed air. the raode of disengag ing and collect- In 1772, Dr. Rutherford , Professor ing gaseous fluids , removed many of of Botan y in the University of Edin- the most serious obstacles which en- burg h , published a thesis on fi xed, or, cumbered this path of researc h ; he as it was then cal led, niepli i rie air , was followed by Boer haave , an d after- from which the following passage is wards by Blac k , who, having reached extracted : " By the resp iration of the discover y of fixed air , tu r ned into animals , health y air is not merel y ren- a not her roa d of invest igation. Nei- dered mep hitic , but also suffers ano- ther Mayow , t here fore , nor Hales , ther change. For , after the mephitic nor Boerh aave , nor Black , wer e ver y portion is absorbed by a caustic alca- diligent cultiv ators of Pneumatic Che- line lixivium , the remaining portion is mistry : they had , indeed ,, opened the not rendered sal ubrious , and although mine, but did not explore it 5 its trea- it occasions no preci pitate in lime wa- sure s were reserved for those Whose ter , it neverthel ess extinguishes flame , labours we are now about to re- and destro ys life. " count , and were chiefl y born e away by Thus we have traced the discovery the diligent dexteri ty of Dr. Josep h of two gaseous fluids differing from Priestley , common air : fixed air , discovered by If we trust the quotations of Rey Black , and azote, as it has since been alread y cited , the necessity of air , in called , by Rutherford - The former , the process of combustion , was not a component pa rt of chalk , and of onl y observed , but inqui red into by the mild alcalis, the product of the Csesal pinus * and L.ibavius , f as far combustion of charcoal , and of the back as the sixteenth and earl y part res pi ration of animals 3 the latter an of the seventeenth century. Mayow ingredient of atmospheric air. insisted that a part onl y of the atmos - Jt would be a wearisome and un- phere was concerned in the ph eno- profi table occupation to record , even men a of combustion , and found that in brief terms , the transactions of a air in which bodies had burned be- set of cav illing philosophists who cam e unfit for the respiration of ani- starte d u p in this country , and else- mals* As soon as it had been ascer- w h ere, about the presen t period of tained th at , in the phenomena of our hi stor y 5 their name s have sunk combustion and resp irat ion , a portion into oblivion , and their works were of fixed air was generated , the ex- onl y read while recommended b y no- tinction of burn ing bodies , and the velt y. Some of them I have reluc- d eath of animals immersed in air , t h us tant ly perused , and have found that rendered foul, were referred to the t hey ar e rat h er ca lcu late d to weary p resence of t h at gaseous body, its t he attent ion th an to sat isfy curiosity , noxious qualities having bee n ampl y or impar t information. I , therefo re, hasten to one of the most remarkable and splendid epoch s * Bom at A rczzo in 1519 5 died at of chemical science, adorned by d is- Rome in 1603. His medica l work s con- coveries ta in some scattered which have been rarel y chemica l observa tions equalled , either in numb er or impor - win ch , however , are of little import ance . Libavi us has sometimes tanc e, and ushered in b y a series of f been cited as sterling the most rat iona l chemical inquir er of his facts and memora ble investi- ag-e, but of this character 1 can find no gations. The well-known names of justification in his wri tings upon chemical Priestle y, Scheele, Cavendish and L.a- subjects 5 they arc either uninte lligible or voisier , now appear upon the stage, trifling - ; !i« certa inl y had some merit as a and it will be an arduo us but grati- contri ve r of apparat us, and his fu rnace s fying task to follow them throug h and distillator y vessels appea r to hav e been thei r respective parts. In this recital , ingeniousl y devised . a stri ct adherence to the dates of dis- He died in 1616. coveries would neithe r be conveni ent Mr. Brande s Estimate of Dr. Pr iestley s Chemical Discoveries. Of?

nor usefu l, and I shall rather, there- made to minister to each other's fore, deviate a little on this point, wants, and thus preserve that eternal than cloud the perspicuity of my nar- harmony which marks the natural rative, or crami> it by chronological world. strictness. As combustion and respiration were Dr. Priestley's character was of so connected with the deterioration of composite an order as to defy brief air, it occu rred to Dr. Priestley to as- description or superficial delineation ; certain how far the growth of vege- he was a politician , a divine, a meta- tables might be productive of similar physician and a philosopher ; and in effects. each of these callings he displayed " One might have imagined,*' says abilities of a peculiar and occasionally he, " that since common air is neces- exalted description. His copious and sary to vegeta ble as well as to animal important contributions to chemical life, both plants and animals would science are the more surprisi ng, when affect it in the same manner ; and I it is remembered that his philoso- own 1 had that expectation when I phical pursuits were merely resorted fi rst put a spri g of mint into a glass to as a relaxation in his theological jar, standing inverted in a vessel of studies ; that his mind -was under the water ; but when it had continued constant agitation of controversy and growing there for some months, I dispute ; that he was too impatient found that the air would neither ex- for deep research , and too hasty for tinguish a candle, nor was it at all premeditated plans. But, with all inconvenient to a mouse which I put these bars against him, he was a th riv- into it." ing wooer of science : he made more In experiments of this kind, Dr. of his time than any person of whom Priestley points out the necessity of J ever read or beard ; and possessed often withdrawing the dead and d ying the happy and rare talent of passing leaves, lest, by their putrefaction, they from study to amusement, and from .should injure the air: lie also hints am u sement to study, without occa- at the noxious powers of some plants, sioning any retrograde movement especial l y the cabbage, of which he in the train ari d connexion of his kept a leaf in a glass of air for one thoughts. night onl y, and in the morning a can- There is another important feature dle would not burn in it. in Dr. Priestley's character, which Dr. Priestley also extended his ex- may tend to throw some light upon his periments to the influence of plants controversy with the French school : u pon air vitiated by animal respira- he possessed the strictest literary and tion and by combustion, and found scientific honesty ; he makes frequent that they in general did not only not mention of his predecessors and con- contaminate the air, but that they temporaries, and enumera tes the ideas actual l y restored to purity that which which he borrowed from them, and had been rendered impu re by flame the experiments they suggested with and breathing; and by shewing that more than necessary accuracy and this change was effected by groundsel minuteness. His attachment to che- as perfectly as by mint, proved it mistry seems to have been formed at independent of the aromatic oil to Leeds, about the year 1768 , and be- which some in th eir i gnorance had tween that period and the year 1 772 been willing to refer it. he had added several new and highly 1 hat actual vegetation was neces- importan t facts to the science, which sary, and the mere vegetable insuffi- are detailed in a long communicat ion cient, he proved by exposing the presented to the Royal Society in the pulled leaves of a mint plant to air, spring of that year. It is here that which were unproductive of the re- he relates those researches respecting generation effected by the growing the influence of vegetation upon the sp rig. atmosphere, which led to entirely new Dr. Priestley concluded from these views of the physiology of plants, and experiments, that the noxious air re- which displayed, in a striking light, sulting from combustion, and from som e of those masterly and beneficent the breathing of the different animal adjustments of nature, by which the tribes, formed part of the nourishment different members of the creation are of plants; and that the purity 'of our 678 Mr. Brand es Estimate of Dr. Priestl ey s Chemical Discoveries* atm osphere , and its fitness for respi- Sir Joh n Pring le, who was then ra tio n, were material ly dependent p resident , delivered , on this occasion, u pon the functions of growing vege- an elaborate and elegant discour se table s. upon the different kinds of air , in May ow, in 1674, and Hal es, in 1 724, which , after expatiating upon the dis- had observ ed the productio n of gase- coveries of his pred ecessors , he point s ous matte r during the action of nitric out the especial merits of Priestley 's acid upon the metals. 1 have before investigations. In allusion to the pu- alluded to the very rude manner in rification of a tainted atmosp here by which May ow collect ed it. Hales the growth of plants , the president ascertaine d its singular propert y of has thus expressed himself: pr oducing red fumes when mixed ** From these discoveries we are as- with common air. Dr. Priestley re- su red , that no vegetable grows in sumed these inquiri es, and pu rsued vain ; but that , from the oak of the them with clever activity : he found , forest to the grass of the field , every th at , on mixing one hund red part s, individual plant is serviceable to man - by measure , of common air , with one kind ; if not always distinguished by hun d re d of the air procured by the some private virtue , yet making a action of nitrous acid on copper , which part of the whole which clealises and he called nitro us gas, red fumes were puri fies our atmosp here. In this the pro duced , and there was a diminution fra grant rose and deadl y nightshade of bul k equal to ninety-two parts in co-operate \ nor is the herbage nor the two hundre d j so that one hundred the woods that flourish in the most and eight parts onl y remaine d. remote and unpeo pled reg ions unpro- When fixed air was thus mixed fitable to us, nor we to them , con - with nitr ous air , there was no dimi- sidering - how constantl y the wind s n ution $ when air , contaminated b y convey to them our vitiated air , for combu stion or respiration , was used , our relief and for their nourishment. the diminu tion was less than with And if ever these salutary gales rise purer air; and with air taken fro m dif- to storms and hurricanes , let us still ferent situations , Dr. P riestley thou ght trace and revere the ways of a bene- he obtained rather variabl e results . ficent Being, who not fortuitousl y, but Hence the beautifu l app lication of with design, not i n wr ath , but in nitrous air to the discovery of the mercy, thus shakes the water and the fitness of other species of air , for com- air together , to bur y in the deep those bustio n and resp iration. putrid and pestilential effluvia which tha t the vegetable s on the face of the eart h It was for these discoveries ^ the Council of the Koyal Societ y ho- had been insufficien t to consume/ ' t noured Dr. Pr iestley by the presenta- tion of Sir God frey Copley 's medal , on the 30th of November , 17 33, [177S]. * and of enterin g- into the histo ry of that part of philosop hy to which the expeii- rnent re late d , was fi rst introduced by Mr. * u Sir Godfrey Copley ori g inal l y be- Martin Folkes. The discourses , however , queat hed five guineas to be gi ven at eac h which he and his successors delivere d , anni versary meeting of the Royal Society, were very short , nnd were only i nserted by the determ inatio n of the president and in the minute books of the Society ; none council , to the perso n who had bee n the of them had ever been print ed before Sir author of the best paper of experimen ta l Joh n Prin gle was raised to the chai r of observation for the past year . In process the Society." Chalmers ' s Biograp hical of time , this pecuni ary reward , which could Dictionary .—LAfe of Pringle. never be an importa nt consideration to a \ Dr . Franklin , in a letter upon the man of enlar ged and philosop hical mind , subject of this d iscovery to Dr . Prie stley, however narrow his ci rcumstance s might has expressed himself as follows : be, was changed into the more liberal form " Tha t the veg-et able creation should of a gold medal , in which form it is becom e restore the air which is spoiled by the ani- a trul y honourable mar k of distinction , mal part of it, looks like a rational system , and a just and la udab le object of ambition. an d secins tu be of a p iece with the rest. It was, no doubt , always usual with the Thus , (ire purifies water all tho worl d over. Pr esiden ts, on tlie del i very of the medal , It pulines it by distillation when it ra ises to pay some compliment to the gentleman it in vapours , and lets it fall in rain • and on whom it was bestowed , but the custom farther still by filtration , when , keep ing" it of maki ng a set speech on the occasion , fl uid, it sutlers that rain to percol ate tke itfr . Urande s Estimat e of Dr. Priestley $ C/iemical Discoveries. 679 Such were Dr. Priestley ' s researc hes, posed to heat. This, indeed, was one and such the views to which he had of the top ics upon which Hales had been led previous to the year 1773, touch ed before him , but it was passed when he undertook the examination over with that hast y and superficial of the air which ri ses from red lea d, ca relessnes s of which his experimen- and from red preci pitate of quick - tal proceedings furnish so man y in- silver , when those substances are ex- stance s, and in which he so often lost the substance b y grasp ing at the sh a dow. earth. We knew before that putrid animal Dr. Priest ley cast his keenest eye substances were converted into sweet ve- upon the prospect now before him , getables when mixed with the earth and and as the various objec ts came into applied as manure ; and now, it seems view, he mixed followed them up with more that the same putrid substances, than his ordinar y dil i with the air, have a similar effect . The gence and usual strong' thri ving state of you r mint , in pu- sagacit y. The trac k he had entered trid air9 seems to shew that the air is upon was, indeed , of such abundant mended by taking" something* from it, and promise , as woul d hav e insnared the not by adding* to it. I hope this will give atten tion and excited the cur iosit y of some check to the rage of destroying trees one less awake than our aut hor to its that grow near houses, which has accom- interest and novelty . But he, al read y panied our late improvements in gardening, well initiated *in the mana gement of from an opinion of their being unwhole- aeri form fluids , proceeded with a some. I am certai n , from long observa- rap idity which left his associates far tion, that there is nothing unhealth y in the behind , and carri ed him, in pro ud air of woods ; for we Americans have and every where our country habi tations in the undis puted precedence , to the goal of midst of woods, and no people on earth discovery. enjoy better heal th , or are more prolific." The 1st of August , 1774, is a red- Phil. Trans. 1772, page 199. letter day in the annals of Chemical Notwithstanding these researches, which Philoso phy, for it was then th at Dr. have exposed some very curious facts re- Priest ley discovered , dephlogisticated lative to the chemical physiolog y of plants, air. Some, sporting in the sunshine it must be confessed that the causes of the of rhetoric , have called this the birth- renovation and equality of our atmosphere day of Pneumatic Chemistry ; but it are yet by no means ascertained ; for, was even a more marked and al do memo- though some g rowing vegetables , rable period ; it was then (to under certain circumstances, purify the pursue air, (by the absorption of carbon and the the meta phor) that this branch of the evolution of oxygen ,) yet, when in a state science, havin g eked out a sickly and of decay, they invariabl y add to its con- infirm infancy in the ill-managed nur- tamination, and a general view of the sery of the earl y chemists , began to subject would induce us to conclude, t hat disp lay symptoms of an impro ving they do as much harm as good , at least, if constitution , and to exhibit the most recent ex periments connected with this hopeful and unexpected marks of subject are to be considered as correct. future impor ta n ce. These are the prominent features- of Dr. Dr. Priestley 's ori ginal opinion , that Priestley's fi rst communication to the Royal all kinds of kind s of factitious air were noxious, Society respecting the different seems first to hav e bee n shaken air, and had he bestowed no other contri- by bution upon chemistry, the facts here observin g that a candle would burn detailed would have entitled him to> a in air procured b y distilling nitre in a consp icuous place among the benefactors gun barrel ; but the fi rst experi men t, of the science. The paper is divided into which led to a very satisfactor y result , severa l sections, in which lie discusses the was condu cted as follows : A glass nat u re and properties of fixed air; of the y<\r was filled with quicksilv er, and air contaminated by the combustion of inverted in a basin of the same ; some candles and of brimstone ; of inflammable red precip itate of quicksilver was the n air; of air infected with animal respira- introduced , and floated upon the tion or putrefaction ; of air exposed to the action of mixtures oC iron filings and sul- quicksilver in the jar ; heat was ap- phur; of nitto&s air ; of air in which plied to it in this situation by a burning metals have been calcined, and which has l ens, an d " I presentl y found that air been exposed to the action of white-lead was expelled from it very readil y* paint • and of air procured by spirit of Having got abou t three or four times salt. as much as the bul k of my materials , I 68O Mr. Bra nded Est imate of Dr. Priestl ey' s Chemical Discoveries. adm itted water into it, and found that He regarded it as air depriv ed of it was not imbibed b y it. But what phlogiston , and thus account ed for its surpr ised me more tha n I can well eager attraction for that princi ple expr ess, was, that a candle burned in which , during combustion , bodies this air with a remarkabl y vi gorous were imag ined to thro w off. Gn the flame, very much like that enlarged contrary, he accounted for the ex- flame with which a candle burns in tinction of nam e by the air d iscovered nit rous air , exposed to iron or liver of b y Rutherford , and since ter med sul phur ; but , as I had got nothing azote * or nitro gen, + upon the idea like th is remarkable appearance from that that aerifor m fluid was charg ed any kind of air besides this peculiar or saturated with phlogiston, and he, modification of nitrous air , and I knew therefore , called it phlogisticated air. J no nitrou s ac id was used in the pre- In enumerating the higher mer its par ation of mercuriu s calcinatus , I was of Dr. Priestley as a discoverer , we utterl y at a loss how to account for must not forget the minor advant a ges it. 1'* which his ingenuity bestowed u pon He afterward s obtained the same experimental chemistr y. He supp lied kind of air by exposing red lead and the Labo ratory with many new and several other substances to heat , and usefu l articles of apparatus , and the made a number of well-devised expe- improved methods of mana ging, col- rimen ts upon its properties. lecting and examinin g gaseous fluids, Those who, for the first time, wit- were chiefl y the results of his expe- ness the effect of this air upon bur ning rience. He was the first who, with bodies, will best picture to themselv es any chance of accuracy, endeavoured the emotion and su rpr ise of its dis- to ascertai n the relative or specific coverer , when he plunged a burnin g gravities of the different kinds of air taper into it. The splendour of the then known ; he observed that dephlo- flame was niaguifi centi y increased , gisticated air was rather heavier , and the consumption of the wax was ex- phlogisticated air somewhat lighter , trem ely rapid , and the heat evolved than that of the atmos phere ; nitro us much more considerable than in com- air he conceived to be nearl y of the mon air. He found 3 in short , that , in same specific gravit y. His experi - all cases of combustion , the pro cess ments were made by the hel p of a was infinitel y more rap id and perfec t delicate balance aud exhausted flask. in this kind of air , than in the ordi - The influence upon the resp iration nary atmosp here , t and he was then ce of animal s of a species of air mark ed induced to apply the term dep hlog is- b y the eminen t perfection with which tieated to the gas he had thus obtain ed. it supports combustion , did not escape Dr. Pries tley 's notice. On applying to it his test of nitrous air , he found * j Ecr,p erl?nents and Observations on the absorption produced on mixture Different Kinds of Air, &c. II. 107. greater than with atmosp heric air ; Birming ham, 1790 . whence he conjectured its superior •f The following" para graph , with which - Dr. Priestley prefaces his account of the fitness for the support of life , he in- discovery of dephlogisticated air, presents tro duced mice into it. and fbund that a picture of his mind in regard to the origin of his own researches : " The contents of this section will fu r- are the most celebrated for their pbiloso- nish a very striking* illustration of the truth phical acumen, did tbey write analytically of a remark which I have more than once ami ingenuously." (E&p . and Obs. II. made in my philosophical writings, and 103.) which can hardly be too ofte n repeated , as * From ut our reci pient being tivut it was nearl y twice as heavy as overturned by the suddenness of the pro- afcift ospheric air; t hat it extinguished duction of the air, we were not able to cat ch any more than the first produce, flame, and was instant ly fatal to animal which was little else than the common air life 5 t hat it redd ened v egetable blues, which had lod ged on the surface of the and destro yed most colours. This , 1 liquor, and which appeared to be a little air is, in fact, produc ed by burnin g phlog-isticated by its not faci ng much af- sulphur in the atmosphere , and straw , fected by a mixture of nitrous air," ilfr. Brmsby on the Character of Dr. Bentley. 683 might be al$o procured in a pure and tance of his conquests ; but resisted isolated gaseous form ; and, after se- that febrile thirst of innovation and veral unsuccessful trials, he succeeded, reform, which was endemic amoilg by heating a mixture of quicklime contemporary chemists. and sal ammoniac, when a great quan- " At present,'* says he, in the Pre- tity of air escaped , permanen t ove r face to his third volume of JExpwi- quicksilver, but, like the acid gases, ments and Observa tions, rela ting to rapidly absorbed by water. various branches of Natu ral Philo- The odour of this gas was pun- sophy, " At present all our systems gent in the extreme, and it possessed are in a remarkable manner unhinged the propert y of salvolatile, smelling by the discovery of a multiplicity of salts, and similar substances, of turn - facts, to which it appears difficult or ing vegetable blues to green. After impossible to adj u st t hem : we need several expe riments, in which the ab- not, however, give ourselves much sorbing powers of different substances concern on this account, For, when in regard to this air, w ere tried, Dr. a sufficient number of new facts shall Priestley b ecame impatient to dis- be discovered, towards which even cover the effect of mixing it with the imperfect h ypotheses will contribute, acid ai rs just descri bed,—he imagined a more general theory wiil soon pre- that he should form a neutral air. sent itself, and, perhaps, to the most On putting this notion, however, to -incurious and least sagacious -eye. the proof of experiment, he was su r- Thus, when able navigators have, prised to observe, that when marine with great labour and judgment, acid air, and the volatile alcaline air, steered towards an undiscovered coun- were mixed in due proportions, they try, a common sailor, placed at the were wholf y condensed into a solid. mast h ead, may happen to get the And with sulph u reous air a very simi- fi rst sight of land. JLet us not, how- lar result was afforded . ever, contend about merit, but let us Dr. Priestley concluded that alca- all be intent on forwarding the com- line air was considera bl y lighter than mon enterprise, and equally enjoy any acid air, because, on mixing them progress we may make towards suc- over mercury, he observed the former ceeding in it, and, above all, let us to float above the latter ; on putting acknowledge the guidance of that a lighted candle into alcaline air the great Being, who has put a spirit in flame was enlarged, and a portion of man, and whose inspiration giveth the air appeared to burn with flame. him understanding." With this quo- We have now considered the prin- tation, sufficientl y characteristic of his cipal discoveries of Dr. Priestley, upon general style, I shall take leave of which his title to originality rests, Dr. Priestley, and introduce another and it must be allowed that they are hero of chemical history, his contem- not less important than numerous. porary and great rival, Scheele. If we even consider them merely as insulated tlicts, they are of a very supe- Dudley, rior character, and tended greatl y to Sib, November 5, 1818. enlarge the che- affords me great leasure our knowledge of IT p to be mical elements of matter ; but the able fully "to vindicate the character new views of many natu ral and arti- of Dr. Bentley, fro m the very severe ficia l phenomena, which they ex- charge brought against him by Mr. posed, and which before were buried llutt , in the last number of the Monthly in deep obscurity, confer upon them Repository [pp. 624, 6£5].~ I have a more exalted aspect, and have ob- before me, bound up with several tained for them the deserved meed of tracts on the same subject, by Bentley, universal admiration. In perusing Swift, Addenbrooke, Whiston, and Dr. Priestley's tracts, we find the others, a copy of Collins's '* Discourse thread of the narrative occasionally of Free-thinking," in 8vo. The first knotted with conceit, and weakened leaf is unhappily lost, and there are no by garrulity ; but these blemishes are means of ascertaining the date of the ecftnpensated by prevailing* candour impression. At the 90th p age, & pas- and perspicuity of style: he had sage of Victor is quoted from MilFa greatly extended the boundaries of Prolegomena, and it is thus translated science, and was aw ake to the impor- by Collins : •' In the consulship of 684 Mr. Madge on the Death of Sir Samuel Romilly.

Messalla, at the command of the em- edition with mine, in which " the p eror AnastasiuS y the holy Gvspels, as passage is actually translated." I ap- written by Idiot Evangelists, are cor- prehend this pamphlet to be of con- rected and amended." The translation siderable rarity, and , as it involves is printed in italics, and the original Dr. Bentley's reputation, of no trifling Latin is given, as a note, at the foot of importance. Mr. Prichard, " a great the page. free-thinker," characterizes Dr. Bent- In the Biograp hia Britannica, article ley 's " Remarks," as the " most pe- , dantically affected, awkward Collins* Dr. Ki ppis tells us that " the l y witty, Discourse of Free-thinking was re- overbearing and scurrilous" book that printed at the Hague, with some ad- he ever read j and adds, that upon his ditions and corrections, in 1713, in mentioning " this Idiotis Evangelistis 12mo., though in the title-page it is aflfair" to " a wort h y dignitary of the said to be printed at London. In church," he replied , tfcat " nothing was this edition , the translations in several too impudent f orDr. Bentley." "'That places are corrected from Dr. Bentley's Collins," says Dr. Lort, " should prof it Remarks,and some references are made from his adversary 's Remarks, and alter to th ose Remains, and to Dr. Hare's such passages in his book as he was Clergyman' s Thanhs " 1 have no doubt convinced thereb y were wrong, is so that Mr. Rutt's copy of Collins is the far from deserving censure, tha t it edition, to which Dr. rather merits commendation ; but then corrected Hague e Kippis refers. Both Collins s " Dis- an honest and impartial searcher after course," and Bentley's " Remarks," truth would candid l y own his mis- p assed throug h at least two editions takes, or, at least, in the different edi- in the year 1713. tions of his book, would f ai rl y tell his A competent judge, Dr» Thomas readers in the title-page, that it was Edwards, speaking of this controversy, the second, third , or fourth ed ition, observes, perhaps with too much se- revised and corrected ; whereas the verity, " I look upon these Remarks on chicane, for 1 cannot call it otherwise, Free- thinkingr , to be one of the most made use of by him, to conceal those capital and masterly pe rformances that circumstances, savours much more of have ever appeared in English y- and I the Jesuit than of the generous and am at a loss which to admire most, the real Free-thinker.1' stupidity, ignorance and blunders of It is a very curious and amusing Collins, or the wit, erudition and ac- fact , that in the edition which I possess curac y of Bentley " * of Collins's " Discourse," the philan- I cannot, Sir, avoid expressing my thropic author thus concludes : " I concern, that the literary correctness, think it virtue enough to endeavour to and , above all , the moral integrit y, of do good y only within the bounds of doing so distinguished a man as Dr. Bentley, yourse lf no harm." In the Hague edi- should be impeached , without the most tion , after the word s virtue enoug h, is positive and satisfactory evidence. I inserted this most libera l, qualif ying am sure, my excellent frien d Mr. parenthesis : " In a country so ignoran t f Rutt, will deepl y regret th at his ab- stupid, supers titious, and destitute of horrence of what is disingenuous and ail private mid public virtue as ours.11 unfair in controversy, should have be- See Biog. Brit. II. C2S. trayed him into such an act of inj ustice towards the illustrious dead. Norwich, J. II. BRANSBY. Sir, November 9, 18 18. November 7, 18 18. N common, no doubt, with most of P. S. Since writing the above, I I your readers, my mind was greatly have found in Nichols's t4 Literary shocked and saddened by the mournfu l Anecdotes," Vol . II. pp. 673—678, a and bitte r intelli gence of the melan- correspondence between Dr. Lort, of chol y termination of the life of Sir Cambridge, and Mr. Prichard, a He- Samuel Romilly. Under the impres- refordshire gentleman , on the passage sion which it. made upon me, and from in question. Dr. Lort. had a copy of my love and admiration of his many Collins's " Discourse,'* of the same and great virtues, I closed my sermon of last Sunday evening with the fol- ? Edwards's " Two Dissertations," 1766, lowing brief but humble tribute of p. 24, Note. respect to his revered memory j w hich Mr. LJOSEPH LAMB. in others w ithout pr oper places of worshi p j or if these be at length ob- Swansea, tainedt , exposed to the certain ty of a Sir , October 10, 1818. 1heavy debt , inextinguish a ble b y any HAIL the establishaient of various cother means than private charit y. I Fellowshi p Funds as the dawn of I must own , th at looking to the zeal, more successfu l times for Unitarianism , *the resolution and perseverance , re- little else being now required to enable

This, I hope, will be considered as the interest the re suffered mater ially satisfactory. The princi ple is the by the conduct of the last incumb ent; same as that adopted in the Widows ' amiable and res pected in his yout hful Fund and the Society of Deputie s, in days, and for some yea rs revered by both of which it is sufficientl y noto- his people, but subsequentl y desert ed rious , that the claims of Unitarians b y them , in consequence of his con- are always considered equall y with tractin g very unpleasant habit s. The others. The Committee of the new major part of them , I understa nd , Instit ution consists in part of Unita- resolved upon uniting themselv es to rians , which is, I con cei ve, a suffi- the episcopalian congre gation of that cient pledge of the manner in which town. A considerable endowment the Society means to carry into effect was enjoyed b y Mr , up to the its professed design , namely, that of peri od of his death . It amounte d , if embracing" all the Denominations of I mistake not , to 60/. per annum. 1 Dissenters in the arms of Christian am not prepared to say into wht>se benevolence. hands it has fallen, nor whether it be I sincerel y wish that no misap- recoverable : I rather think a tru stee pre hensions or unfounded jealousies , is living. on any side, may thro w a damp upon Of the Presb yterian chapel s at Staf- a design likel y to be so useful. ford and Stone , I can report more de- A CONSTANT READE R. cided ly ; as, durin g the last ninet een years of his life, my uncle, the late Prescot , Rev. Henry Procter , was p astor of Sir , October s, 18 1 8. the smal l congregations that assem- YOU are often congratulated upon bled in them . Small , indee d , were the gratif ying succ ess of the Uni- the con gregations , when he assumed tarian cause, and its manifest extension the pastoral charge ; and as they were in the United Kingdom; and you have composed, princi pa lly at least , of aged had latterl y the reiterated pleasure of persons , (some of them married , but reporting intelli gence of the erection without families, and others in a stat e of new chapels.—Will you pardon me, of celibacy,) the melanchol y office if, like Jeremiah among the pro phets devolved u pon him of interring the of old, I rise up amon g my rejoicing remains of friend after friend , in quick brethren , to condole with you , Sir, succession : and , b y the ra pid march and them , on the melanchol y fact , tha t the infirmities of age mad e upon that many of the chapels in which our himself, he was prevented fro m making ancestors worshi ped , and in some of any grea t exertions to revive the cause. which our revered relatives have offi- Since the death of my uncle , who de- ciated , are either total l y deserted , and parted this li fe in his 76th year , no in a state of alarming dilap idation , or stated minister has been appointed. have fallen into the hands of strangers ! During the consultations of the small t beg leave , Mr. Editor , to call your remnant of his flock , in what man ner attent ion to three cases of the former they should act , 1 occasion ally p reached natur e, that I humbl y conceive are to them ; but the most acti ve trus tee deser ving of n otice ; and which , I a p- died , and the chapel has been since prehend , might , b y a little exertio n shut up. That at Stone , I have been and expense, be rescued from their recentl y informed , is occupied as a present degraded and useless condi- charity day-school , by the Inde pen- tion , and restored to their pristine dents of the town , who pay rent for dignity and usefulness : they are the the use of it. A venerable member Pr esbyteri an chapels at Stafford , Stone of that little flock , died some months and Newcastle-unde r- Line. It is a la- ago, and has left a son, with a nume- ment able fact , that for some years , rous family. About two acres of land , thou gh commodio us and endowed and some money at interest , bel ong to chapels , they have been either total l y that chapel . or partial ly disused , as reli gious edi- The endowme nts , in land and money, fices* att aching to the chapel at Staffor d, Respecting that at Newcastle-unde r- amount , at a moderate calculation , to Line, I am not able to repo rt so coj r- upward s of 30/. per annu m. To this rectl y and explicitly as I could wish chapel there is a burial ground . One to do. I have been informed , that tr ustee. I rather think, survives , with &n Mr. Behham s Censure of Mr. Robinson. 689 wiiosfe concurrence the emol umen ts in connexion with the apostol ical- fa* might be regained * and duly app ro- thers , I may be permit ted , it is hope d, priated. to draw them into a nearer connexion, The above-mentioned towns are po- by comparing them together , in a few pulous, pa rticul arl y Stone and New- particulars that have forced themselves castle-under Line, and convenientl y on my not ice; an d that , before entering situat ed for a junctio n of minist erial la- upon farther observations on Mi\ Ro- bours ; the extreme distance from Staf- binson 's History. ford to Newcastle being only sixteen Thoug h the preceding letters do miles, an d Stone is situate d at near ly not profess ,to go into the subject of midway s or if thetri pie union should be Baptism at lar ge, and , indeed , more found to be too laboriou s, for alte r nate immediatel y relate to Mr - Robinson 's services on a Lord 's day, and weekly History 5 yet, of necessity they have , at inter vals, touched on points which evening lectur es* even the junction of Stafford and Stone might be worth y conce r n the genera l question ; some the consideration and patronage of the connecte d with the interpretation of friends of Unitarianism. I have lon g various passa ges in the apostolic al considered this as a promising district waitings , others with certain notions for the exertions of an active young on tradition and apostolical authority. man of popular talents , amiable man - I allude more particularl y to the apos- ners , and a proportionate zeal in the tolical w ritings now, on a supposition , good cause. whic h is admitted , that they are nearl y, I do not know whether it comports if not of the same age, with those of the with the design and regulations of the writings (with the exception of Ter - Unitarian Fund, to patronize a specu- tullian ' s)vjust referred to; and by the lation of this kind , under existing absolute genuineness of any of them , circumstancircumstan ces ;: thou g ghh IT am not withwith- - th e question is but littl e affecte d ; for out hope, that if the committe e of that I am not ignor ant that same learned , Fund are authorized to make the ex- and , I doubt not, very honest men, peri ment ! they would be gratified by will not admit even these to be nar - success. ratives of genuine facts, nor to be When travelli ng that way, fre- w ritten b y those whose names they quentl y has the thought been painfu l bear ; yet, as the bulk of real Chris * to me, that the re was not a brother tians do, and those who are only minister after my own heart to be nominal ly so, have made them tfte foun d between Congleton and Wol- matter of thei r appea ls aad critic isms; verhampton , a distan ce of at least as all these writings , as well those of forty -four miles, planted with popu - the apostolica l fa ther s as of the apos- lous towns and villages, in which , t les, are allowedl y ver y anc ient, and doubtless , some might be met with w ritten at peri ods not very distant to whom the sound of Unitarian doc- fro m each other ; it may be reason- tri nes, simple but sublime, plai n but abl y expected , that man y things which consolato ry, would be glad tidin gs admit of critici sm and disp u te, may, indeed. by such comparison , be much illus- Th ese hints, Mr. Editor , I have tra ted. For examp le : it may be in- take n the liberty of suggesting for ferred , t hat t he commission to teach, your considerat i on. If they meet with make disciples of, or instruc t, ^a^xet^iy, your approbation , and the experimen t (Mat t, xxviii. 19, ) relat es solely tp of revivin g the sacred cause, under a adults , and excludes infan ts, from the puri fied form, be deemed adviseable , sense put on it in the apostolical fa- I shall be happy to communicate any thers : thus , the making disciples of, additional items of information that or instructing, is analogous to Igna- may be req uested. ti us's expression , in which, speak ing W. T. PRO CTER. of himself, he adds, " 1 am now only beginning to be a disciple, lAu OqTevecrBcci On ifcfr. BelshanCs Censure of (or to be instructe d), and I exhort Mr. Robinson. y ou as my fellow-disciples, crv^ouBtira ^m (Contin ued from p. 571.) Epist. ad Ephcs. e. 3. So where he Sir , is speaking of unbeliever©, he subjoins* T iTAVI NG, in a former letter , «]- u for with respec t to them there is JL JL luded to the apostolica l writers , a hope that ttey may repent, and be VOL. XIII , 4 T 6§6 ©» Mr. JBehha m' s Censure of Mr. Robinson *

taught by you r good works ( fAaO ^rev- versy, in a similar case, and no tess 6*)voci). ibid. c. 10. See also Ep. ad incautiousl y, makes this distinction , Romanos, c. 3. where speaking on Mar k i. 4, of Joh n's So again , as to Step hanas 's house- bapt ism in the wilderness , he adds , liold, if the circumstances of th eir that is, 1st , inst ruct the peop le; 2d, administration in the chu rch , and who were to be baptized in the doc- other partic ulars mentioned in the trine of repentance and remission of apostolical writings , did not limit them sins. In sh ort , if there is any truth to adults , 1 should think the following in the adage, passages would explain the hrase : p Ap vei u&wj) K$'fi o avev €i€Xov [/,av- as, where Ignatius , using a similar OavGov, h ras e, yet meaning to include chil- p to read without a book dren , expressl y mentions them : thus He, who attem p ts 5 Into a sieve d raws water fxom the brook , in the E p istle to Polycarp, " I greet the wife of Epitropus with her whole we may of people disci pling without household , and her children. " A nd Ter - teaching, say, tullian , where he is speaki ng onl y of Avn toov yGYjvoov tc^rat; nova €goroi, , introducing the case of Stepha- adu lts * nas 's househ old, asks, why did he (St. Men now are tau ght , and in the parents p lace, Paul ) baptize (tinxit) Gaius , Crispus , To look with rev ' rence at the conj ' riog " and Stephanas 's household ? * race . In such places, the words jwa ^Tv^ and (Aoc O'/jreva , suppose such a condition Mr. Wall , i» his Histor y of Infant ¦of persons as were made disci ples by Baptism , has lavished much Christia n instructi on, or capable of being so, or ink iu a most unfortunate criti que on repent ing and believing, &c, which , thi s wor d, fj ,oc,9v)T€va. of course , cannot include infants ; and A gain , the word €ona "ri£a9 with otheip this is the sense of them in all the words synonymous with it in the New earliest Christian writers , and in all Testament , does, in my humble opinion, the Greek classical authors. Inde ed, in regard to bel ievers baptized , inva- how can persons be disciples, who are riabl y relate to an entire covering of not taug ht , or capable of being taug ht? the bod y, and to ad ults j and that is And no such earl y writer ever d reamt the uniform meaning of the same of making the word teach, make dis- words in the sam e relation , in the. ' ciples ( jxotOYiT€vj, by Wai ? Walk er, de P'ctdobaptismo. B. J>, 167SL, Ch. x^ On Mr. BeUhanCs Censure of Mr. Robinsdn. * 6QV C. %) incidental l y, and in a peculia r Martyr , all so nearl y contemporary sense introduced , is not full y con t ra- with the apostles and Tertu llian , if> d icted by Te rtul lian 's most formal the re had been any such tradition , an d complete accoun t of Baptism in they must have k nown it ; they must the above tr eatise , I have read it, I have acte d u pon it , which , so far as will confess, to very little purpose * app ears from thei r writings , they did Once more : Suffer little children to not , bu t contra r y to it. Indeed , in come unto me, &c. Many Christian pro portion to t he obscuri t y in which ladies would , no doubt, have been it was left in t he apostles' writings , pleased, if Christ had baptized these they ought to have been the more ch ildre n , and then have said to his explicit. The poor ladies too, who u disciples, Go ye, and do likewise 5" were so anxious for Infant Bapt ism in but no such thing , as we have al read y the time of the ungallant Tertu llian, seen ; and we have seen that no such ought to have said , How durst you custom was pract ised by the Catholic enjoi n us not to baptize our babes, Churc h in the time of Tertullian. when you k now t her e is an ap ostolical Many other parallelisms betwee n tra dition authorizing it ? the writers of the New Testament These fair heretics were Christ ians, an d the other fi rst Christian writer s, and had been settled long1 enough to might be thus easi ly brought together; have heard of this tradition , and -apos - but b y the assistance of the passages tolic al authority ; they mus t have heard introduce d in the last lette r , the of it, had there been any ground for reader may easil y do this himself: it ; still more certainl y must the Ca- and , I think , that gentlemen who are t holic Church * Deferen ce to ortho - so fond of p rimitive anti q uity, will doxy would lead many to this con- allow , that this way of illustrating by cl usion . With what face, t h en, could synch ronisms , or by the writings of Tertullian , delivering at large the men who were at least nearl y contem- practice of that church with regard porary, is a fair one. Of Irenoeus and to Baptism , with all its concomitant Ori geu , notice will be taken in the cer emon ies, and expre ssly mentioning proper place. the law for Baptism , which he does, In connexion with this way of con- -—with what face could he have given sidering the apostolical and other fi rst such directi ons ? This is not suppose- Christian writer s, a few ideas on the able. We find nothin g in Irenaeus , subject of trad ition and apostolical notwith standing the cur ious passage authority present themselves. Mr. most un fortunatel y quoted by Mr. Wal l says, " the apostolical writings Wall on Infant Bapt ism, about this are too obscure to found Infant Baptism tradition ; nothing in C yprian , who upon," Indeed ! Yet surel y this ob- comes next to Tertu llian , and has scurity, I must say, t his total silence, written much on the Rebapt ization of on what we are tol d is a positive dut y, Heretics, an d somet h in g on the Bap - enjoined on all Chri stian parents to the tism of Inf ants, yet C y prian sa ys end of the world , this is surel y some- not hing of this tradition : perhaps Je- what extraor din ar y, an d in t he wr iters ro me may ; certain ly Augu stine does ; themselves must h ave been highl y cri- an d then all sails free and easy under minal . If the apostles had the doc- convo y of the civil magistrate : yet trine , t hey had it, as wi ll be rea d ily this br ings us down to the end of the suppose d, in comma nd from their fourt h or fifth century , an d sure ly such M aster : and if the apostolical writings testi mony appearin g then for the fi rst are , as we now have them, aut hentic, ti me, comes too late to give credibilit y and yet they do not expre ssl y enjoin to the t radit ion. The assertion of these this pr actice ; if they cannot affor d to persons could onl y be the matt er of speak clearl y an d full y about it ; if, thei r opinion at best ; and their opi- notwithstan ding t hey dealt out a most nion is no grou nd for other peop le's sacre d command , over an d above t heir faith : nay , for obvious r easons , the own wr itings, to be handed down , test imon y of Jero jne and St. Augu s- locked up like a jewel in a casket ; if tine is itself a stron g presump tion all this can be supposed , how did the y agai nst the fact. Their cause cer- fulfi l that injunction which we read of, tainl y req uired some plea to han g to publ ish what they knew on the upon 3 and tradition was the dead-lift house-top > Then again, in reference to an argument which could find no to these apo stolical fathers and J ustin other support * 6{)2 On Mr. Bclsliam s Censure of Mr. Robinson. But u wisdom is justified of her Baptism of Infants , or little childre n¦ * child ren ." And while we are on this I mean yipana, or ntcc&icc, and w hich subject, it may not be disag reea ble to they esteemed not incapable of that some of you r readers to hear the opi- hol y ordinance ; and I soon discovered, ni ons of some eminent men relative to that they were onl y those capabl e prim itive custom. Our poet Milton of catechistic instr uction , but not fit was a man of universal liter ature , and for understanding harder matters ; and of an u pri ght, independen t turn of that none but such , in the first and mind ; few were better acquainted second centuries , were ever made par - with all mat ters of history and Chris- takers of Baptism. This most impor - tian antiquity , and his jud gmen t con- tant discovery I soon made know n to cerning Baptism was, ** that the the world in this paper , which Bishop practice here allude d to of baptizi ng H oad l y and Dr. C larke greatl y ap- ardults by immers ion, came nearest , pr oved y but went on in their ordina ry to the primitiv e pract ice } but in pr actice notwithstanding. 1 sent also the latter part of his life he was not this paper , by an intimate friend , Mr . a profe ssed member of any particular Haines , to Sir Isaac Newton , aud de- sect among Christi ans ; he frequ ented si red to know his opinion. The answer none of their assemb lies, nor made was this ; that they had both disco- use of their peculiar rites in his famil y." vered the same long before. Nay, I Th ese are Toland 's wor ds, in his Life afterwards found that Sir Isaac Newton of Milton. Of the same opinion too was so hearty for the Baptists , as well was Mr. Wh iston , who succeed ed Sir as for the Eusebian s or A rians , that Isaac Newton as Lucasian Profes sor he sometimes suspected these two wer e of Mathem atics at Cambrid ge. His the two witnesses in the Revelati on." * sentimen t was so decided, that he at The lea rn ed Mr. Gilbert Wak efield length regularl y atten ded the ministry had pursued the same cours e of in- of the famous Dr. Foster , (who was quiry into primitive an tiquity, and ?f this persu asion ,) of whom Pope arrived at the same conclusion , as may writes, be seen in his new translation of St. Matthew 's Gospel , and in his Plain and Let modest Foster, if he will , excel Ten metropolitans in preaching well. Short A ccount of the Natur e of Bap- tism , in which he shews, " 1st, that Hear what Whiston says of himself, Scri pture Baptism was perform ed by and of other eminent men of his time, immersion , 2nd , that it was not per - on this subject. formed on infants ; 3r d, that it was 44 In the same year , 17 12 , 1 publ ished not intended for the child ren of Chris - a small pam phlet , entitled , * Primitive tian par ents. " Which reminds me, Infant Baptism Revived ,' or, An Ac- that the most eminent of those learned count of the Doctrin e and Practice of men who have rejected water Bap- the two fi rst Centuries concernin g the tism , were yet decided in the opinion , Baptism of Infants , in the word s of that the primitive mode was by im- the sac re d and pr imitive writers them- mersion , and that unins tructed infants selves. Now, the occasion of my dis- were not the subj ects of it.-f covery of this ancient error of the This concise investi gation presented baptizing of uncatechized infants , was to the reader in these letters , it will be a question put to me by Mr. Kelswell, perceived , has not been made in the when 1 was prep aring to bapti ze him way of zealous con t rovers y, but of and a sister of his, who were very cal m inqu iry, in reference to primitive good Christians , except that they had antiquit y, and not with an entire ig- never been bap tized before , whether norance of the probabilities and diffi- I should not think it bet ter that Bap- culties on each side of the question ; tism should be used afte r instruction , and it was thou ght that it would not than before. M y answer was this ; be disagreeable to some of your readers that I must honest ly con fess, that I should have thoug ht so; but that I was no legislator , and so submitted to * Memoirs of the Life and Writing's of Mr. William Whiston. Written by himself. what I then thoug ht a law of Christ. I. 204. Whereupon 1 set myself to examine f See Soeinus *s Treatise de JBaptismo / what the New Testa ment and the Mr. Robert Barclay 7s Apology for the most earl y Fathers meant by the word s Quakers * Baptism ; and Mr. Eiulyn'a Pre- which they used, when th ey speak of vious Ques tion- On Mr. Belshmn s Censure of 3fr. Robinson. 695 to have the opinion of a few learned contend for be granted , (thoug h if* men , who have pu rsued the same in- their critici sms, in my humble opinion, quiry iu the same way , and of men , there is not much ,) still they would too, at least as honest as St. Augustine. gain little but a gloss of words to their The writers above referred to, were argument , without any substance of unquest ionabl y independent men , and meaning. For even they do not deny at the time under no professi onal bias . that the pri mary signification of the from this words b cvrcrcio a But the evidence issuing nd 'Sant^rC^co^ with re- source is so powerfu l, that it has im- spect both to things and persons, is to pressed those whose professional creed immerse ; and , agreeabl y thereto, I inclined the other way. Dr. Isaac think it will appear fro m what has Barr ow, Sir Isaac Newton 's prede- been said , that the primitive mode of cessor as Mathematical Professor at baptizi n g, as applied to persons , was Cam bri dge, was eminent for his ac- alway s b y immersion. qua intance with classical liter at u re But—to be ingenuous and serious— and Christia n antiquities , as well as thoug h the ceremon y of sprinkling for his knowled ge of the mathematics. new-born babes was comparati vely He had made a similar research into of very late ori gin , Infant Baptism , this subj ect ; and he speaks of it in a properl y so called , appear s to have way so decided ly favourable to this been of an earl y pr actice in the Chris- side of the question , that the most tian Church. It was natural that it ri gid sectarian Baptist could not ask should be. The Orientals (as well or even wish for more . He is accord - as the G reeks and Romans) consi - ingly quoted in testimony of it, by a dered the ocean , as well as rivers and respe ctable Baptist writer , Mr. Sten- fountains , sacred ,- and bathing in them net , as Bishop Burnet is by th e learned was made b y them , as it is wel l known Dr. Gal e. Bishop Taylor and Bishop it continues by mauy to this day, a Barlow have also, occasional ly, ex- reli gious, dail y rite. When the pri - pressed themselves in language very mitive Christians renounced the Pa - favourable to the same opinion ; and gan divinitie s, and amon g others th ose I have myself received testimony as of the rivers , they did not aband on ample and full fro m learned clergymen the sacredness of water : on the con- in conversation : nor , indeed , can I trary, they improved upon it. Ter - perceive (except that I know learned tullian himsel f has shaped this idea men are sometime s less than the least into a most fancifu l and extra vagant of all men) how any one, who should form ; and fhe peculiar sacredness of take the same cour se of inquiring and the baptismal water became a very comparing, can fairl y and honestl y popular notion. A mystical union of avoid coming to the same conclusion. water and spirit , was supposed to And here let it be observed , to pre- take place ; agreea bl y to those elegant vent the necessity of much criticism , lines, w ritten by a later Lati n poet, (which the immediate object of these Paulinus : letters did not requi re ,) that , if a fair stat ement has been given above of Hie reparandaru m gener ator fons ani- the the difficulties liiaium primitive practice , Vi vum diyino luniine flnmen ag-it : ur ged by sev eral learned Paedobap- Sanctus in hunc ccelo descendit sp iritus tists, (in their views of certain pas- am n em , sages in the New Testame nt ,) it may Coelesti q : sacras fon te mat ilat aqua s. be presume d, might be removed by considerations arising from the dif- Tert ullian , we have seen , considered fe rent manners , custom s and climat es it as making free of eternal life, * or of different nations : and should the as giving- a ri ght and titl e to it, and word boomerfAQ<;f as app lied to things, henc ,e Corneille, in his adm ired t ra - be used sometimes in a secondary ged y of Pol y euetes, very correctl y sense, and be understood of a partial describes the sentiments of that period washin g, as the learned Mr. Walker (the third century ) to which his drama and Mr. Wall contend , still , as applied relate s : to per sons, baptized according to the pri mitive mode, it appears to hav e * Felix Sacramentum aqu ae nostrr e, been a total immersio n, single or trine. qua ablu t i delictis pmtinse ccecitati s, in So that should what those writer s yitam tcteinam libera mur. —De Bupt * <694 Oh Mr. Beh ham ' s Censure of Mr. Robinson ,

Mais pour en reee voir la sacre caraetere, the primitive mod e, and the subje cts Qui la ve nos fo if aits dans une eau salu- of it adults j and if it is difficult y for taire, the reason s advanced , to admit apos- Et qui purgeant notre ame et desillant nos tolical authority as the foundatio n of yeux, Infant Baptism , it is obvious that we Nous ren d le premier di oit qui nous avions must look for some other aux cieux. adeq uat e cause , or combination of causes, (for Such , then , havin g been so earl y in different chur ches t here might ari se the popular bel ief, it was natural different causes for the practice ,) and th at Christian parents should wish to those reasonable ones too. Wh ether make their innocent children par- any of the above be of that kind , is takers of what made them so happy left to the jud gment of the reader , and secure ; and that the fair sex nor do I feel any anxiety on the sub- would easily find advocates in behalf ject : for into causes, times and places, of thei r dear offspring, among bishops it is not my proper business, nor have and elders of a more comp laisant an d 1 any inclination to inquire : for in- com plying character than the ri gid quirin g into cau ses is often like feeling Tertullian . For it was among the about a dark place without a guide , Africans that Infant Baptism is sup- and at every step we are liable to posed to hav e ori ginated , an d even stumble . Op erum f astigia cernuntu r, Africans , in this respect , were not dif- jundam enta laten t. Infant Baptism , ferent , probabl y, from all the world. it is probable , was a silent, gradual 1 process , growing up among tho se Mais vous ne savez pas ce que c' est qu une femme, who in general practised adult ; it was Yous ig norez quels droits elle a sur toute administ ered , at fi rst , it should seem, V ame. occasional ly, in cases of necessity, or where there was a dan ger of death ; Add to this, that situated as the it might be used at disc ret ion or not ; fi rst Christians w ere among the Hea- it might be left as matter of liberty, thens , separ ating from them , and do- not mad e or considered as one of mesticating into churches , they would necessity, which was Grotius 's opi- nat u rall y wish to provide against their nion. It is not improbable , I think , child ren 's returning to Paganism ; and that this restricted , occasional , condi- b y making them, together with t hem- t ional and free use of Infant Baptism , selves, member s of their Christian whenever it was first introduc ed, was fa mi l y, to bring them within the pale practised pret t y generall y, and very of the church. And w hat more effec- earl y practised in the ancient Christian tual pre servative could there be tha n Churches ; and growing, as it would , Baptism ? And if, as is supposed , up in churches , where otherwise the Infan t Bapt ism ori ginated in Afric a, immersing of adults was uniforml y where the offering of infants in sacri - practised , it would be impossible , per- fice, b y fi re , was pract ised to a most haps , to say when and where and enorm ous degr ee, what preservative under what circumstances it was first more benevolent ? They had , too, administer ed : but to call this occa- before their eyes the examp le of sional , accidental , conditional and free reli gious separations and consecra - use of Infant Baptism , its universal tions in the Gentiles and Jews, but practice would surel y be an abuse of especiall y among the latter , by re- terms. For thoug h it was pr obabl y a li gious cere moni es, particular ly by gradual pr ocess, yet even when it be- water. The circumcision of the Jews , cam e more common , whatever the as the sea l of a covenant with the off- cause might be, it could onl y be, it spring of God 's people, would neces- must have been , partial. Uni v ersa l it saril y present itse lf ; and the Africans never could be. For , how cou ld it be were much of what is called J uda izing- universal , when even at a much later Christians. So that we may readil y period than that to which 1 allude , it suppo se, that Infant Baptism would is allowed on all hand s, that grea t be an easy, natura l process ; that it people were in th e general habi t of would be popul ar in pr actice , and be deferring baptism to a very late pe- conside red of a pious tend ency. riod , and those, the ' offspr ing of If it appe ars , from what has been Christian parents ? How could it be said , th at Baptism by immersio n was universal when we find the first cate - On Mr. Belshan i s Censure of Mt. Robinsof t. 605 chistical lectures, addressed to profess- dark ages, till eventually, like the ing Christians, ful l of remonstrances insidious bird we read of, it dislodged and reasonings with people whose the former occupants, and deposited baptism had been delayed; when it its own productions in their room. appears, too, that in the school state And, while speaking of infants and of Alexandria, no less than in the primitive antiquity, I am reminded of chu rch member-state of Jerusalem, a remarkable charge, brought against the discipline was adapted only to the primitive Christians, of infanticide. persons teachable and taught? Mr. This being made within the period Robinson, after one or two observa- just alluded to, it was repelled by tKfe tions on the vague sense of the word various apologists ; and this surely salus9 (safety or sal vation ,) irrelevant was the time, had Infant Baptism been there, and perhaps more ingenious then practised , for them to have re- than just, speaking of Austin's assert- plied, " No! we do not kill our_chil- ing •• that the Baptism of Infants dren, though we baptize them in was a custom/' very properl y adds, water, and we know how to perform " so far it might be right in some that wi thout the least injury ." On sense, as it referred to the backset- the con trary, one of them uses this tiers ; but when he affirmed it was language—" we charge yon with kill- derived from the apostles, he was ing them with cold, with starvation, by wrong, for it was not a custom in any wild beasts, and with drowning them part of the world." There, at least, by a slower death in water. We, appears no evidence, from what we (men,) you say, sacrifice and initiate have already stated, that Infant Bap- by killing infants." Ad Nationes, Lib. tism is once alluded to for more than i. Some of these words, ( they are two hund red years after Christ, and Tertullian's,) I know, are forced into that when first mentioned, as al ready the question about Infant Baptism. has been shewn, it is opposed ; and , But, in my humble opinion, they have under these circumstances, to talk of nothing to do with it. the universality of Infant Baptism, Farther : Could the existence of must surel y be a very great misnomer. apostolical authority for Infant Bap- But at all events, Infant Baptism tism be proved, this would be but one was a seed of great promise ; and part of a long argument ; the other, when sow n in a good soil, it would and no less diffi cult, would remain to of necessity take deep root, and soon pr^ye its obligation, for in matters of make an ample spread . The damning cet&faiony, we read that the apostles nat ure of Original Sin, (and St. Au- were liable to be mistaken. But a stine's doctrine, involved infants, and proof, most decisive I think, will be his work on Baptism t urns entirely found in- Justin Martyr, that no such upon it,) which absolutely required practice was know n in his time, and the baptismal water to wash it away, that no such authority existed . In would give great currency to the his A pology addressed to the 'Roman practice, and would render those whp Emperor, written in behalf of the denied i t odious and frightful ; the Christi ans, * he gives a most minute establishing of it by law, bot h through account of their baptism, its prere- the wide extent of the G reek and quisites, its mode, its subjects, wfth Roman Church, which soon took every circumstance attending- its per- place ; its suitableness to the purposes formance , and consequent upon it: he of despotical governments and reli- professes to adulterate, to keep back gious houses, all over the Eastern and nothing, yet he says nothin g of infants Western empire ; these, with other and tradition ; every thing relates to corresponding, coetaneous causes, will persons fi rst instructed , and volun- readily account for the great extent tari l y taking up a profession, 111 con - of the practice ; and from the time tradiction to the fi rst birth by gene- that the civil magistrate undertook its protection , it would neither be safe nor ? A pol. pro Christ. I. prudent (for it would have answered 5, Sect. 79, &e. no good Quod universa tenet ecclesia , nee cou- purpose) to oppose it, nor ciliis institutmti , sed semper reteitfum e&t was it even practicable. Thus en^ non nisi auctoritato apostoliea tra ditfim en raged and authorized it would nes- rectissime creditor . I . 4. De It apt. con - tle, as it were, in the Usages of the tra Dontttsitas. Cap. xxiii. xxiv. 6gf6 On Mr. BehltanCsCensure of Mr. Robinson. ration , which, as he says, was of head is dried up; or, whethe r afte r necessity. Now, here is not a single flowing from it pure and full, it has wor d about Infant Baptism , I know sto pped in the midst of its course j your Corresponde nt lias quoted one that if it has been affected by the or two G reek words from Jus tin , fault of the interru pted or bibulou s which he forms into an argu ment for channel , that the water has not flowed Infant Baptism. But I spea k with on perseverin gly and largely, the bed confidence , not a single allusion is of the strea m being repaired and made to it here , nor in any par t of strength ened for the use and drink of Justin 's writings . the city, the water collected may be I think it has been observed before , restored to the same copiousness and that St. C yprian , thoug h an ad vocate purity , with which it flowed fro m the for Infant Baptism, and even for what fountain ; * which the priest s of God, he calls, general ly, aposto lica l tradi- who now preserve the divine pre - tion, where be thou ght he could found cepts ought to do, that if in any thin g on it an argumen t for his domineering the truth should waver and stumb le, churc h govern ment , yet says nothing we should retu rn to our Lords ' an d of such tradition as a peculiar refe- evangelical orig in, and to apostolica l rence to Infant Baptism ; * and what tradit ion, f th at there the rule of our St. Cyprian , with his assessors in action may arise , where the ord er and council , did say or thin k appears to ori gin first a rose ?" me of very little consequence. But It is scarcel y necessary, it may be it was left, it should seem, to St. Au- hoped, to say, that this quotation is gustine to del i ver the entire doctrine not made for the sake of the allusion upon this subject. He say s, " What fo water. the church univers al holds, what It is worth remarking, however , was not instituted by councils, but that wha tever blessings were to be has always been retained , is most derived from this apostolical tradition , rightl y believed to have been handed is entirel y reserved for C ypria n's one down onl y b y apostolical authority. " church , from which unity, whoever Now, as I think the only reason departed , he was of nec essity to be why St. C yprian did not make the found with heretics. " The sacramen t same use of the sword of the civil of which unity (these are St. Cy- mag istrate , to enfo rce his dogmas , as prian 's words) we see also expressed Augustine did , was, because it was in the Song of Songs, from the person not at his comman d, I pay very little of Christ , say ing, (and , by the bye, deference to his authority ; yet 1 shal l this may be taken as a fai r specimen borrow the following passage from of St. Cy pri an 's, St. Augustine's and him , by way of illustration , thou gh other such men's spiritual isms and not in p roof of any thin g. It is, too, criticisms ,) € A garden enclosed is my one of the few flowing passages in sister , my spouse , a sealed fountai n , a well of living water , a paradise with this Saint. He observes , " There is 1 a compendious way for reli gious and the frui t of app les. " Solomon' s Song, simple minds , both to lay aside error , iv. 12. Within this gar den , C y prian 's and to find and di g* out the truth . church , all these tr easures were t9 For if we go to the head and ori gin be deposited : this is all very clean 4of divine tradition , human error is at But it is not so very clear, whet her an end : and , the reason of the celestial this apostolical tradition is referrible sacraments being understoo d, what- to any thing w ritten in a book , which ever before lay obscured in mists, and common sense could underst and aa a cloud of dark ness, opens into the well as St. Cyprian , or to something secreted like cucumbers in a garde n light of truth. If a channe l bearing - ^ water , which once flowed copiousl y known onl y to C yprian and his orth o- and l argel y, suddenl y fails ; do we dox churc h : if it be taken in thre^ not pr oceed to the fou ntain , that the reason of the failure may be there discovere d, whether the veins being * Caeci liani Cypriani , Epist. lxxiv. -f- Ad Ori ginem Dominicam et Evan g*- grow n arid , the water at the spr ing- licam , et A postolicam Traditionem vever - tamur : et inde surgat actus noatri ratio , *" iii ¦ ¦¦ • *mmmmammm— r '*'mm ^mi *m^~' ***—»^—» I mnm '^mmm ' " " ' nnd e et ord o et origo surrexit. ^pr i] indire ctly asks to dispose of them as they please ; me a question , which 1 feel very read y when , in the school particularl y al- to answer. A Scriptu ral School then , luded to, the little catechumens are is, according to my notions , a school free to learn a more popular theolo gy in which the Bible is the onl y reli - at the presen t d ay, from an excellent gious book : in othe r words , an ho- Calvin istic minister of our biform sect nestl y and strictl y Protestant school. established b y law, or some most Wha t the creed of any founder of one praise -worth y young women in th e may be, is, to my mind , a matter village, of perhaps the same denomi- ineffabl y unimportant to every human natio n , to whose kind assiduity du rin g' being but himself. In those with the week they are indebted , infi nitel y which I have to do, the scholar is more than to my mere patrona ge, for directed to the purest sources of be- what little advanta ge they may derive lief, the teaching totidem verbzs of the from education on this side the grave , Lord Jesus Christ and his apostles : or the inestimable benefi t they may and not to the pures t onl y, but , as antici pate from it, on the other. far as my experie nce goes, the plai nest N. B. The scri ptural inscri ption also. Let his capacity be what it alluded to, is quoted alike by Chris- may, a disciple at their feet alon e will tian s of all denominations , and can , prob abl y find difficulties in their dis- therefo re, scar cel y be assumed as a courses and narr ative : on some points presumption of its having ori ginated he may doubt , on man y he will -pos - with any p articular one. Well for sibl y err , and at one time or another " the Churc h," were it once again as differ from himself on all : but " to invariabl y adhered to by it, in its whom can he go* bette r than to them , creeds and form s of worshi p ! to them alone ? Let him resign his J. T. CJLARKE. individual judgment , and travel with the host of commentators , over or out of the record , how will the mat ter be Sir, Nov. 9* 1818. altered , even in this point of view in rjpif-IOUGH your Correspondent F. his favour ? As his lot h appens to JL [p- 619] d oes not wish " to em- fal l , he may be sophist icated into a broil hinjself " with the discussion re- belief in Transubstantiat i on, in the specting " The Manchester Presbyte- Tri nity, or in any other orthodox ov rian s," he seems to have gone a little heterodox dogma : but what has he out of the way f on Iris visit to u Tlie or men- School for Scrip tural Christians," in gained ^ in point of authority , tal assurance ? fie has left tho-crh u rcJ i his remar ks on the subject . of Chri st to become a member of that In that schoo l he might have learnt of Rome, of Constantinop le, of E n- the maxim, " Jud ge not that ye be not land , of Scotlan d , of Otabeite. Are j udged " befo re he so readil y adopted his embarra ssments now all dissi pated , the charge of " duplicity," against have his doubts van ished, aud infalli- those Manchester Presbyterians. Were bility or never -out-ism , become bis Jti e actually presi ding in the court of happ ier portion ? Or if Ahey have, equity, to which he alludes , he pra- what is he the bet te r for the exchange , bably would hear of, what Black- but ia th e substitution of a wrong- ston e ter ms, " the right of takin g by head edness only mad e i rreclaima ble repr esentation " And thoug h little VOL ,* XIII. 4 V 6Q8 Oh Griesbach ' s Edition of the New "Testam enf. more than the name of Presbyterian Letter to the Rev. Thomas Madge?', an now adhe res to their present repre- f inal Restitution, sentatives , a wise and impartia l j udge Hackney, would construe liberally the case be- Sir , October 17, 1 818. fore him , and not hasten so rea dil y to HAVING, a few years since, the " decision ," whkh you r Corre- - stated my objections to the spondent F. confesses himsel f inclined doctrine of Final Universal Resto- to make. ration , throug h the channel of the EUBULUS. Monthl y Repository, [IX. 343,] it was not my intention again to have soli- Sir , cited perm ission to occupy the page s any, THE publishers of the edition of that valuable Miscel l upon the which has just appeared of Gries- same subject ; and I believe nothin g bach 's New Testament , have been but yonr letter in t ile last N»inbei ^ of aware of the unset tled state in whiefi, the Repositor y [p, 562] could have as your Corresponden t Obscurus [p. induced me to do it ; but so strong is 331] remarks , the note on Acts xx. the impression upon my mind , of the 28, had been left in the former En- candour and clearness , as well as fair- glish edition of 180Q, and have , in this n ess of all the argurneuts in favour of as wel l as in ot h er instances , intro- most of the Christian doctrines , that I duced a better system of arrangement. have heard from the pul pit or read from There seemed to be little or no doubt the pro duction of your pen, that from fro m G riesbacli and Birch 's Notes, the ground you have tak en , and the as well as from othe r sources , th at particular manner in which you have Oea was the reading of the Vatican expresse d your belief on that subject, MS. ; but they have set the matter at I am induced to offie r a few obs erva - res t as far as they could , by pro cur ing tions on it to your attention . ii fac-simile of the verse from Sig. With your usual cand ou r you begin Girolamo Amati , one of the Libra- by statin g, that , as it appears to you, rians , which is given in the Preface the doctrine of Universal Restor a- of the new edition . By this the read- tion is neither express ly nor desi gnedly ing appear s final ly decided to be 0ea, inculcated in any pa ssage of the Old at least as far as the certificate of the or New Testament ; but notwithstand - Librarian goes. It corres ponds too ing, from the benevolent character of with the rep ort of Obseurus , who pro- God , and the scope and design of the babl y derived his information from a Christ ian revelation , particularl y the simila r sou rce ; but it would certainl y futu re high office of Jesu s as the con- be well if Obscurus or any other per- queror of death , you can never be son would communica te the result of brou ght to believe, that the benevo- a careful and acc u rate exami n ation of lent Par ent of mankind could have the MS. in this place, al thou gh this condemn ed a great portio n of mankind may not easiry be obtained. It is to " everlasting irremedia ble woe " A nd well known to have bee n in many her e, Sir, J am read y to join issue places retouched : the general opinion wit h you , and farthe r to declare , that is, that this has been done , (as the I cann ot comprehend that any rational Editor s of the New Ver sion observe *) being, having, from proper inquiry , by a faith ful hand ; but it ought to a sincere and firm conviction in the be add ed , that some great names have perfections and benevolent character doubted much the value of this MS. of the Deity, can possibl y, at the same and it certainl y is very singular , that time, believe that he lias consi gned a it should differ from the Alexandrin e large portion of his human offspring (which it usuall y follows) on so im- to eternal torments , for the errors and portant a point as th is, and that too trans gression of his laws in this tran- without being followed in its rea ding sitory state of existence. But because by MSB. and Versions general l y con- Cod has not denounced against man- sidered as of the same school or class, kind this malignant decree , which and to which , if genuine , it woul d of does not appear to be the case from a cours e be expected to give tlie tone. fai r interpretation of any pa ssage in T. the New Testament , it does not there- fore follow, that the doct rine of Uni- versal Restoratio n is true * nor do I Letter to the Rev. Thomas Madge, on f inal Restitution. 699 mean to insinuate that you entertain tion of the ri ghteous and the wicked that opinion. afte r death ; that the former tvill o]t> » Pre vious to the p romul gation of the tai n etern al hap piness and immorta - Chri stian religion , so confused and lity, and the latter will be punis hed : dar k were the expectati ons of a future the only doubtfu l point of dispute is, life in the minds of men , that it may what will be the punish ment of th e be fairl y and confidentl y asserted , that wicked. In examining the New Tes- there was no satisfactory ev idence tament , keeping our ru le constantl y that man would live agai n after he in view, for 1 canno t believe you was dead , and conseq uentl y the re would wish to depart from it to join could be no evidence of his future those who, to support their hypo- destination ; it is from the revelation thesis , boldl y declare that the words by J esus Christ , as contained in the death —loss of life—utt er per di tion — New Testament , that life and immo r- everlasting destruction —are not to be talit y are broug ht to light , and that understood in their common accept a- ther e are any declarations about the tion , but hay e some other meaning } futu re destination of man kind : to the under such a mode of interpretation , Chri stian Scri pture s, then , and to them every inquiry into the meanin g of only, are we to appeal for information the Scri ptures becomes so vague and on thi s highly interesting subject . uncertain , that an hQnest, but judi- Had they been totall y silent on the cious search er after truth , would do futur e disposal of man , I should have well to close a book from which he most rea dil y joined with you in draw- could obtain nothing but sounds ing a deduct ion from the character of without sense, and wor ds without God , that eternal torments could not ideas ; but with yoq, Sir, I can never he tr ue ; but I appreh end, that thou gh believe that the language of Scj-ipture it should Jbje clearl y proved that nei- was not intended for a better purpose ther univers al restoration nor eternal than to " deceive or mislead" us. I tor ments be true , that it is most clearl y will, therefore , beg your attention to and distinct ly re vealed by Jesu s and a few plain passages whi ch appear to his apostles, what will be the final me decisive on the subject. desti nati on of mankind after deatfe . In The language of St. Pa ul, throu gh our app eal therefore , to the New Tes- most of his Epistles is, that the wicked tament , I cannot propose a rule that will suffer deaths-will pe rish will be I thin k ought to be adop ted in this punished with everlastin g destructio n kiquiry, better than your own , or ex~ from the presence of the Lord and the pre ss it in bett er language. glory of his power 5 on the cont rary, " I suppo se it will be allowed (you th at the ri ghteous will obtain life say) tha t the language of Scri pt ure everlasting life—immort ality : thes e is employed for better purposes than to declaration s are not to be found in deceive or mislead } and thoug h when onl y one or even a few deta ched texts fi gur ative langu age is used we are to of doubtfu l interpretati on ; it is the interpretations , yet burden and plain tenor of his beware of literal ^ lan> where the language is plain and literal , guage th rou gh alFhis Ep istles, wher e- where the express ion is such as to jever he has occasion to mention th« con vey onl y one idea f one sentiment subject ; and in the plainest languag e, which cannot possi bly be construed into if plain words are to be taken in their a metap hor, it is right to understand common acceptation , in their plain it agreeabl y to its common , accepted meaning. signification .' 1 Agreeing to abide by St. Paul , in his Epistle to the Ro- this rule of interp retatio n we will, if mans, says, " If ye live after the flesh , you please, go into a fair but brief you shall die, but if throug h the spirit examinatio n of the future destination ye do mortif y the deed s of the bod r of mankind , as declar ed in the New you shall live.11 Speaking of their Testament. being the servants of sin, he says, I may venture to lay it down as an ** for the end of those things is death," axiom, becau se 1 believe it is not dis- and goes on, ** for the wages of sin is puted by Christians , that a t>road death, but the gift of God is eternal distinc tion is made th roug h the Chris- life thro ugh Jesus Christ our Lord ,'* tian Scriptures, between the 4^itt a- Thr ough all his other Epistles he de- 700 On the Death of Sir Samuel Romilly. scribes the wicked as being lost-— ' death , and the gift of God is eter nal as perishing —being everlastingly de- life, promised to the ri ghteous , (and stroyedy aud the ri ghteous as obtaining the ri ghteous only,) by Jesus Chris t life— eternal life—immortality : and our Lord. J. S. this is his uniform language whenever he speaks on the subject . Conclusio n of a Discourse rela ting to Now St, Paul can hardl y have ven- the Death of Sir Samuel Romillp. doctrine contrary to Sunday evening, ture d to preach a ON November the declarations of our Lord y- we will, the 8th , the following referenc e therefore , if you please, exa mi ne the 'w as made to the death of Sir Samuel meaning of those passages , when con- Romill y, b y one of the ministers of sidered in connexion wit h the decla- Le win's Mead , Br istol, at the close of rations of Jesu s, " It is better (says a discourse from Isaiah xxvi. S. our Lord ) for the e to ente r into life ** ^omc of you will have alrea dy h alt or maimed , than having two antici pated the fact , that I have been hands or feet, to be cast into ever- led to this subject b y the distress ful lasting fire : (evidentl y a figurati ve even t, which , this last week , has d e*. expression to deuote destruct ion as by prived a large family of their onl y fi re ,) for< whosoever will save his life surviving parent ; society, of a w ise shall lose it, but whosoever shall lose and virtuous member ; the state , of an his life for my sake, the same shall able , enlightened and upri ght patri ot ; save it; for what is a man profited and mankind , of one who viewed the if he gain the whole world and lose ri ghts of men throug h the medium of his own life ? " By a fair and legitimate justice aud benevolence , and whose constru ction of these texts, we find st eadfast , earnest exert i ons bad long th at the doctrine , as declared by our been given to maintai n and extend Lord and the Apostle, is in perfect them. Of th e soundness of some of harmony, and that their plai n and dis- his political views; there will be a tinct meaning Is the same, that the diversity of sen timents ; and on thes e wicked will be doomed to death — I am silent, because the pulpit should i.oss oF life; and the ri ghteou s to the not be the vehicle of party-politics ; enjoyment of eterna l life —immortality . but of the princi ples which directed Th is, Sir, appear s to me to be the his pu blic conduct , there can be but plain , unsop histicated doctrine of the one opinion. The integ rity and mild New Testament , w here its langua ge firmness which marked his priva te is not tort ured by verbal criticisms character , were visible in the whole to support au hypothesis ; for wh ilst of his political life; and none but the there are mor e than a hundred texts reli gious or political bigot can , I think , in which this doctrin e is plainl y de- fail to y ield him this tribute of praise , clared , 1 will venture to assert , with- —that , i u t h e best sense, he loved his out fea r of contradiction , that t here is countr y, and that he was one of its not one plai n or cl ea r passage to bri ghtest ornaments. support the doctrine of Univers al Re- " But the eye of humanit y follows storati on . Iiim with the most cordial satisfaction , It does not ap pea r to me, Sir, from in his unwea ried labours , in the midst the ground you have ta ken, on which of opposition and discouragements , to you have built your conclusion , u pon promot e the grea t objects of political this doctrine , (confessedly without po- benevolence and equity . If the ri ghts sitive or clear eviden ce,) your mind of the poo r African were to be as- can be so completely made up, as not serte d, and his oppressors checked or to admit of a reconsideratio n of the punished , Romill y was his fearles s subject ; and if, fro m the ar gument s advocate , careless of personal odium and evidence 1 have ofiered above , or fati gue. If the relations of our however imperfect as to the manner own to other nations requir ed it, Ro- in which they are stat ed, you should , niill y was among the first to br ing adhering to your own rule of interpre - forward and to defend , with the simple tation , again examine the evidence, earnestness of conscious dut y, those X cannot hel p believing you will be grand views of human society, which confirmed in the belief of the Chris - teach that all nation s form a part of tian doctrine , that the wages of sin is the great community of mank ind, each On the Death of Sir Samuel Romilly. 701 having rights winch should be re- and establish them . The time will spected and observed b y every other; doubtless com e, when his name shall , that pol itical ri ght cati never be stand hi gh indeed among the ben e- inconsistent with moral rig ht ;—an d factors of mankind ; and the distres sful tha t the welfare of our own count ry gloom which has suddenly involved is not to be pursued by the sacri fi ce his earthl y cou r se, cannot obscure its of the claims of others less powerful. past glor ies. True it is, th at thick His patriotism never made him forget darkness has come over it , befor e his th at he was a man. Wherever the sun had reached the western hori zon ; rig hts of conscience were concerned , but its mild effulgence, diffusing good, the re we see him, as a senato r, taking and contributing to enli gh ten and to an elevate d rank , nay, sta n ding among benefit mankind , cannot be forgot ten . the most elevated 3 maintain i ng t hose " It is cheering to believe, that the sacre d ri ghts on princi ples which no melanchol y act which has thus re- circu mstan ces can change. When the moved from brig ht and unclouded intere sts of the poor requir ed the de- usefu l ness, one whose loss can , as yet, votement of his time , (leisure it could be full y su pplied by no one, was oc- not be terme d,) and the exercise of casion ed b y the temporary alien ation his sound and discriminatin g jud g- of those clear and vigorous power s of ment , we see him zealousl y de voting understanding , by which he was so bot h, in that cause which every view eminentl y distinguished . It is conso- of benevolence an d sou n d policy shews latory to believe, that he was illus- to be worth y of both , by shewing, tr ious, not only for his public virtues , that a permanen t reformation in. the but for those which adorn the pri vate condition and characte r of the poor , walks of life, and for the dischar ge of cannot be effected without a well- Christian duties. He is in the hands directed att ention to their education , of a merciful God ; of Him who and a pro per regulatio n of the laws knoweth our frame , and remember eth respectin g the indi gent. that we are but dust. And while this " In all thes e objects , Romill y was mournfu l event reads us important found an indefati gable and enlightened lessons, it ill becomes us to pron ounce labourer ; but there is one in which a sentence which God hath not pro- lie took the lead , and in which he nounce d ,- or ras hly and cruell y to went on, with dignified perseve r ance, make it a proo f that his virtue wante d throug h the bitter opposition of pre- the support of reli gious, of Chr istian ju dice, an d the still more disheartening princi ple. Nor let his example be indifference of those whose views ac- supposed to sanction what , in all corded with his own ,—the reformation common cases at least, must * come of our crimina l cod e, connecte d, as it of evil.' Had his mind been abl e to necessaril y must i>e, with the amelio- reason , and to decide b y the plain rat ion , or rat her the reformat ion , of the dictates of benevolence, he could not preva len t system of pr ison disci pline. have failed to come to the conclusion, He lived to see the bitterness of prej u- that duty forbade the deed ; f or it cut dice lessened ; and indifference , where off the wise and affectionate father , one would have supposed that indif- when his childre n most needed his aid ference could not exist, but throug h and direction -, it i nterru pted the pro - cul pab le igno rance, awakened to the jects of en ligh tened humanity, whe*e claims of social duty. And had he his co-operation and ju dgment were lived a few years longer , he might of essential importance to success ; it have seen the triump h, if not the uni- interfe r ed with the interests of num- versa l adoption , of pr inci ples most bers, who had committed th em to his intimate ly connected with the pre - care ; and it caused distress among venti on of crime , the reformation of multitu des, and anguish among his the offender, and the good order of nearest relative s, which long must be society. These princi ples he long had deeply felt, which would prevent his to ad vocate, almost unaided , and ge- honoured name from being pronounced ner all y unheeded ; but his calm and with all the respect and influ ence due temper ate state ments of them , and his to it, and make it even paWu l to spoak perseverin g, prudent efforts , contr i- of the father , the friend and th e beae- but ed iu an eminen t degree , to diffuse factor : and religion would have told 702 Letter relating to Mr. Foxf with his Remarks.

him, (and her voice he would, I trust, Mr. F ox' s Remarks. have heard as imperative and decisive,) W. J. Fox returns the letter of the that his duty was patient resignation Unitarian Baptist to the Editor of the to the will of his heavenly Father; Monthly Repository, and will be ob- that he must trust in the name of the liged to him, should he publish it, to Lord ; that he must rest his hope subjoin the following remarks. upon him ; and, in the .exercise of 1. An anonymous writer who pub- quiet submission to that will which is licly calls on a preacher " to reconcile the wisest and the best, seek for some his assertions with truth and charity," portion of the peace which they com- and who characterizes those assertions monly possess, whose minds are stayed as p artially or altogether false, should, upon God." at least, be correct in his quotations. The preacher concluded with some The only reference to Baptists, in the directions of religious wisdom, which lecture on Antichrist, was in the fol- the mournful event can scarcel y fail lowing sentence, in an attempt to to suggest and enforce in the serious, shew that the assumption of dominion reflecting mind. over conscience was not confined to the Church of Rome or to Protestant Letter relating to Mr. Fox, with his establish ments : Even Dissenters play Remarks, their li ttle game of tyranny r , and make [The following letter being: anonymous, Christians p ass to the Lord' s table we had intended to make no use of it, through the of was accompanied by a pool Baptis m, or under especial ly as it the rks the ' sort of men ace, beyond sending it to the fo of Assembly s Catechism. gentleman whom it concerned ; but he 2. That what I actually did say having - returned it, with remar k s, we gave offence, I know and lament, but now give both papers to the reader. cannot help. The fact is undeniable, that many Dissenting churches refu se London , the Lord's Supper to believers in Sir, November 6, 1818. Christianity, because they have not UNDERSTANDINGt hat the been baptized, or do not believe in Rev. Mr. Fox, in his opening the Assembly's Catech ism, and on lecture on Antichrist, at Parliament various other pretexts ; and it cer- Court, last Sunday evening, was tainly is my opinion, that such ex- pleased to speak of u the Bap tists as clusion is unchristian and tyrannical. dragging people through the water/' There is no warrant for it in the New I call on that gentleman to reconcile Testament. The great law of Christian his assertion with truth and charity. fellowship is, Receive ye one another 9 He must know that Bap tist ministers as Ch r ist hath received you, to the glory act on conviction, and those bap tized of God. M y words could only refe r by them are voluntaril y y ielding obe- to those who maintain that church es dience to the positive command of have nower to '• decree rite s or cere- Jesus Christ. monie s, ' or confessions of faith , as I also understand that Mr. Fox pre- requisites to C hri stian commu- added , that " the Baptists kept away nion 3 and if the Unitarian Baptist be fro m the Jx>rd 's table per sons as good, one of this class, I advise him to stud y if not better , than themselves !" . As the subject of Reli gious Libert y in the the former declaration was altogether wr itin gs of Robert Robinson. false , so the pr esent allegation is onl y 3. That Mr. Evans introduced mixed partia lly true. The churc h over which communion at Worsh ip Street , and he presides was (and it ought not to that it is practised by his and other be forg otten by him) a Bap tist Ch urch y Bap tist Churc hes, is very honourable and held y*ree communion , as also does to the liberality of the parties con- the neigh bouring General Baptist Con- cerned . 1 hope they p ractise it on a gregati on at Worshi p Street , under the better pr inciple tha n some Paedoba p- <;are of Mr. Evans, who int roduced tist churches , where Baptists, thoug h mixed communion , amo ngst them. It adm itted to the Lord 's ta ble, are yet is, indeed, the case with respect to considered as upon toleration onl y, many churches amon gst the Particular and not entitled to full membersh ip. and General Baptists. The Baptists at Pa rliamen t Court give AN UNITAR IAN BAPTIST. themscJYes none of these air s of supe- Fellowship Funds. — 'Royal Fu nera l Sermons. 70& riority ; they reck on their sprinkled th is su bject , and afford opportun ity or unsprinkl ed brethre n quite as good for the proposal and discussion of plans : Chr istian s as themselves ; and knowing and , at their request , 1 beg leave to my high respect for the talents , piety recommen d th at the gent lemen of t he and learn ing of many members of the Unitarian Fund in London be, for the Baptist denomination , and my readi - presen t, consi dere d as a centr al com- ness to do full justice to the services mittee for the Fellowshi p Funds . They which that party has rendered to the desire me also to anno unce , as ah ex- cause of truth and freedom , they h ave amp le to others ,that they have resol ved none of that i rritable eyoisrne which to trans mit a small ann ual subscription discovers host ility where none was to the Unitarian Fund. felt, an d resent s the honest notice of a R. AWBREY, defect as an injur ious atta ck , prompted m>* by spleen, and characterized b y false- Royal Fun era l Sermons * h ood. T fl "1H E following advertis ement, 4. I great ly respect the Baptist who JL which appeared in " The Times" belie ves that , b y submitting to immer - of the 20th of November , will per haps sion, he is ** y ielding obedience to the furnish a clue for discovery to what positive command of Jesus Christ. " quarter man y of the loyal effusions, Equa l honour is also due to the con- with which the public has been fa- scientious Paedobaptist , Anti baptist , voure d from the press and the pul pit, or Prob aptist. But it is to be depre- owe their ori gin. cated that any of these appellation s, Ad Oleros—Ecclesia stac, quibus noil satis rel ating as they do to a subj ect of com- [est] otii ad lempesti vas conciones coinpo- para tivel y small importance , shoul d be nendas , in memoriam defuncts Regince made badges of party, pleas for ex- Charlottes habendas , e^emplaria varia aiit clusion , or instruments of little , vex- MS. non ante pro] a la, ad rem rite luctit- osam idonea , conseqtf i possint. Adeuri dum atious domina tion. It is against this est ad —— intolerance that I protest ; while, as The reference , which is to a cont roversies book- to the themselves, I am selling-house of the first respectabil ity, a mere looker-on . M y wish is, to we are of course not able to give. unite heartil y and zealousl y with every friend to " the use of reason in matters Postscript to A Constan t Reader' s of rel igion," (whatever be his opinion Letter , p. 687. or pract ice as to t he use of water in (Wh ich cam e too late for insertio n in its matters of reli gion,) in endeavouring* proper p lace.) to lead mankind to the knowled ge of Sir , Christian truth , an d t he enjoyment of SINC E writ ing the above, I have Christian liberty . seen M r. H owe's letter [p. 625], to whom 1 beg respectfull y to suggest two Sir , Swansea , Nov. 16, 1818. things which 1 hope will be deemed rilHE scheme of Fellowsh ip Funds , conc lusive : I. That the opposing part y JL the happy suggestion of your amongst the I ndepen d ents h ave no late greatl y lamented Corres pondent , conne xion or influenc e with the So- Dr. Thomson, being now adopted in ciety, precis ely because they would so man y places , and I hop e likel y to not agre e to t he comprehensio n of spre ad throu gh the whole Unita rian Unitarians , which I consider to be bod y, it becomes the more desirable one of its rules as actuall y carr ied into tha t some method should be adopted effect. And , secondl y, Tha t a pro - to un ite and concentrate their strength. vision is made for the permanen t ope- Mu ch good, wit hout dou b r , mny he ra t ion of the same libera l princ iple in clone by the various associations of t he future mana gement of the society, t his kind separatel y 9 but is it not by a law which declar es that the p roba ble that muc h more ma y be done Committee of Mana gement shall al- by a general union and co-operat ion > ways consist of an equa l numbe r of St ron gly pers uade d of this , an d persons , part minist ers an d part lay- zealous for the cause, t he members of men , belon ging to each denominatio n. the Swansea Fellowshi p Fund are ex- I need not say, t hat of the Presb yterian ceedingly desiro us that the pages of denom inat ion, the Unitarian s, pecu- the Repository should keep up the liarl y so called , constitute by far the attention of the Unitarian pub lic to lar ger portion. ( ?04 V

&EVIEW. 1 u Still pleased to praise, yet not afraid to blame. '—-Pope . Art. \. —Systematic Education, §-c. attention which is? given by a well- conducted classical education to call (Concluded from p.637.) into exercise the power of discrimi- T 11HE art of Logic is, we think , nation, and produce accuracy in the JL very properly defe rred, till at ch oice and use of words, and conse- least an outline of Mental Philosophy quent correctness and distinctness of has been laid before the reader. The ideas, is of greater importance than youthful inquirer ought to have some some who have derived mere verbal general idea of the powers of the knowledge are willing to admit. The human mind, before he is instructed A uthor refers here as before to what how to exercise them. he had said on words, as influenced Logic is the art by which the un- by association, pp. 301, &c. He then derstanding is directed in the ascer- proceeds to point out the three ways tainment of truth, and in the commu- in which names are given to new nication of it to others. It is commonly combinations or modifications of ideas, divided into four parts, perception, viz. by the formation of names alto- judgment, reasoning and method. gether new, by the combination of But the author adopts a division less old words, and by the extension of scientific in form, but better adapted, terms alread y in use. Etymology is as he concei v es, to answer the leadiug often of advantage in tracing out the object above stated. He arranges his import of words ; and also of checking matter under the following heads, the changes that might otherwise Ideas, Wo rds , Classificatio n and Defini- take place in their appropriation. tion, Propositions, Evidence, Sophisms, These changes, and the various senses Syllogisms and Purs uit of Truth. consequent upon them, are a frequent For Ideas, as the relics of sensation, cause of ambiguit y; which often also variously combined b y association, arises from a fi gurative use of words, and modified by the exercise of the and from the intervention of the pas- understanding, he refers to his former sions and affections. The meaning of section in Mental Philosoph y, pp. ^ 19, a word may be conveyed in three ways, &c, and onl y adds a few observations bv observing how it is used in dif- on Mr. Locke's phraseology respect- fe rent intelligible combinations, which ing simple and complex idea s, which, is the way in which the meaning of though formed before the doctrine of most words is learned by association association had been so thoroughl y in the periods of earl y cult ure; by investigated, on the whole .sufficiently explaining it by some other combin a- corresponds with the Hartleian accep- tion of words, or by some one equi- tation of them ; on substances—their valent word, which is the definition real essence, of which we know no- of the name, or by stating the parts and thing but that, as their resulting pro- properties of the objects which dis- perties differ, their essences must also tinguish it from every other, which is themselves be different, and their the definition of the thing, or defini- nominal essence, which is that collec- tion properl y so* called. tion of properties from which our An acquaintance with Classification notions are derived ; on modes, essen - is of great importance. A set of in- tial and accidental, simple and mixed ; dividuals agreeing- in certain particu- on relations, which are of great im- l ars, are thus fo rmed into a species ; portance, the duties of life depending a set of species, which, though d istin- upon them, and which may be very guishable from each other, have cer- clear, though the subjects of them may tain points of resem blance, form a be imperfectly known. genus ; several genera having-common As on the right use of Words de- properties, form a superior genus z and pends, in a great degree, the improve- several of these form a genus general- ment and right direction of our in- issimum. Modern naturalists have tellectual and moral principles, the adopted piore terms than these two; Retoiew.—Shepherd, Joyce and Carpenters SystematicEducatio n. ?05 dividing each kingdom of nat ure Into form in giving orde r and precision to classes, orde rs, genera , species, &c. an argument , directing th e at tention Thj s fondn ess for arrangemen t was to that position on which the proof carr ied to a wild excess in Aristotle 's d epends , and enabling to detect the att empt to class aJl the objects of sources of erro r * are well state d. Some human thou ght under the ten cate- excellent remarks on this subject are gories. con ta ined in P ro fessor J ar d in e's inte- The prope r definition of a Definition rest ing work , pp. 132—137, where it is is, a statement of those proper ties of a related that Lord Mansfield was once, thing, or circum stances respecting it, when pleading, perp lexed by an ar gu- which distingui sh it from all others. ment which he was convinced was It ought to be clear and plain , prec ise false, but could not detect the sophism, #nd intelligible, and bring the object till on going home, and throwin g the forcibl y before the view of the mind. propositions of which it consisted into In the use of words we ought not to the syll ogistic form , he insta ntl y dis- employ such as have either no mean - covered where the fallac y lay. ing at all, or a loose and indetermina te The subject of Logic con cludes with one, or still less a false one : but should some observations on tfte anal ytic and accustom ourselves to use words in a synthetic meth ods of investi gation precise and determinate sense ; should on induction , analogy, experie nce, &c«$^ be caref ul to ascert ain the sense in on the chief causes of erron eous con- which other s use them ; and when elusions in scientific researc hes j and distin ctions are laid down by writers on ' the qualities and circu mstanc es of authority , respectin g the use of most necessary to the successful pur - words generally considere d as syno- suit of truth. The books recommended nymous, shoul d aim to observe the are the Port Royal , Crousa z, Wat ts distin ction , and extend its use. Thus Dunca n's and Kirw an 's Logic, Gam-* Bishop Watson firs t fixed the distinc- bier on M oral Evidence, Lock e's tion betwee n genuine- *~t\ie work of Essay, and Cond uct of the Under- , and standing, and Stewart 's the person to whom it is ascribed Elements* auth entic—containing a true account Vol. II. of facts. In the twenty -third and following On the ment al operations which ac- chapter , we rej oi n Mr. Joyce in the compan y the statement of ^ Prop osition, stu dy of Political Economy. In his the author , as before , re fers to Mental historical introduction , he assigns the Philosoph y, pp- 308, &c, an d then reason why the m ercantil e system was explains the subject , pred i cate and so long predominant in modern Eu- copula , of which a simple pro position rope j viz. that its improve ment consists : what constit utes proposi - began among the man ufactur ing and tions iden tical , equivalen t, affi rmative , commerc ial classes, and was from them negative , universal , par ticular , in defi - carried to the agricultural . The prefer- nite, conditional , simple and compound. ence given to commerce b y Colbert , led Evidence, he defines the ground on into the opposite extreme many Fre nch which we believe a propo sition to be philosophers , who, under the nam e of true. Certainty expresses the hi ghest Economistes, espoused the doctr ine that degre e of conviction ; and also sup- agr iculture is the only source of wealt h. poses, but is not always the result of, Dr. Smith places the source of wealt h the highest degree of evidence. Evi- in labour ; Lord Lauderdale in land , den ce is derived from the senses, from labour and capital. Mr. Joy ce con- consciousness , fro m intuition , (propo - ceives that these differen ces ar e more sitions derived from which ar e called nominal than real. Th ey all, in fact, axioms,) from experience , reasoning acknow led ge that wealth is prod uced and test imony. And when by any by land, labour , capital and commerce) mediu m of proof we can establish the they chiefly differ as to the great er or divine aut hori ty of any pr oposition, less share they assi gn to each . our conviction of its tru th must be ia W ith regard to teveuue derived , it must first , the highe st possible degree. from land * afford the The author then gives a short ac- expense of workin g it , then th e ren t count of the syllogistic for m of reason- of the landlord , the proportio n of tag; but though short , it is too long to which must var y with the fertilit y of be extracted. The advantages of this the *oil, the extent of the demand, vox., xiii. 4 x 706 Review.—Shepherd , Joyce and Carpenter ' s Systematic Educat ion. and the skill of the cultivator : lan d in favou r of the latter - Per haps their also, pro ducing food for man , will re- mutual dependence is too close ari d gulate the rent of othe r lauds. Spon- intimate to rende r it expedien t to con- tan eous prod ucts dependfbr their value sider them as opposite inter ests. on circum stances : woods, in unculti - The next inquir y is, into t he causes vate d count ries , are a burden to the which invigorate labour , &c. Dr land ; in an improved count ry, they Smith ascri bes this to the division of yield a larg e reven ue : mines depend labou r ; the lumin ous manner in which on var ious circumstance s : river fish- he has illust rat ed the effects of which, eries often produce large rents : sea has in general afforded such pleasure fisheries in genera l are not appropri- to his readers - Lord Laude rdal e, it ated, thoug h in par ticular cases claim- seems, a scr ibes it to machiner y, che- ed, as national proper ty. mistry and cap ita!. The author thi nks But the gveat source of weal th is mac hi nes on l y a modification of the di- labour . Capita l is merel y accumu- vision of labour ; and , en passant , consi- lated labou r ; by which, indeed , the ders smal l farms as an exception to the possessor obtain s lands , purch ases im- advan ta ges of the division of labou r* plements, enj oy s himself, or affor ds to Tiie question resp ecting the utility of others subsistence , till the produc e of machines is next disc ussed*; in the con- labour is disposed of. Wha t is afford ed sideration of which, and whether they to others for their labour is called should be allowed , it lias often oc- wages, which is regu lated * like every curred to us, tiiat it has always been thing else, by demand and -supp ly. too muc h overlooked how, suppo sing The supp l y of labour , or the popu- \ve determine against them, are we to lation, natu ral ly tends to regulate itself get rid of them ; how ar e we to stop by the demand j whether it should the workings of the minds of ingenious be affected by a tempora ry scarcity, men ? If a Kay invent the fl y-shuttl e, li as been mad e a question , though it or an Arkwri ght the spinning-j enny, certai nl y must follow any permanent the question is not , " shall we put it change * Wage s in general find their down?" for that is ynpossible ; but , level in the same civil community ; " shal l we take advant age of it our r though usua ll y higher in towns than selves, as long as we can keep it,*or in the country -, a lso, where the em- driv e it and its inventor among our p loyment is unwholesome or even disa- ri vals abroad >" greeable , difficul t to learn , precarious , The author next proceeds to the atten ded with considerable trust , or consideration of the var ious systems with any peculiar risk . respect ing capital, on which it-should Labo ur is divided into producti ve, seem that much has been advanced to when the thing produced is perma - pu zzle an app arent ly plai n subject. nent, as corn or cloth , an d unprodu c- The abettors of the merca ntile system tive, where the services perish in the make it consist in metallic currenc y, per forma nce, as in the case of pro fes- deriv ed from forei gn commerce : the sions, public teacher s, artists , &c* This Economists ack nowledge no othej- ca- definition of Smith 's is liable to objec- pital than advances on cultivation : Dr. tion. The Economists thin k no labour Smith includes in cap ital whatever is pr oductive, but agricu ltural ; manu - advan ced for mat erials , for labour , the facture s only change the form of things improvement of t h e soil, all imple- produc ed by agriculture ; commercial ments and machin es for carry ing on men send it to the cons u mer ; scien- agricultur e, manufactu res, or com- tific men add great ly indeed to the merce, an d all commodities reserved intellectu al and moral enjoyment of for general consum ption : Lord Lau - society, but however usefu l, add no- derd ale limits the term capital to im- thing to the stock of things pro duced. p lement s and machines : Ganilkdefines Here follows, pp. 456—462, an ela- it, the accumul ation of the produce of bora te attempt to d etermin e whether labour. agr icultu re, or manu factu res and com- Mr . Joyce goes on to represent the merce , are more conducive to the theor ies of the various writers on the welfar e of individuals , the pros perity formation , employment and influence of nation s, an d the ir absolut e and re- of capital, on fixed and circulating lative power. The investigat ion is capital, on the or igin of commerc e, ingeniously conducted, «md teru uuuU » and the merc an tile system , on exports Review.—^Shepherd, Joyce and Carpenter' s SystematicEdu cation. 707 aftd imports, and the balance of trade ; amon g other bad effects ; they tend and, we doubt not, that he has given to encoura ge marriage between those a clear and comprehensive view of who hav e no prospect of providing for them. But we fear we have al read y their offspring, and take from them made our readers weary of the subject ; every motive to frugality and fore- indeed , we grow weary oursel ves : thought. They raise the price of for this reason we must also pass over provisions by increasing the number all that he has said on revenue, taxes, of mouths, and t hose mouths id le stock, interest, ann uities, &e. ones. He proposes, that the poor But, as the question of population laws should be graduall y abolished by is in itself so interesting to individuals enacting, that no child, the product as well as states, and as the peculiar of a marriage taking place a year after views of Mr. Malthus are often made the passing of the law, shall be en* the subject of conversation where titled to parish relief ; and no illegiti- there is little actual knowledge, it mate clvild born two years from the may not be unacceptable to detain same date. This he thinks would be our readers by a short account of his fair notice; and without pressing hard celebrated Essay. on any individ ual, would throw off the Dr. Smith had said, " that the de- rising generation from their wretched mand for men, like that for any other spirit of dependence, and all its incal-* commodity, necessarily regulates the culable evil consequences. production of meiy." Mr. Malthus Although the good intentions of advances a step farther, and havin g Mr. Malthus are evident in every observed, that population invariabl y page, he has probably, in endeavour^ increases where the mearj? of sub- ing to avoid one extreme, fallen into sistence increase, proceeds to lay it the opposite. The system of Provi- down as a sort of axiom, that there dence does not seem liable to the is a constant tendency in animals to objections.which must present them- increase beyond the nourishment pre- selves to every reflecting person on pared for them, and traces to this his scheme. And would not private source a considerable part of the vice benevolence be extended in propor* and misery in the world. Assuming, tion as legislative was withdrawn ? from the instance of North America, And may it not be questioned whether that population, when unchecked, individual obligation might not create doubles in twenty-five years, or in a a more abject spirit of dependence > geometrical ratio, while the means of It is but justice to say,, that Mr. M- subsistence, after all the land shall adds, " the precise reason why I wish have been occupied, and the yearly no more children to be born than i ncrease of food can only depend on the country can support is, that the melioration of land and its manage- greatest possible number of those ment, cannot possibl y be estimated ta born may be supported; Every loss increase beyond an arithmetical ratio $ of a child from the con sequences of then, taking the whole earth, which poverty, must evidently be accom- puts emigration out of the question, panied by great misery to the indivi- the human spec i es can onl y be kept duals concerned ; and with respect;to down to the level of the means of the public, every child that dies under subsistence by some powerful checks. ten. years of age, is a- loss to the nation These are either preventive, consist - of all that has been expended on it. ing in moral res traint, or destructive, A decrease of mortality is what we as povert y, bad nursing, vice, diseases, aim at: for this we must i mpress on the war and famine. No ono can hesitate minds of the young, that to avoid to prefer the preventive to the de- great misery, and secure all the pro- structive checks ; it follows, therefore, per advantages of marria ge, they must that every effort should be made to defer it till they have a fair opport u- discourage helpless and improvident ni ty of maintaining a family. It is not habits, and raise them to a sense of in the nature of things that any per- the dignity of their nature. This manent and general good can be must be done by good government effected without an increase of the and education, and whatever tends to preventive check- ' raise theft r respectability and inde- We have onj y time to observe pendence- The poor laws have this, fu rther, that the chapter on> the 708 Review.-Waseof the Old Meeting House, Wolverhampto n Str ucture and Functions of Man con- generos ity of the evangelical part of tain s an accurate general view of the community / 1 in a. pecuniar y point hu man anatomy, an d as its aut hor of view. avail s himself of the observatio ns of Our autho r , however , a minister who Paley , it is, so far , a systetn of Natural professes his zealous attachment to Theology. The Letter to a Son , on doctrin es d iscarded by Unitarians , is the Evidences of the Christian Reli- determined that these proceed ings shall gion , by Mr. Shep herd , is so excel- not pass without at least his solemn lent , that we on ly wish that a more pro test , an d an endeavour to exhor t regular treatise on this important his brethren to the adoption of prin - subject had come fro m the same pen. ciples more consonant to the profes - Indeed , a more expanded view of the sions which they make as Protestant evidences both of natur al and revealed Dissenters . As he observes , reli gion, with proper re feren ces to u It is a fact too evident to be denied , authors, seems all that is wanting to and too painfu l not to be dep lored , that the make the work complete. princi ples of reli gious liberty are imper - If we have allowed ourselves to en- fectl y unde rstood by the Dissenting mi- large more than our plan in genera l nisters of the pre sent day , and especial ly admits , on this excellent work , it has by the Evang elical part of them . It is a been because we t hought it of im- subject which they appea r never to have studied , or if it has occasionall y engaged portance to lay before ever y parent their attention , their consideration of it has an d teac her of yout h , who honours bee n limited to its beari n gs on their own our wor k with its perusal , a full ana- particular interests : they feel and com- lysis of its contents. This we con- plain of the pressure of intolerance on cei ved the best way of convincing themsel ves, but seem unconcerned as to them of its import ance to the rising the manne r in which it may affect others . generat ion, to wh ose ca reful perus al ' Absolute liberty , just and true libert y^ and stud y we cordiall y recommend it. equa l and impartial liberty ,' has certainl y V. F. not made that progres s in the minds of Protestant Dissenters which might have expected froiiK persons in their IL—Reli ious Liberty , lied been cir- Art * g app cumstances , and with their inducements to the Case of the Old Meeting-house, to culti vate the knowled ge of it: the prac - John Street, Wolverhampton „• inclu - tical freedom of reli gion is less the result ding1 Remark s on the Conduct of the of a distinct and complete acquaintance Editors of the Congregational Maga- with its princ iples, than the effect of the zine, and the Resolution of the Con," extensive diffusion of knowled ge in ge- grelational Board , July the 7th . By neral .""—Pref . p. xiv. James Robertson. 8vo* Pp. 80. If Mr. Robertson can successfully Conde r, 1818. call the attenti on of his ort hodox bre *- OUR r eaders are wel l acquainte d t h ren to this char ge, weig hty indeed , with the case which has called but we are afrai d too tru e, he will ac- forth the present able and animate d complish a most desirable object. The pamp blet :* they will, perhaps , some " ort hodox" Dissenters have many of them know , that a schism man ifested gr ievous sins to answer for, many itself among the " orthodox " brethr en , gross derelictions from those prin- many of whom demurre d to going the ciples which they have loudl y re- lengths to which the " nine ministers ," quired to be adopted b y the- ruling -who signed the famous " Case," seemed power , in its condu ct toward s them- inclined to carr y the evangelical publi c; selves, notwithstan ding they h ave but that , after a formal investi gation long felt, too, in I hei r own per- of the subj ect , the " Congregational sons a just ret r ibution , in t he restric- Board ' has declared as the true faith , tions which their own bigotry and that the Wol verham pton Case is well into lerance have entailed upon them . deserving of " orth odox " sanction , and Thei r jealous y of the Cat holics loaded that it has a good " claim upon t he themsel ves and their posteri ty with the Test and Corporatio n Acts : they ? For the vari ous stat ements, pleadin g* are the person s wh o re fused to concur and remarks on the Wolverhamp ton Case , in obtaining a toleration which the the re ader may consult Vol. XII. pp. 430, government pressed upon them , be- #94, 612, 541, 060 ; and Vol. XIII. 95, cause it was stipulated that the liber ty 98, 531. gra nted them should exten d tp Chr it- Review*-~C and be then entitl ed to hold ray situ- common law and this too, they will 3 ^ ation as ati Evangelical minister , a servan t do to serve an immed iat e object^ even of Christ , and a friend to the liberties and thou gh it is perfect ly manifest that true interests of the human race ? In all such an op i nion , if adopted and acted cases of a similar kind , the consistent Chris- upon by our courts of law, would reac h tian has onl y one dut y to per form ,—to de- almost every species of noncon formit y, clare agai nst every appeal to intolerant and that they themsel ves would fall laws for the purpose of attaching crimi- the victims of their own short -sighted nalit y to the p rofessors of reli gious opi- policy. Mr , Robertson has made an nions , even should they he in his estimation in erro r, and to manife st this feeling by effort to bring these gentlemen to more taking part with the persecuted against disinterested and libera l principles and their pers ecutors .—I say persecuted , be- pract ice, and we trust his appeal will cause , if the attaching of illegality to men not be unavailing . on account of their reli gious profession , be On the first appear ance of €t The not persecuti on, I have yet to learn in what Congregational Magazine ," which manner it is to be defined . It must be re- su pports Calvinistic views of Chris - membered too, that the author has wri tt en tianity, Mr. Robertson was app lied to in suppoit of statements which , thou gh by its Editors to contribute his assis- undeniabl y true , have been unblushing ly contradicted in a man ifesto remarkable tance to it as a writer ; but deferred ^ onl y for the deception and conceal meat pledging himself, till he saw whether which it is intended to impose upon the the work was disposed to support publ ic. Its authors have assu redl y meddled " the prin ciples of religious liberty in with a business remote from their concerns ^ their true and full meaning. " On and the manner in which they have con- doctrin al subjects he fully concurs ducted it, is in the extreme d ishonourable. with the Editors. In the first number They hare adopted and sanctioned pr o- appeared a statement of " the Wol- ceedings in direct opposition to the law s of verhamp ton Case,1 * with the Editors ' Christ , from which the sooner they desist sanct ion . Mr. R. " possessing infor- the better. Unknow n to the author as mat ion too correc t to mislead hi m as they are , he feels no difficu l ty in believing them to be entitled to much deserved re- to the rea l charact er of the case," im- spect, as men and as ministers ; but as they mediate ly addressed the Editors for have chosen to avail themselves of into le- the purpose of undeceiving them . He rant laws, and have directed the application recei ved a re p ly, in which the Editor s of them against their fellow-creatures , $u»d acknowledge thei r want of correct in- then hare boldly, in opposition to the formation ou the subject. " It seems," char ge, denied that they have done sot it they add ed, " that the case, as drawn is evident that they have subjected them- up, is artfull y state d " and they inv ited selves to a severe and just reprehension— Mr. R. to address a public communi- to which alone the author confines himsel f. cation on the subject. He did so a It is for them to explai n for what reason s \ they have p resumptuousl y denied what they rejo inder immediatel y appeared fro m 7 the certainly must have know n to be true .* — minist ers, flatly contradicting Mr , Fief. pp. x. xi. R.'s statement , "in violation ," as he contends, ** of th e regard which they Considering the importance of the owed t6 trut h ;" and he waa now re- jsubject, and the differ ence of opinion 710 Review.^Case of the Old Meeting ? House, Wofoerf iampton. which we know has even among man y tends , (and it seems to us it is impos- Unitaria ns been entert ai ned on the sible for any one to deny,) contain ed merit s of the case in question , we shall a prin ciple *' most hostile to reli gious make considerab le extr acts from Mr. rig hts , viz. the illegality of a " part i- R/s pamp hlet, at the same time ear - cular rel igious profession according to nestl y recommend ing the whole of it the common law/' Mr. Shadwell , it to the perusal of our readers. The will be recol lected , case is thus stated :— u contended at great length , and with of Unitarianism at the very momen t of its ever , are st ill the same, the Stat u te h% being- emp loyed in court. The argument Geo. III. c. 155, being* only an amend- is, t hat the repea l of the penal statute * ment , not a re peal of the former Act. against Unitari ans , (which repeal did not a If , therefore , Unit arianism be illegal at take plac e till 1813, on the motion of Mr. common law, notw ithstanding the repeal William Smith ,) did not legalize Unit art- of the statutes which inflicted specific pe~ an ism, hut left it an offence still in dictable nalties upon the profession of it, all dissent at common lam. Was the reference to the from the Established Chur ch is illegal prosecution of Mr . Wri ght, at Liver pool, accor ding- to common law : nonconfor - for maintaining" religious opinions illegal mity of everv species is a crim e. If the accordin g to the common law , for im- repeal of pena l statutes restores the pro - pugning the doctrin e of tlie Tri nity , in fessors of Trinitar ianism to a legal capa - 1817 used as a pro of of the i nten tions city, it must also restore the prof essors , ' 1 of the founders of the meeting*-house at of Uni tarianism to a legal capa city $ if Wo 1 verb amp ton , in 1701 : was it used c to it removes the imputat ion of crime as well explai n the foundation de eds ?* The ar - as the inflicti on of punishment from one gument voas distinctly and pointedl y used species of noncon formit y, it must rem ove as a reason against Unitarian ism : and no it from another—fr om every species of person designing to speak truth would ever Dissent. say it was not . The ministe rs , therefo re , " But at th is time—with all the un- stand charged with the publication of an ri ghteous acts of the ages that are past , untr uth . TJbey have gi ven thei r names and the misch i efs which they produ ced , as Attd thei r asse verations to the denial of a they poured tlieir tides of vengeance upon fact which admits of no contra diction. ' — the unoffending and the virt uous who re- Pp. 13, 14. gulat ed their reli gious opinions by a divi ne Ci I wiil not per mit them , or an y other law which required them to obey God ra - persons whateve r, be they who th ey may , t h er than men, demonstrating ' the absurd ity to give a denial to any stateme nts which and ini quity of restraining - reli gious op i- bear my signature , w ithout endeavouring* nion b y human authority ; —with these to obtain a determination on which side melanch ol y examp les and lessons before the tr uth is to> be found . M y stateme nts their eyes—at a time when the illumina - shal l not be borne down by the dogmatical tions of knowled ge ar e th rowing- their but false assert ions of any men. I renew li g ht upon all q uestions interestin g to the my previous affi rmations : 1 have produced mora l probationer s of earth , and the feelings the evidenc e of thei r trutli , and I feel no of mankind are under the stro ngest excite- hes itation in pro nouncing 1 the conduct of ment towar ds objects that i nclude the con- the person s whom I now oppose as incon- sideration of thei r i in pro vein en t as intelli- sistent with honour as it is with truth. gent beings, the subjects of reli gion who " The argument directe d against Unita- must short l y g ive an accoun t of them sel ves rian ism by the patrons of the Wolverhainp- to God—when the ignorant and the forlorn , ton case is, that the repeal , by Mr . William for wh ose instruction p reced i ng- gene rat ions Smith' s Bill, of the statutes inflicting - pe- had but ill pro vided , are tau ght and en- nalti es upon the pro fessors of Unitarianism coura ged to shew themselves men , the only relieved them from the specific penal - creatures of God and the subjec ts of liis ties imposed by the repeale d statutes , but governmen t , by the Bible circu lated to still left ' them under the impu tation of their remotes t dwellings , and fixing all cr ime, and indictable at common law ! their attention upon the word tha t ' shall And had the patrons of the case in Chan - jud ge them in the last day *—at this time, cery , the nine Dissenting; * ministe rs , fo r- when Lhe messenge rs of Christ , founding gott en that this very argu ment is alleged all th ei r measure s on his author ity, and bjr li ijgfh legal authorities against them- emp loy ing n othing but his word us the sel ves ? TJie Toleration Act, W. M . i. 18, mea ns of eff ecting , the objects of th eiv is c An Act for exempting tbeir Maj esties' mission , are abroad in all l ands , assailin g Pr otestant - Subjects dissent ing from the su perstitio ns, invete rate , and powerful in Churc h of England ,yVo?w the penal ties of all their associations with the hopes and certain fate *.1 Biackftt o nc, ia Ms Com- &ar» of men, and not deterred from any of tl$r Review.—Case of the Old Meeting Hous e, Wolverhampton ^ thei r attemp ts to destroy them , by the pa- u These nine ministers have pro posed tronage which protects them •—in these their case as *,' a great and good under - circumstances , whe n strong* in the confi - tak ings' and as * a valuable y precede nt.' dence that knowled ge is pre paring the Yes : 4 d valuable preceden t f The doc- pures t p leasure for eve ry man who loves trine of the Trinit y as part of the law of his species, for every Christian who loves Eng land , the Christianity of the common his Saviour , reli gious men are fixing their law , is it seems to be applied to all Pr o** atte nt ion on i ts free ad vances , and wish for testant Dissentin g1 congregat ions in th$ nothing 1, but its unchecked circulation— king'dom, and the societies that shall be at such a time as this , for ministers of the found to have deviated fro m this standard New Testament to exhibit their cause in of doctrine , are to be deprived by law of connexion with legislative p rohibitions and the meeting-houses in which they now common law proscri pti ons, is a spectac le assemble. In like man ner , all Dissenti ng stran ge and unh ol y, and calculated to ex- congregations are to be examined ; and ci te on l y one feeling in ever y generous should it be found that any departure from , mind , that of enti re abhorr ence. " Pp. the tenets and prac tice originall y professed 15—18. in them has been introduced - they must make thei r exit 5 or be expelled by law ! It is perfectl y obvious that the rule These measures will create offices amon g contended for by the pat rons of the ns, ver y much resembling the i Holy Of- Wolverhampton Case, would pro- fice,' for which , do ubtless , candidates are scribe even the most " orthodox " of al read y provided . It is a fair demand , Nonconformists . If the Christ ianity that thos e who pro pose any measure as * a maintained in the Church of Eng land , valuable precedent. 9 should comply with is the common law of the land , who all the terms included in thei r own pro po - will escape ? sitions . Let the ministers , then , who pro - pose the case of Wol verhampton MeetiB g*- but indictable hy it. e thfc same power *" «*&p. 19, 20. advantages to th e cuu$€ of Ch rist &U<1 *Review.—Cu$e of the Old Meeting House, Wolverhamptm * 713 Antichrist." The employment of po- They avow c a stern , infl exible support of litical checks, if this is what is meant, the cause of justice , whosoeve r may suffer , he of course protests against most or wha tever intere sts may he overturned . strongly :— And that this avowal may he dul y noticed , it is marked by the emphatics of the press. And are not moral means which are " ^ Wel l, let us examine their heroic inte- the only pro per mean s for rel igionists to grity. use in support of thei r princi ples and " Mr. Steward was invited by the con-* practice , the same to all, equal ly accessible gregat ion at Wol verb amp ton , to, become to Trinitarians and Unitarians ? If the thei r minister for a stated time fixed \>y former can preach , so can the latter. It them. He was then an avowed Unitaria n, the one can wri te and publish , so ean the the congre gation too was Unitarian , and other. Nothing can be more evident than on the mutual cogniza n ce of Unitarian ism that mora l means are the sam e to all par - as the reli gious profession of the parties , ties, the only differ ence which it is possible the li mited invitation was gvven and ac- to consider as existing between them , being cepted . On his chan ge of sentiment , had the essential difference of truth fro m error. Mr . Steward anv other alternative than to c Give adva ntages to the cause of Christ ,' declare it and resi gn his situation ? Woul d and what adva n ta ges would they give it? not a man who felt the claims of Christi an They would have it placed u nder the pro- integrity , hav e quitted a station which he tection of secular courts , they would have could no longer consistentl y retai n ? Mr . them selves as its friends , to walk abroad Stewar d , however , did not adopt this course ; and breathe at large under the guardian he continued to hold his situati on , and when care of th e law s of England 5 and they the congregat ion, on ascertai ning * that ht would have impugners of the doctri ne of had adopted other sentim ents than those i the Tri nity, and such as have remove d which they approved , and which they to th e greatest distance from the tru th ,' of mad e the condition of his being ministe r which deviation they must , to be su re , be of th e p lace, gave him his dismissal—Di d the jud ges, made indictable at common he remove ? No: he united himself with law. These are their advanta ges. an opponent of the congregation , he seized " Thi s giving of advan ta ges, however, the propert y, he asserts his ri ght to it to fcliey should have considered may happen the exclusion of the society 5 and he puts to be in other hands than theirs . If moral himself forward , as the legal opponent on means be abandoned as strict ly and exclu- r eligious grounds , of the very persons with sively the proper ones for checkin g1 and whom he sti pulated that his service should preventin g a reli gious society from run - be dependent on their will, and now repre- ning into error ; or , which is the same sents them as obnoxious to the law on thing, for recovering them f rom error , account of thei r reli gious profession , which then they who have most advanta ges to was so latel y his own. And in this most give, may flourish and prosper most . And dishon ourable conduct he is sanctioned by it is very easy to see the effects of th us these * stern , inflexible su pporters of th e attem pting to check and controul what has cause of ju stice,* the nine subscrib ing been regarded on the one han d as the cause minis ters , who represent the attem pt to of Christ , and on the other as the cause of secure his life-interest in the estate as ' a A ntichrist. Charl emagne was giving ad- great and good undertak ing ! Thi s is vanta ges to the cause of Christ , ce rtainl y their * stern , inflexible support of the so he thou ght , when he force d the Saxons , cause of justice. ^ In vindication of this und er pai n of death , to submit to baptism . support given to Mr. Steward , they alleg*e Henr y the Eighth was giving advant ages tlie improper conduc t of the congregation to the cause of Chr i»t , of which he was towards him durin g the th ree month s al- sty led the defende r, whe n he enacted the lowed him by the courtesy of its manager s. six bloody articles ,—Cranmer when he Granted , th at the congregation treated Mr , put Jo an Bocher to death ,—and Mar y Steward improperl y, could that alter th e when she sent Cranmer to the flames ." — previous obli gations of honour and dut y, Pp. 25—27 . and vacate the princi ples by wh ich Mr. Steward 's resi gnation and remov al were Our Author then proceeds to re* Are our obli lpiark rendered imperative ? gatio ns upon the conduct of Mr. Stew- to acts of just ice annulle d by the opposition, ar d, the person held up as " a prope r the err oneous , or even the mischievous object of the generos ity of the evan- conduct of othe r men ? In what school of gelical public. morals have these patrons of Mr. Steward a studied ? Where have they acquired this The authors of the * Reply* are tone of feeling, and learned this magna- mighty boasterii of their regard to truth nimity of justice ?"—Pp. 29, 30. and justice. ,We have already seen how they regard these. Now follows another Mr. R. then makes some very judi * specimen of thoir attachment to the latter. cioua observation s upon the clause ia VOJ U XUL 4 T 714 Review.—Case of the Old Meeting House, Wolverhampttin . the Wolverhampton deed, upon which these societies, according* to the doctrine so much st ress was laid, as evidencing of the nine ministers, are to be ejeete d on the intention of the founders to esta- account of these differences ! What be- blish a society to which the Toleration comes then of religious freedom ?"—pp y e 38, 39. Act extended, and consequentl x- u A nu mber of cluding necessarily an y Antichristian persons professing Uni- tarian principles, unite in erecting a pl ace .worship. We have no doubt our of worship: in the course of ti ure, the-con- readers, on perusal, would come to gregation assembling* in the place as regular the same conclusion as he does,—that successors of tfce original occupants, be- come, on tlie conviction of their own minds 66 clause , The only evidence which this of different sentiments, and avow the doc- supplies, is, t hat th e persons who inserted trines usually held by Trinitarians . WiJJ it in the deed, had still in their remem- it be conten ded , that they should be cast brance (how could they indeed ever forget out as t he unwort h y occupiers of the place ? them the prohibitions and proscri ptions ?) What princi ple, I should be glad to learn , of the preceding times, the suppression of would require their forcible expulsion ? those all opinion and worship apart from What right, I wish to know, would any of the Established Church."—P. 33. 1 persons hare to interfere with the ehange, " The Society at Wol verhampto n , ' he and discharge the congregation from the proceeds, " was once Trinitarian r, its first occupancy of the prem ises ? • If this be members were Trinitarians : it is now a good reasoning, as applied to a change Unitarian congregation . Jt has "become 1 from Unitarianisai to Trinitarianism , it is such th rough the prevalence of error among equally good when applied to a change oi its members . No bod v of Unitarians from a contrary description. And whatever and another society has forcibly invaded may be the f eeling of persons who can taken possession of the place 5 but the pre- allow themselves to expound religious opi- sent profession has sprung- up and acquired nions according to the common law it is inal soil recisely , its strength in the ori g , p the only reasoning which a man, under- as other errors have predominated in places standing the nature of religion and the once pure in profession. A ntinomianism means of supporting it, will permit himself in like* manner has changed the face of* to use. - many relig ious societies and Antinomi- " The same reasoning1 applies to other an ism is surely an error of the worst kind. cases. It is of no importance in the con- Is the latter to be cured by either attach- sideration of the question under discussion, ing* illegality to the perso ns who profess whether the change be in doctrine or in it, or by expelling them from the situa- rites ; whether it be a difference of great tions in which another doctrine was once or of minor consequence : that it be a de- maintained, that is now subverted by their viation from the original constitution of i-evang-elical creed ? Every person ant ac- a religiows society, is sufficient . A pa- quainted with the wri tings of the Noncon- goda built for Hindoo worship, can never, formist divines, k nows, that many of them it seems, be used for Christian devotion ; entertai ned the stron gest possible aversion a Mohammedan mosque m tist remain in to Armiiiianisui , against which they mani- statu qnOy an d can never be purified for fest the greatest hostility, classing it with the use of the followers of Christ. The Arianism , Socinianism , Deism, and even chantries founded by the lords and knights Atheism. Not a doub t can be felt respect- and dames of other days, w i th good llow- of a ing their opposition to the introduction ances to the priest for say ing da i ly mass, A rininian sentiments into the congregations must be re vi ved ; and creeds and aves and of which they were the pastors, and, in paternosters, must be repeated for the re- connex ion with others, the founders. Bat pose of Christian souls. Monasteries must if, in any particular case, it sbould be be raised from their ruins ; abbeys must proved as it is believed it easily might , , agai n elevate their pioud heads ; and the that the minister and congregation who followers of St» Francis and St. Benedict have succeeded seria tim these professors of crowd to» their restored habitations. jmore high Calvinism , are, in sentiment, " If many societies once Trinitarian are nearly all ied to the Arminianism which their now U n itarian, it is also true that many predecessors abhorred , than to the ri g-id societies, a considerable number of the old Calvinism which they avowed ; will it be Disse n ting* congregations were once Pi esj- l)e , co n tended that they ouglit to ex pelled byterian . I could g ive a list of places, by a legal interference from the place now before me, the title-deeds of which which they occupy ? 1 could refe r to specif y, that the property which they are Several cases of unquestionable deviation intended to sec u re, shall be for the use of in religious opinions, in the present occu- • Presbyterians. ' These places are now pa n ts of meeting-houses, professors of in the hands of Independents, who, ac- evangelical principles, from the tenets as- cording to the very elegant representation ; *erfced by the original worshipers and of the authors of the ' Rep lyS < hare witU Review.-—Case of the Old Meeting House, Wolverhamp ton? * 715 cuckoo insidiousness taken possession of and profe ssion of their successors, who nests they n-e ver bu i lt , and hatcfr tfieir have an equa l ri ght with their fathers to br ood i» stoten habitati ons.' But it seems examine the Scriptures for themse lvesr and tha t they have no ri ght to them ! The to exhibi t publicl y their own sense of its Jo ose declam ation of the authors of the doctrines. The authority which bi n ds in * Rep l y * may be directed against Inde - reli gion , that on which the truths of Chris - pendent s, occupan ts of these places , who t ianity are to be received , is a Divine au<- have seized upon property belong ing to thority ; and this we find not in the opinions oth ers , and given lor the support of ano- of our p redecessors , but in the word of ther denomina tion. They propo se the case God. If the form er are to oblige us , of of Wolverhampt on Meeting-house ' as a what use can the latter be ? The inquir y valuable precedent. ' Let them proceed in then would be, What did our ancestors thei r brilli ant career , and their ' stern , believe ? and we must endeavo ur fully to inflexible supp ort of the cause of ju stice,' ascertain the senti ments which they pro~ may overturn some interests that may dis- fessed , for the pur pose of exhibitin g them turb their own repo se." —Pp 41—43. to the world . But how much soever this u The persons who pat ronize the case pra ctice may agree with Popery, it does of the VVolvethampton Meetin g-house , are not com port with Protestantis m. The pleased to say, that ' the liberty for which Scri ptures are our auth ority , and we re- J . R conten d s, is a liberty to violate the ceive nothing , we believe nothing , but testa ments , to count erac t the most so>lernn from them . Our fathers used the libert y, injunctions of our p ious ancestors , an d to which no man could take from them , o€ th row down the mounds which they raised examining the Divipe woid, and founded against the incursions of error , anil in de- their profession upon their own conviction fence of wh at they regarded as the cause of the truths which they unde rstood to be of truth and rig hteo usness .' They should included in, its testimon y : they are gone have understood bette r the subject on to give account of themselves as to the which they have attem pted to write , and manner in> which they conducted their should have shewn a little more pr opr iety examination of the Scri ptures , and sup- in their selection of expressions. What ported the doctrines which they received ' testament * have they produced ? What as from God $ an,d we, havin g- a like ac- c solemn injunctio n * have they shewa rela - count to give, and living in the constant ti ve to the Case ? What < mounds of de- expectation of the jud gment that shall try fence * against error have they to exhibit us, have the same dut y to perform . The as the work of their ancestors , othe r than Bible is our reli gion . We cannot hind the free use of the Bible, and freedom of those who shal l arise after us as occupants wors hi p ? These are the onl y moun ds of places set apart for Christian worship, which they raise d, the onl y mounds which nor can we be bound by those who have it can be shewn they contemp lated , and preceded us. The liberty of the fi rs t the only mounds which are fit and suffi- worshi pers , is the liberty of the last : those cient for the purp ose. But these same were exclusivel y jud ges of their own ri ghts patrons have also asked , whet her J. R , and duties , and t hese challen ge and ap- would * argue on any other species of p ro- pr opriate to themselves the same compe- pert y, as he does on that which has been tence ." —P p . 49, 50. set apart for the service of reli g ion ?' Certai nl y lie would. Tha t is his prom pt Mr. Robertson proceeds to protest ans wer to this dogmatical but inconsid era te against the claim made by the deci- question . Were J. R. executor to the sion of the Congregational Board, on will of a person , who , he knew , was a the purses of the orthodox breth ren, Calvinistic Piedobapti st Trinitarian , and for the ex penses of the proceedin gs at who should leave £20 annuall y to be dis- Jaw. trib uted ta the poo r of any p lace, being 1 Pr otestan t Dissenters ,' he would certainl y " The * ex penses' are for the purpose distr ibute it to Unitarians as well as Trini - of pay i ng- counse l for their exertions to tar ians , to Baptists as well as Psedobaptists , r evive the operat ions of the common law and this is exactl y as J. R. reasons in the p roscr i ptions \ they are the pri ce paid for Wolverham pton Case. " —Pp. 47, 48 , ar guments to substantiate the illegality of u No congregat ion of reli g ious pro - Unitarianism , and for solicitations to de- fessors , who admit the excl usive authori ty g rade and incapac itate men fro m assertin g* and the sufficiency of the Scri ptures , can ri ghts inseparabl e from their nature and bind their successors in the place of wor - accou ntabili ty ." —P. 52. shi p in which they had been accustomed u Should a thousand resolutions pass the to assembl e, to the recep tion of any doc- Congreg ationa l Board , declaring that any trin e. They h ave no r ight to do it, They professors of reli gion , who liave solicited can ju dge and dete rmine in matters rela- a civil cour t against other pro fessors, on ting to their own professi on , hut th ey can- the ground of the illegality of their op i- not dictate to, or cont roul the consciences nionsy have a claim oh the religious, p uJUlic, 1 716 Review Case of the Old Meeting House, Wolverhampton. tbey are to be utterl y rejected . Such stances by which the relatio n of minister person s have no claim. They have for- and people shall be limited in their socie- feited all ri ght of appealing to the public : ties 9- hut th is power , it is now alleged, all compensation to the m on account of they oug-ht to possess or exercise—ought such proceeding 's, it is every man' s bounde n to be restrai ned from exercising '. If so, duty to resist. Let the whole of the ex- there is the n an end to Protestant Bis. penses in all cases of this kind , be defrayed sente rs . Religious liberty is a mere name, by the parties themselves , who can so iar a mockery , and a priestl y dominion is at outrage the princi ples of the Scri ptures , once established . If the ministers of con- the lights of human conscience, and the gregations among* Dissenters are to be re- decencies and char ities of life, as to main- leased from the contre ul of the societies that tain that any persons on account of their elect them , if they are to hold their situa- Teliffious opinions are in dictable at com- tions by any other tenure than their wiH, mon law. Let no part of th em be liqui- then are all the princi ples of their consti- dated by the public , and especial l y let the tution subverte d ; and it requires no very evangelical part of the communi ty not extensive acquaintance with the history of suffe r themselve s to be betrayed into the re ligion, as the means of providin g our •support of anti- evangelic al proceedi ng's, sagaci ty with a true guide to its anti ci pa- though a Congregational Board should re- tions, to enable us to predict their over- commend the meas u re." —P. 53. th ro w, and the greatest mischiefs to the cause of Christi anity , as the consequences A* question is then asked of the of such a violation. Christian societies, Congregational Board , which does, to it is true , are not to act capriciousl y ; they be sure , most obviousl y appea r proper are to be guided in their conduct towards to be resol ved by gentleme n who are their ministers by sound discretion ; but thus advoca ting the propriet y of pin- as they possess the right of electing them , ning down congregations to every jot they also have full and independent autho - and tittle of the creeds of thei r fore- ri ty to dismiss them : the one is as essen- tial to their purity and prosperity as the fathers :— other. u What ri g^ht of interfe rence could a u It is with pain that I agai n advert to Board of {Congregational ministers have the resolution of the Congrega tional Boa rd , with a p lace of worsh i p ori ginal ly Pres - but I cannot avoi d the inquiry which arises byterian / They sho uld have taken time from the foregoing exposition of our princi - to think on the subje cts included in their ples—how could the members of that Board support of the Case , before the y passed recommend to congregations of Protes tant ^thei r resolution respectin g" it. If, as they Dissenters , a case hostile to the very essen- decide , Unitarians cannot possess the place, tial s of their constituti on ? What ri ght (for because Trinitarians built it, let them they speak of ri g ht) has Mr. Steward to make us acquainted with the reasons wh y the occupation of the Meeting-bouse at some of the Member s of the Congrega- Wolver hamptoB ? The congregation that tional Board hold possession of places chose him , exercise d thei r indubita ble bui lt by Presbyterians. " -—P. 56. ri g-lit of dismissing1 him. He became their minister on their own invitat ion , and he A strong feature of the Wolver- ceased fro m being- such on their intima tion hampt on Case, was the attempt made that they did not mean to retai n Kim . He by its supporters , •' to set aside that re fuses, however , to quit tlie situation , and fcontro ul of Dissenting societies over in violation of all duty, of all deoency, thei r minister s, which is the vital adopts a legal proces s to eject the society pri nciple of their const itut ion. 1 ' because they are Unitarians , what he Jtnew c< them to be when he mad e his en gagement By what honour can they be guided ? with them , and i« which very charac ter he Is th is their * stern , inflexible support of sti > pulated with them for a limited time of the cause of justice —to ur ge in cou rt , service . Havin g* himself , at the expiration that the ministers of Dissentin g- cong r#~ of that period , a vowed a chan ge of senti- gfation s slioiild be prevented from being- men t, which , on the declaration of the depend ent on the peop le, and then to app ly society that they 110 kHiger req uired his to these ver y peop le, whose unquestion able serv ices, n ecessitated Aiis with d raw ro-ent , ri ghts t hey have been attem pting to abo- he holds possession ,, and goes into a cour t lish , for money to liquidate the expenses of law , to charge the congregation with atte nding* the app licatio n against their in- mainta ining illegal opinions , and to claim tere st ? Let Dissenting congregations look the place with all its appendages as his aro und them. It has al ways been thei r own life-estate ." —Pp. 57—59. ri they the ghteo us boast , ^.hat possess sole u My onl y reason ,'* says Mr . Hoberts on, and -exclusive ri ght of choosing- their own in conclusion , for ente ri ng upon th e Hi " tmsters—of jud ging of thei r qualifica - consideration of this extraordinary eu *e9 tion *—raa-d *>f determinin g- the ci rcu m- is. my abhorrence of persecution , and oi Ohitmry .- *-Rev.,&C Thaeher. 717 tvery approx imation to it. It it a practice gress or , with the offer of sal vation , Their s frau ght with the worst of evils, a practice is ' the ministry of reconciliatio n,* and tha n which nothing* can he more opposed how can they fulfil it, but by the utter ex- to the will of Christ , nothing* more at va- clusion of all secula r consideration s from riance with the proper methods of pro- their feeling's and their practice ? In their moting* his interest. It ever ori ginates , in opposition to error and to sin, they can be professors of Christian ity, in a departure successfu l only by a moral force. The from the sp iri t of the g*ospe), which no man powers of the worl d to come, in the attr ac- tha t understands it will ever think of sup- tions of celestial grace , and the terro rs of port ing* by any other than moral means. the Lord , are the instruments which they The teachers of Ch ristian doctri ne must are authorized to employ in their minist ry, limit thei r ministry to the exhibiti on of the which is an off ice enti rel y spiri tual , removed trut hs which they believe, and are not to the greatest possible distance fro m ere ry perm itted the use of any other motives or secular occupation. If the ministers who means than such as arise out of the nature patro nize the Wol trerham pton Oase ? had and bearin g of th ose very truths . Their know n and felt what was due to their office , office is, to declare the counsel of God , to we should never have seen them parties to br ing the message s of mercy to mankind , a cause which, as it has been conducted , and to use all persuasion to induce a com* attaches so much d ishonour to their names. " piianee , on the part of the perishitig* trans- —Pp. 60, 61 . OBITUARY .

Rev. &. C. Thaeher * " I now see in our friend a youngj [From the Christian Disciple, a Monthl y man , uncommonl y ripe in understand - Publication at Boston , Unite d States of ing and virtue , for whom God ap- Amer ica, Vol. VI. No. 5, May , 1818.] pointed an earl y immortal ity. His The Rev. S. C, Thacher , l ate lot on earth was singularl y happy ; Minister of the New South Church in for I have never known a minister this town , died at Moulines, in F rance 9 more deepl y fixed in the heart s of Ja n. 2, 1818, aetat. 3-2. He had long bis peop le. But this condition had been absen t fro m this country, for the its perils. With a paternal concern recovery of his health. The following for his character , God sent adversit y, sketch of his character is ta ken fro m a and conducted him to the end of his discourse delivered in this town, the bein g by a rougher but surer way, a Sunday after the accounts of his death way trodden and consecrated by the were received . The form in which the steps of the best men befor e him. He discourse was delivered , is retained , as was smitten by sudden sickness; most favourable to the free expression but even here the hand of God was of the feelings of the autho r. gentle u pon him. His sickness, whilst " The news of Mr. Thacher ' s deat h, it wasted the bod y, had no power over although not unexpected , spread an the spirit. His understandin g retained unusual gloom thr ough the large circle its vigour; an d his heart , as t often in which he moved and was known. observe d, gained new sensibility. His Wh en we thoug ht of his youth and sufferings , by calling forth an almost virt ues, of the place which he had unpr ecedented kindness in his peopl e, filled , and of the confidence which be fur nished him with new and constan t had inspire d, of his sickness and suffer- occasions of pious gratitude , and , ings, of his death in a distant land , and perhaps he was never so thankful to of the hopes which died with him, we the A utho r of his being, as durin g his could not but spea k of his remova l as sickness. He was indeed remov ed at mysterious, dark , unti mely. My own lengt h fro m the kind offices of his mind partic ipated at first in the gene- friends. But this event was fitted, and , ral depression ; but in pr oportion as I may I not say, designed, to strength en have re flected oo the circu m stance s of his connexion with God , and to prepar e this event, I have seen in them a kind - him for the approach ing dissolution of ness, which I overlo oked in the first all earthl y ties ? I now see him tossed momenta of sorro w ; and thoug h in on the ocean ; but his hea rt is fix«d many respects inscrutable , this d is- on the rock of ages. He is born e to pensation now wears a more consoling another hemisphere ; but every where aspeet. he sees the footsteps and feels the pre- 718 Obituary.—Rev. S. C. Thacher . sence of God . New constellations It asks no embellishment. It would rol l over Ms head ; but they guide his be injured by a strained and labou red mind to the same Heaven , which was eulogy. his hope at home. I see him at the " The character of ouf friend was extremity of Africa , adoring God in distin guished b y blandoess , mildness, the new creation which spr ead a round equa bleness and har mony. All the him , and thanking him with emotion elements were tempered in him kindl y for the new strength which that mild and happ ily. He had nothing of as- atm osphere communicated. I see him perity. He passed throug h the storm s, too in the try ing scene which followed, tumults and collisions of human life, when he withered and shrunk like a with a ben ignity akin to that which frai l plant tinder the equinoctial sun , marked our perfect G uide and Ex- still buildi ng piety on sufferi n g, and ample. This mild and bland temper growing in submission , as hope de- spread itself over the whole man . His clined. He does not indeed look mann ers, his u nderstanding , his piet y, without an occasional sinkin g of the all recei ved a hue from it, just as a soft heart , without some sh udderin gs of atm osphere communicates its own natu re, to a forei gn soil as his ap- tender and tranquil character to every pointed grave. But he remembers , object and scene viewed through it. that from every reg ion there is a path " With this peculiar mildness he to immortality, and that the spirit , unit ed firmness. His pu rpos es, whilst which rel igion has refined , where ver maintained without violence, were freed from the bod y, will find its na- never surrendered but to conviction. tivecountry. He does not indeed thin k His opinions, thou gh defended with with out emotion of home,—a thou ght , singula r candour , he would have how try ing to a sick and dying man in sealed with his blood . He possessed a land of stran gers '. But God, w hom he the onl y true di gnity, that which re- ado res as every where p rese nt , seems sults from pro posing habituall y a lofty to him a bond of union to distan t sta ndard of feeling and action ; and friends , and he finds relief in com- accordin gly the love which he called mitting them to his care and mercy. fort!i , was alway s tempered with re- At lengt h I see him expire ; but . not spect. He was one of the last men until suffering has done its wor k of to be approached with a rude famili- discipline and purification . His end ari ty. is t ranqui l , like his own mild spirit ; " His piet y was a dee p sentiment. and I follow him—not to the tomb , It had struck throug h and entwined for that lifeless bod v is not he—but to itself with his whole soul. In the the societ y of the just made perfect. freedom of conversa tion I have seen His pains are now past. He has found how intimatel y God was present to a better home, than this place of his him : but his piety partook of the nativit y and earthl y reside nce. Wit h- general temperament of his mind. It out 1he tossings of another voyage, he was war m, but not heated ; earnest , has entere d a secure haven . The fever but tranquil ; a habit , not an impulse ; no longer burns in his veins—the the air which he breathed , not a tem- hollow and deep voice no lon ger sends pestuous wind , giving occasional vio- fort h ominous sounds. Disease and lence to his emotions. A constant dew deat h , havin g accomplished thei r pur- seemed to distil on him fro m heaven , pose, have lost their power , and he giving freshness to his devout sensibi- rem embers , with gratitude , the kind lities ; but it was a gentle influence , severity with which they conduct ed seen not in its falling, but in its fruits. him to a nobler life, than that which His piety appeared chiefl y in gratitude they took away. Such is the aspect and submission , sentiments peculiarl y wh ich this dispensa tion now wears ; suited to such a mind as his. He felt how different from that which it fi rst stron gly, that God had crowned his presented to sense and imaginat ion ! life with peculia r goodness , and yet, * 4 Let me pay a short tr ibute to his when his blessings were withdrawn , memory. It is a dut y, which I per- his acquiesc ence was as deep and form w ith a melanchol y pleasure. His sincere as his thankfulness. —His devo- character was one, which it is soothing tional exercises in public were parti- to reme mbe r. It comes over the mind cularl y striking. He came to the lilve the tranquillizing breath of .spring. me rev seat as one who was not . a a' Obituary .—Rev. S. C* Thacher. 719 str anger there . He seemed to inherit mental action , of many comparisons , from his venerabl e father the gift of of large and liberal thinkin g, of look- pray er. His acts of adoration disco- ing at a su bject on every side ; and vered a min d penetrated b y-the ma- they were expr essed with those limi- jest y and purity of God j but his tations whic h long expe rience sug- sublime conceptions of these attribu tes gests to others. He read with pleasure wer e alway s tempere d and softened the bold and brilliant speculations of by a sense of the divine benignity. more adventurous minds ; but he re- The p aternal character of God was served his belief for evidence, for not onl y Ins belief, but had become a trut h ; and if the most valua ble gift par t of his mind. He never fo rgot , of t"he understanding be an enla rged, tha t he * worsh iped the Fa ther * His discriminatin g ju dgment , then his was firm conviction of the strict and pro- a most hi ghly-gifted mind. per unity of the divine nature taug ht '* Fro m a mind so balanced , and a him to unite and concentr a te in his taste so refined , we could ha rd ly ex- conception of the Father , all that is pec t that fervid eloquen ce which all lovel y aud attractive * as wel l as electrifies an assembl y, and makes tha t is solemn and venera ble ; and the the speaker for a momen t an absol ute gener al effect of his pray ers was to soverei gn over the souls of men. His diffuse a devout calmness, a filial con- influence , like that of the great powers fidence, over the mind s of his pious in the natural world , was mild and hear ers. noiseless, but penetratiu g and endur- '* His understanding was of a high ing. That oratory, which overwhelms ord er ; active , vigorou s and patient 5 and bea rs us away like a torrent , capable of exerting itsel f with suc- almost alway s partakes of exagge- cess on every subject ; collecting ration and extravagance , and was materials and illustratio ns fro m every th erefore incompatible wit h the dis- scene; and stored with a rich and tinguishing properties of his mind. vari ous knowled ge, which few hav e His imag ination was fruitfu l and accumu lated at so earl y an age. His creative y but , in accordance with understanding , however , was in har- his whole character , it derived its mony with his whol e character. It illustrations more frequentl y from ' re- was not so much disting uished b y gions of beauty than of grandeur , and boldness , rap idity and ard our , as by it impa rted a colouring, at on ce rich composed energv , jud iciousness and and soft, and a peculiar grace to every expansivenes s. You have an emblem subject susceptible oC ornament. His of it-in the full , transparent and equa- command over language was great. ble stream spreading aroun d it fruit- PI is sty le w a s var ious, vigorous , un- fulness and deli ght. His views were borrowe d ; abound ing in felicities of often ori ginal and often profound , but ex pression , and singularl y f ree f rom were especiall y marke d b y ju stness, that triteness and that monotonous clearness , and compass of thought. I struc ture , which the habit of rap id have never known a man , so y oung, composition on familiar subjects almost of ri per ju dgment , of more deliberate forces on the p reac her, and which so investigation , and of more comprehen- often ener vate the most powerful and sive views of all the bearings and heart- stirring truths. His char acter connexions of a subject, on which he as a preacher needs no other testi- was called to decide. He was singu- mony than the impression left on larl y free from the error into which his constant and most enli ghtened young preachers most readil y fall, of hea rers . To his peop le, wfio could overstat in g ar gu ments, and exagge- best jud ge of his intellectu al resour ces rating and straining the particular aud of his devotion to his work , his topics which they wish to enforce. publ ic services were mor e and more But in avoidin g extravag ance , he did inter esting. They tel l us of the afflu- not fall i nto tameness. The re was a ence of his thou ghts, of the beaut y of force and freshness in his conceptions ; his imagery, of the ten derness and and even when he communicated the earn estness of his persuasions , of the thou ghts of others , he firs t gra fted union of judgment and sensibility ia theni on his own mind , so tha t they his discours es, and of the wisdom had the raciness of a . native growth. with which he displayed at the .same His opinions wer e the results of much moment the sublimity and practica- 720 Obituary.—Mrs. Ann Avis.**—Sir Samuel Romilly * bleness of Cbristian virtu e. They tell tears , which I saw start fro m his us, that the earl y ri peness of his mind eyes, flowed from this sourc e. I n did not check its gro wth ; but that my last inter v iew with Lim, a day or every yea r enlarged his treasures and two before his voyage, I said to ' him, powers . Their tears and countenances ' I tru st that you will return , but I tell us, mor e movingly th an words, fear you cannot safely contin ue y our their deep sorro w, now that they pastoral relation. We have, how- sTiall hea r his voice no more. ever, anothe r employment for you, " Of his social character I n eed not in which you may be usefu l and speak to you. No one, who ever met happy. * He answered , 4 If 1 gej him iu a friendl y circl e, can easily str ength I shal l use it for my people. forget th e attraction of hi s manners I am willing to hazard my life for an d conversation. He carried into their sakes. I would preach to them, society a cheer fulness, a sunshine of althou gh the effort should shorte n my the soul, derived part ly from consti- days.' He added , 4 Should I forsa ke tution , and partl y from his brig ht, my peop le after the kind ness I have confiding views of reli gion ; a deli- received , the cause of religion and of cacy, which iustinctivel y shrunk from the minist ry might suffer ; and to this wounding the feelings of the humblest cause I ought and am willing to make human being ; a disposition to sympa- any sac ri fices.' thise wit h every innocent enjoyment ; 44 Such is a brief sketch .of our la- and the power of communicatin g with mented friend. He was one of the ease and inte rest the riches of his mind. most blameless men , of the most de- Withou t effort , he won the hearts of vpted ministers , and of the fair est ex- men to a singular degree. Never was amp les of the distinguishin g virtue s man more universall y beloved. Even of Christianity. He has gone, I doubt in sickness and in forei gn land s, he not , to a better world. Let us hear continued to attract friends; and it is him from his new abode admonishin g our consolati on to know , that his us of the frailt y of life, and assuring us virtues drew from strangers much of of the happiness of a Christian death. that kindness which blessed him at The removal of the excellent ough t to home. carr y our thoug hts to Heaven. That " In his sickness I was particula rl y world , how del ightful is it, as the re- struck with his submission to God , sort of all ihe good from all reg ion s of and his affection for his people. His the earthi ! Are our steps tending submission seemed entire. There was thith er ; and , when we die, shall we no alloy of impatience or distrust. leave behind us recollect ions, which His sickness was a severe trial : for will encourage our frie nds to look up his heart was bound up in his pro - an d to say,—They are at rest in fession , and if in anyth ing his ambiti on Heaven ?" was excessive, it was in his desire to enrich his mind b y laborio us stud y. Sept. 30, at Exeter, Mrs. Ann A vis, He felt deep ly his privations , and he sister of the late Dr. Rice Harris. A gra- looked forward to an eaii y death as a dual decay of nature brought her gently probable event. But be bow ed to down to the grave in her 78th year. Providence without a murmur. He Nov. 2, at his house in Russet Square ? spoke onl y of the divine goodness. London, in a delirium, (brought on by * I am in God' s han d, and his will be grief for an excellent wife, who died a done/ were familiar sentime nts* not few days before, at Cowes, in the Isle of littered w ith common-p lace and me- Wight,) which armed his own hand against chanical formalit y, but issuing", as his himself, Sir Samuel Romilly, aged 59 tones and counten ance discovered , years . ' fro m the very depths of his heart. A The death of that distinguished indivi- firmer and calmer submission could d ual, to whose memory we have this month the sad duty of paying har dly have been formed by a long a feeble tribute* ^ftS life of suffering. given a »boct, wholly without example, %o *4 His feelipgs every heart wftiph cherishes a hone, foj the towards his people advancement of its species. fieFer w^s geeniod at times too str ong for the human expectation 30 fearfully ^afffe V fcelf-posseaeion and calmness by which th, e brightest prospects of plulant)*a^ojpy tie was characterized . Their kind - dashed with so aw&jl a gloom. T\e frten^a net * overpowered him . The onl y of that holy cause, to which the noble en©r- 0biiiittry.~$£r Samuel Romilly * 721

gies of Sir Sam«el Romiily w6r ^, a few tradin g* labour , duri ng- which he had b#ei| weeks ago consecrated literal l * short , , had ahnost y " prod igal of his mightyto split. beg-un to forge t that he was riot, i n earthl y His intel lect had , day afte r day ^ disen- being*, immortal '. His nam e had been so tan gle the most tedious perplexities, t£ long and so closely identified with princi - g-tasp the most comprehensi ve masses of ples which can never ^perish ,-—his prog ress facts, p robabilities and reas onings ; te seemed so secure in its ver y gentleness of g lance on a multitude of importan t subje cts, continu ance ,—his ^liole .demeanou r ap ^ and to retai n and arran ge them all 5 to ri ^slf peared so formed to procure for his designs from the minute detail s of the nicestrtegal grad u al hut beneficent successes,—that , p roceedings to great questions , involving while the mi nd contem plated the comple- the honour and happ ines s of man . ffe tion of these objects for wfilch he stru ggled, hurried from toil to toil—long ar gument thr ou gh a loeg vista of prudent enter prises at the bar alone diversified the dreariness and noiseless trium phs, it learned insen- of his professional exertions , and the op~ sibl y to link his personal existence to their position bench in the Ho use of Commons dura tion , and scarc ely ad verted to the pos- was his only rel ief frona the unu tter able sibility that his span of life might be passed d istr action of his engagements in the before truth should have achieved its final Court of Cha ncery. Thus wer e his nejy e^ victory . How fearful then was the bl ow always fi nel y strung* , d isorder ed $ his Ae^ hy which this spell was rudel y broken t— licate organ ization deraaa ged, and hi$ This honourable career , which the soul facul ties too pai nfully excited lonr g to feit refreshment i& thinking on, closed in endure. The sprin gs by whicW his spiri- horro r $ and the sweet d rea ms of golden tual nat ure should have been nouris hed days , led on by the favoure d agent of and invi gorated , were d ried up Wit qiu mercy , were chan ged, in an instant , to him. Harass ed , fatigued, bewildered , in- thou ghts of agony, despair , and the gra ve ! wardl y exhausted , he was littl e prepar ed If , howeve r , thave heen the resu lt of a selfishness of deed for man ' that he has lived. 'Hum anity which he is prove d incapable bv the wliole regarded him as the 'first and noblest of its tenour of his being- : nn4 whije it appea rs ad vocates. He jpu ssessed, indeed , no fa- a moral impossibility tha t -he should "l lave" culties of the loftiest i ntellectual orde iV volunt ar ily relin quished life, it is easy to no brilliant wit, no i ntuitive percep tion , tra ce the causes of the frenz y which no felicity of combinati on, no him Its 4e- exquisite ^loyed . foundation hud been wild urid burnin g- energy : but he unite d laid in yours of 'inconceivabl e und dis- in h inrsclf more capa bilities of virtuou s VOL . xiii._ 4 z William Dretbe. 7^2 Obituary *—Mr. enterp rise , more resourses for the pr actica l heaven ; when laws shal l hav e becom e the benefi t of mankin d , than any individual well-ordered channel s for diffusing a wise whont ve have the happ iness to remem ber. and genial charity over the world ; mank ind His talents as a parlia menta ry speaker , will not be unmind fu l of him to whom they his wande r ful power of intelle ctual toil , will owe the beginnings of their gJory Ins pure and unsull ied life, and the ex- and the hig-h examp le whose insp i ration quisite* sympath y he felt for every human will be caught by a brilliant succession of sorro tf , gave him an influence over pre - yet more triump han t labourers . judice and power them selves, which he T. N. f. used for the purest and loftiest purposes . His wonderfu l knowled ge of the princ i p les Nov . 11, at his house , in South Street , and detai l of his profess ion , which usuall y Exeter , Mr. Wiixiam Dbewe, aged 52 unfits its possessor for an extend ed scene years. It never can be unin teresti ng or of action , was app lied with great success useless to re flect upon the vi rtues of good by him to p romote the cause of impr ove- men , let them be of ever so obscur e a sta- ment , and to justif y, if not to rouse , the t ion, or quiet an ambition . Virt ue ougkt most gener ous impuls es. He was able to never to decay ; it should be embalmed meet preju di ce on its selected ground , and wherever it is found. Honour is ever the chosen but most pure the less it is beset with temp , to employ the weapons it had ^ , he wielded them with a spiri t that nothing tations ; and therefore it may be that the but hi gh princi ple coul d insp ire . As a exalted man is not alway s the most men- speaker , he was clear, chast e and impres- tally noble or feelingly great. The object sive, rising only with his subject , and of the present sketch was of a most respec- deriving ' all his earn estness and forc e from table and pri vate station in life \ and he his stro ng* pers uasion of the truth and the was, perha ps, one of the gentlest and most greatn ess of his theme. His voice was am iable of inen that ever breathed. He sweet and silvery , his action gentle , his lived undist urbedl y to the hour of his death manner impas sioned only when a strong 1 in the bosom of his family, in all of whom sense of ju stice lighted up his frame. there seemed to be but one heart. He bad Then a hol y fire appeare d to flash from no desires , no fears 1, no aims, no hopes, with his else care -worn and quiet countenance , which th ey were not blended ; and he never and to " o'er info rm his tenement. " Over gave them cause of fear till he was ill, nor his earth ly frame , disease and afflictio n of anguish till he died . Of a mind singu- have for a while triump hed ; but they have larl y quiet and pure , he thoug ht of no no power over the virtues he manifested evil himsel f, and never tainted others with or the princi ples he lived to develope r " sus pect o>f crim e." His days wer e as these are a possession to the world for ever . full of serenit y as his nights , and his morn - His unwaveri ng" opposition to all that be ing thou ghts were always clear and worth y believed injurious to human happ iness ; of the morning. Those who were in habits his disdai n of the allurem ents of an ordi - of intim acy with him , spoke of him in his nary ambition ; the efforts in wh i ch he life-time with iimningled affection and re- exhausted the resources of life, wil l never spect : they think of him now , and utte r be forgotten , while a pulse shal l vibrat e his name with an unaffected and seriou s in sympath y with the interests of man . sorro w. It is not possible to conceive of The present age, we may venture to pre - a heart more fu ll of humanity , l hau th at dict , will not be the bri ghtest^^ a of his which beat but to be charitable and to be fame. That he ex posed unconsti tutio nal happy ; it was rich in that benevolence meas ures, rendered the bankru pt laws mor e which u bopeth all things, endu reth all just, and the criminal code less unmercifu l, th i ngs." Ther e was a kind of sweet and are the most visi ble but not the most im- childlike simplicity in his manners , that portant of his peacefu l victories. He has bespok e a life, beautiful, unaltered , sta in- reduced , i n some degree, th ose mighty less. His feeling's of you th rem ained un- princi ples of leg islatio n into actual wor k- sullie d, and had never left his heart ; tW ing, which had been long confined to phi- innocence of his boy hood had not be*n losophic schools ; he has prepa red the way banished o>r bruised by the ru thless rude- for a reconciliat ion of humanity and law , nesses of the world . The beni gnity of his so seldom permitted to unite ; and has nature remained fai th ful to him thro ug h begu n to give an *' assured reaj ity " to every chan ge an d chance ; a nd we saw the objects of which other philanthro pists him , in a comparati vely advanced age , as have been contented to d ream. In that u w hite of sour * as an infant could b«. day , when the great desi gns he par tiall y Nothin g- of the worl d obstructe d his view unfo lded shal l be com plete , his memory bac k into the br ightness and placidity of will be cherished with a rever ential fond- bis youth ful days. He felt for the distres ses ness. When genuine Chr istianity shal l shine of all his fellow-creatu re s, and as far as in forth in human institutions ; when the en- him lay , he remov ed or mellowed them. actmen ts of man shall be fram ed in devout With all this suavity of temper and gentle- imitation of the merc iful dispensations of ness of feeling, he held high and unshake n Intelligence.*-* Unitarian Fund * 723 pr inci ples, political as well as mor al ; and a worl d iC wher e the wicked cease fro m it would be impossible for any one to point tr oubling, and the weary are at rest. 7 "1 out an ac tion of bis life, in which inte rest J . H. R. or any other unworth y cause swayed him wha t he deemed the good, the ge- from The Queen. ner ous and the just. Benevolent to the hel pless and to the ppor, placid and cou r- [From the G azette.] teous to str angers , invariabl y k ind to his Whitehall ) Nov. 17, 1818. friends, and most mild and affectiona te to Thi s day, at one o' clock , the Queen his family,!—h e went to his grave univer - departe d this life, to the inexpressible sally beloved and mourned . It should be grief of all the Royal Famil y, after a some alleviation to the sufferings of the tedious illness, which her Majesty bore that he for who m unfor tunate survivors , with the most pious fortitude and resi g- they grieve is gone to a sure and a deat hless nation. The many great and exemplary happ iness, if morta l honour and virtue can virtues which so eminentl y distinguished ensure it. He was taken away neither her Majesty throu ghout her long life, were abr uptl y, nor afte r long and wearisome and the object of uni versa l esteem and admira - torturi ng* illness : a warning was given to tion amon gst all classes of his Majesty 's him , and to those who loved him ; and subjects , and rend er the death of this death was led on by a charitable and mer- illustrious and most excellent princess an ciful preparation . In rel igion, a more just , unspeakable loss to the whole nat ion . firm and calm mind could uot exist ; and he is gone to reap those rewards for which , Nov. 18, Mr. Alderm an Goodbehkr f , in life lie sowed the seeds . of London . He was seized with mor e th an A few words may, perhaps be allowed , one fit on the same day, and the last was personall y fro m the individual who writes fatal . His character was hi ghly amiable these g-enuine but hasty words of Mr. 7 and resp ectable ; aud be was one of the Drewe s worth . He was the kindest and few aldermen of the metropolis who retain the gentlest and the sin ceres t friend that on the bench the princi ples of ci vil and this individual ever knew ; and his placi- reli gious libert y which they pr ofessed before dity and *' even-handed justice " were con- they were elevated to it. He was next year tinual ly the models for his awn actions of to have.entered upon the mayoralty. the heart and the mind. His quiet good- ness iu trouble his mild and sincere de- r ; .«*— 21, at Rochdale aged 56 Eliza * light in the wri ters happ ier hours ; tiis , , beth , wife of the Rev. William H assal , easy, u nassuming sociability at all times 5 much lamented as an affectionate wife sureties for a , a were and are never -decay ing tender parent a kind friend and a good love and am unb roken rememb rance in , , neighbour . In her were strong l him who is spared yet a little longer. He y exem- plified the power and excellence of reli gion, never uttered a word which the wri ter of in enablin g* us to meet the appr oach of these lines did not think kind and generous. death with coolness and tran quillity of But from a world of trial and trouble , he mind . is gone to the home of the benevolent and the habitation of the just : he is now in

INTELL IGENCE.

Unitarian Fund , com pletel y filled, and about fifty more The Cha pel in Meeti n g-house Lane , stood , within hearing , about the doors . Woolwich, late in th e occu pat ion of an The object of the sermons delivered on Antinomian congreg ation , but which was this occasion was to shew that Unitari - ori ginal ly a Pres byteria n chapel , has been anism is pre -eminentl y a scri ptural system, engaged by the Committee of the Unitarian founded on the plai n declarat ions of Christ Fund , in consequence of the app lication of and his apostle s, and most congenial with a respec table indi vidual in that town , and those holy affections and dis positions , which was opened for Unitarian worship , on Wed- it is the allowed design of Christi anity to nesday , Novembe r the 18th , by the Rev. pr oduce and cherish . The hearers wer e W . J.Fox. The service in the forenoon remarkab ly d ecorous and attenti ve, and was chiefly attended *by the few persons a considerab le impression was apparentl y who have alread y avowed thei r att achment produc ed. Tracts were afterw ard s distri - to tlie Unitarian cause. In the evening, buted, which were received with great the chape), which is capable of accommo - avidity , and pr omises of serious peru sal datin g about two hundred perso ns, was and consideration . Application was made 724 In telligence.—America an Asylum. for many more than could be immediatel y States. One of the Baltimore papers gi ves supp lied . May the good seed , which has a full descri ption of this superb edifice, of bee n thus sown, bear an abundant harvest! which some idea may be form ed from the following- representation of the pul pit :— America an As?)lum. u The pulp it is in imitation of the ant i- It must needs happen that a country que rostrum £ it res ts upon a double square tvli icb, like the United States , opeas i ts base, the first of verd antique marb le of doorrs to ail new comers, siiould be infeste d Connect icut ,—the secou d of wh i te Itali an witli the re fuse of the populatio n of 'Eu- marble ; the latter is decorate d on its front rope . Nor is it Wonder ful, this being " the w ith a bronze ornament , from the anti que. case, that the Americans should be susp i- 'fhe bf dy of the pul p it, which is semi- cions of fo re i gners , and should receive circular , is made of bird' s-eye marble . It emigra n ts with coldness . The recollection is ascended by eig-ht steps on each side, df this fac t should also check Europeans , inclosed by a balustrade of an imposing- Who , by their cast-off members , contribute style, the base of which is of veid an- to vitiate the America n characte r, in their ti que marble . On the landi ng 4-places on hasty re proaches of the morals and man ners each side, are to be a rmed chairs in the of the whol e peo ple of the United States . Greci an sty le, ornamented with bro nze, for Some estimates tha t we have seen of the the accommodati on of visiting ministers. oitigens of the American Republic , would , ** The Org-an is d escribed as representing 1 we sincere ly believe, he flagrantly unjust a Colos&ial anti que lvre ? the large p ipes app lied to the inhabitants , general ly, of imitati ng- the strin g's : two Egyptian co* New South Wales. We are led to the se lurnns inclose the whole, the pipes f orming remark s, by observing 1 in the A merican their shafts ." newspapers accounts of t wo persons of no- torious charac te r , late ly ejected from En- Clerical Resignation. land . One is the notorious Frey the Jew g ^ A clergyman in the county of Essex has con vert and p reac h er, who , we a re ashamed lately resi gned two valuable livings into to *ay, seems to have been p reaching* i» the hands of the diocesa n the Bishop of and , N«f^ York othe r places, with un- London ; al l egi ng, that he could not con- bounded popu lari ty. Why did not bis scientiousl hold them any longer dis- u y , evangelical" associates in this Count ry sentin g* from many articles conta i ned in put their brethr en in America on their the Litur gy of the Church of England. gua rd ? The otj ier is the West-of-JEn g*land The Bishop, knowing* how much the cir- girl , who, assuming ' the charac ter of art cumstances of the clergyman would be Indian Pr i ncess who had beeu shi pwrecke d reduced by the loss of his livings, in the off the coas t, and takin g the name of Ca- handsomest and most friendl y manner , rabb oQ) practised such an adroit imposture , before be would accept the resignations , two or thre e years ag-o, upon the gentry of endea vou red to remove his scrup les, and Bristo l and Bath . The following- ad ver - to prevai l upon him to retai n his livings, tisements relati ng- to this lad y, appear in but without effect.—Sun . succession in The Democratic Presf , of Philadel phia , September 24, 1817 : -*- u The Unitarian Society has in the press , A full length Portrait of Miss Carabboo " The Bampto n Lecturer Repr oved : being will be publi shed this day, at two o' clock, a Rep l y to the calumnious Char ges the ' of at Mr . Charles s Book Store , No. 32, South Rev. C A. Moysey D.D. &c , in his late Third Street. , JBain pton Lectures , against the Unitarians , " Sept. 24—c!3t." cc and especiall y against the Editors of the A Card. —Miss Curabboo returns her Improved Ve rsion. In Lette rs to a Friend . most gra tefu l thank s to the ladies a.nd gen- To which will be annex ed A Letter in who did 'lier the honour of atte ndin g , , tlemen Rep ly to the Char ges of the Very R everen d t^e Concert g iven for her benefit last ni ht , g , Dean Magee, in Vol. II. fart 2, of his ami b egs to inform them , that the second 1 Disser tations on Atonement and Sacrifice. 1 ' Concert which was fixed a ncl last , for Thurs - B Thoma s Bklsham. " day tiie 25t1i !iistaiit is postponed to a later y , ? ^mmhmmm ^x period of which due notice will be giVcn , . Mr, Hone purposes to elucida te his *Sep t. 24, 18i 7.—It. " " fort hcoming* Enlarged Report of his Three Trials, by an abu ndance of additions , from New Un itaria n Chapel , Baltimore. materials of singular interest and ra ri ty. [Extracted from a N

MONTHLY RETROSPECT of PUBLIC AFFAIRS ; OR , The Christian' s Survey of the Political World .

A year has elapsed since the nation was characters , at $ time whe.n it was not so in affliction for the loss of a deeply-re- easy to stem the torrent of fashionabl e vice, p r i ncess and with her the fi rs t of will whenever her nain gretted , ^ , e is mention ed, be her womb and the hopes of the family. At remem bered hi ghly to her ad vanta ge.-— the time, when the returnin g year brou ght Time also will discover many trait s of be- the recollection of the past more strong ly to neficence and benevolence, wtiich would do our memory , d eat h agai n stru ck his tri um- honour to pri va te charact ers, and , from p hant dart , and levelled with the dust one their being per formed ' without publicity of the greates t men that this nation Las and ostentation , entit le her the chore t& pr oduced . The loss was sensibl y felt .in, our respect. It may he matt er of regret for th oug h he was not iq to observe that imperfecti ons ever y quarter ; ^ are seized that hi gh station , with which the genera - on with aridit y ; btit who is free from lity are apt to connect so much consequence , th em ? It is for the advanta ge of the pub - yet 1) is talents , his worth , and the honour - lic-, that moral worth , in high statio ns, able distinction with which he had been so should meet with its fai r rewar d , The latel y invested, g ave every one an interest characte r ef the great has considerabl e in his charac ter, tn an honoura ble pro- influenc e, and in no small degree may it fession he had atta ined , by his own merit , perhaps be attributed to the royal per- that pre-eminence which merit onl y can sonage whose loss is now deplore d, th at confe r : and as he fiad shewn himself to be in the higher ranks of life more atte ntion the friend of the people and of the reform of is paid in England to public decorum than abuses , the independent manner by which in any other countr y in Eu rope. he was brou ght into parliament for the The gran d proceedin gs of Aix-la- second city in the king dom , led us to ex- Cha pelle are riot fet developed. The pect, that his voice would be nqore attende d soverei gns' have had thei r meeti ng, and to in the senate of the nat ion. All thin gs discussed , with out doubt , many points of had conspired to render him the object of great importa nce to their subjects . But universal admiration and expectatio n^ when we cannot think of their resolution s, wha t- lie was taken fro m us in a most abrup t ever they may be, without recollecting man ner, and by a calami ty, which points t hat , in the same place, a solemn congr ess out to us th e weakness of the hi ghest intel- was held of the re p resentati ves of Euro pe, lect, an d that in a moment the powers of who laid the basis for perpetual am ity the linest mind may be der anged . To fill between their soverei gns, which was over- up the place of such a man is not easy • thrown in half a dozen years after. The and a mor e arduous task is imposed on the prese nt great men of the ea rt h har e, how - surv ivors , that they inay perfect the plan ever , settled one point , namel y, that France which he had chalked out to them . The may be restore d to her former state amon g name of Sir Sam uef BoiniJI y will long be t he nations , that she requires no longer an rememb ered by all , who kne w hi in in I113 ar med force to secure the obedience of th6 pro fessipnal pur suits, or enjoyed with him subject to the soverei gn , whom they have the interco urse of private life ; and by the imposed upon her. In consequence , they pub lic at larg e it will be J ield in honour , have inarched away their troops to their as long as true patriotism shall be in esti - respective homes, and the warriors of En- mat ion in this country. gland are landed in their country . Ce *- Another losa in higher life was expected tuin arrangements have also been made for from the warni ngs given tyy disease, and , the paymen t of sums, by France , to the at t he age of the Q ueen , a long continuance respecti ve countries , which have co-ojp e- among us was less , to be ex pected ^ J leij ra ted in placing her in her present state. departu re was attend ed with the usual Thei r farther regulations will, in due time, ma rks of mournin g attached to so high a appear , and perh aps, will not be exactl y par sonage, of whom it will become us to th e same, as if they had been drawn up by speak but little ; but the decorum which 4jjjejrepresentatives of thei r subjects. she kept up in lier court , and the discount It does not as yet appear , that they have tenanc e which she held out to immoral inter fered in th e dispute between Bavaria of 7^5 State Public Affairs. and Baden. Most probab ly tbey liave set- The Span ish colonies in Ameri ca continue tled the contro versy, and assi gned to each to be an object of great attention . The state that territ ory, which may be pre sumed to of Buenos A y res is beg innin g to claim its be consistent with the dignity th ^y obta ined place among the legitimate govern ments. from Buonap arte , and what is a - proper The Car accas have not yet advan ced so reward to them for quitting * his service . far towards their destined end. They find , Spain also seems not to have acqu i red any however , emp loyment for the adventu rou s aid by this meetin g, and , left to fight its spi rits of this country , many of whom ar e own battles , will soon sink into the state expatriatin g themselves to fi ght under the due to its ill deserts 5 to that degradation , banners of independence. The nex t im- which is the prope r reward of superstiti on portant i ntelli gence that is likely to be and persecu tion. received , is from the western coast of Fran ce has finished its elections to sup- Ameri ca ; and when Lima is take n, tha i ply the vacancies jn its parliament , and part of the country may be considere d as from the tenour of them , it is evident , that freed from the Spanish yoke. the spirit of liberty is not lost in that The pa rliament of England is summoned country . The Marquis de la Fayette , who to meet in the month of Jan uary . The began his career of life in the cause of the death of the Queen made this necessar y, indepen dence of America , took a promi - and of cou rse some new arran gements will nent par t in the earl y stages of the Revo - take place, with respect to the care of our lution , was confined a Ions' time in the unha ppy soverei gn. Prob ab ly it will lead dungeo ns of Aust ria , and after wards made to somewhat more of economy, which may one of the assemb ly.in the hundred days* be consulted .w ithout injur y to tjje royaj veigu of Buo nap arte , has been retu rned a persona ge, who is the object of these atten - representati ve to the parliament. This tions . Whether any chan ges will take choice, which is by no means a singular place in the ministr y, are matters of mere one, indicates that the party of the tJltra - su rmise , but they are general ly talked of. royalist s is very much on its decline, and Westminster , which has met with such a that it is now found expedient to govern loss by the death of its beloved represen- b y the princi ple of the Charter. In th is tative , has had a meeting to supply the va- case the Frenc h will have gained all that cancy. A cand idate has appeare d in the the best wisher s of th,e Revolution desired perso n of Mr. Hpbhouse , son of Sir Ben- in the beginning of it 3 and , if there is jamin Hobhouse , and it is not yet know n pr udence in the government ,, that country wheth er any other will start on the popular may still enj oy the benefi ts of a good con- side . The ministerial candidate at the last stitution. For 3 thou gh their representation election has declared himsel f, and the con- is not on the same princi ples as ou rs, vet test is likely to be severe. Much depends it is not without very great ad vanta ges; on the union of the popular par ty , as they and , if it can. secure the liberty of the ex perienced at the last election ; but it is press , th ey may become , in no great length often more difficult to unite parties , bet ween of time , the envy of thei r neighbours . whom there is littl e differen ce of opinion , Germany is on the eve of seei ng some th an th ose who, one would th iirk y wou ltl important chan ges in its condition. That be the most violentl y opposed to each cou ntr y is full of information , and the ot her. peop le seem inclined no longer to sub - In the new parliament , great questions rait to their feudal dependence . F rom are to be agilated . That of economy is the natu re of their governments , there is a not amon g the leas t important - that of great ci rculation of writings ; for the dif- refor m in parliament wijl also be again ferent states do not comhine tog-ether to discussed. What stren gth the cause of ikeep the p ress in chains. All are looking* re form may have acqui red by the chang e to Prussia for the promised constitution , of members , time will shew ; but appa- and by little and little , the people every rentl y it can scarce ly be so great as to where are rising in consideratio n. One shake the interest of rh« bor ougb-halder s. great and important change is takin g place, The debates , however , will continue lo and that is, in the situation of the Jews , carr y weight with them ; and thoug h the who used to be kept under by very de- question may be dismissed by a major ity gradin g conditions. The&e are g radual ly of votes, yet tlijs will not alter the pub lic giving way t© bette r pr i nc iples, and tlie mind in its opinion , that the represen tation Jews th emselves, b y superior attention to should be made conformable to the spirit literature and science, are risin g more and of such a mode of goYernment. more in public estimation. ( 797 )

NEW PUBLICAT IONS IN THEOL OGY AND GENERAL LITE RATURE.

A Letter to the Re verend tir e Clergy of re ferences to Vig^erii s for * Idiom s, and Bbl* both Universi ties concernin g the Trinity for Elli pses - 8vi> edition , being- the onl y and the Athanasian C reed : with a short one edited , (an d intended for the use oV Discour se concerning Mysterie s, printed the Studen t in Divinity as wel 1 as the Li- in the year 1694, and now (1817) re- b rary ,) b y the Rev. E Val py, B. D. •, MaV- pr inted from the Unitarian T racts . 12mo. ter of Norwich School , and Cha plai n to the Is. Bishop- of Norwich. 3 vols. £2. 12s. 6d. Consider ations on the alarmi ng Increase A few copies, large paper, price £4. of Forgery on the Bank of Eng land , and A Concord ance to the Holy Bi bJ e ; to the Causes which preven ted the adoption which is added , a Geogra phical Index , of remed ial Measures ; with an Essay on with " the Calendar and Tabl e of Lessons 5 the Remed y for the detection of Forgeries, desi gned to accompany any quarto ed ition and an Account of the Measures adopted of the Bible, and adapted to the Ma ps and by the Bank of Ireland. By Charles Wye Notes of the Fam ily Bible; published under William s, Esq. 3s. 6d. the direction of the Society for promotin g' Biograp hical Conversati ons on the most Christian Knowled ge. Edite d by James eminent Voyagers of different Nati ons, fro m W . Bellam y, M. A. 5 Hecto r of the Unite d Columb us to Cooke. By. W. Bingley. Parishes of St. Mary Abchnr eh, and St. 12mo. 7s. Laurence Pountoe y, and Pre bendary of St. Memoi rs of the Life and Writing s of Paul' s. . In 4to. on Medium paper ,' pri ce Benjamrn Fr anklin , LL.D. F. R. S. Pub - 4s., and on fine Royal paper , price 7s. lished by his Grandson , W.Temple Frank- Speech of Lieutenan t-General Williani lin. 3 vols. 4to . £4. 4s. Thornto n, in the House of Commons, on A Dictionary of the English Language , Thursda y, May 7, 1818, on h*s Motio n td in which the Words are deduced from thei r Repeal the Declara tions against the Belief Ori gi nals , and illustrated in thei r d ifferent of Transnbstantiation , and assertin g- the Significations , b y Exam ples from the best Worshi p of the Churc h of Rome to be Writers ; to which are prefixed, a History Idolatrous ; with Authorities and Illustra - of the Lan guage, and an Eng lish Gram- tions, Deduction and Conclusion . 8vov mar . By H.J. Todd , M. A. F.S.A. 4 6s. vols. 4to. £11. 11s. A Narr ative of a Journey of Five Tnotf- Elegy su p posed to be writte n on a Field sand Miles th roug h the Eastern and Wes- of Battle. Dedicate d to the Peace So- tern State s of America , contained in Ei ght ciety. R e ports , add ressed to the Thirty-nine En- Memoi rs of the Pu blic aad Private Li fe glish Families , by whom the Author was of Joh n Howard , the Ph ilanthro pist ; com - deputed , in June , 1817, to ascertai n whe- piled from his private Diary and Letters , ther any, and what Pa rt of the United the Journal of his confidential Attendant , Stat es would be suitab le for thei r Resi. the Communications of his Famil y and deuce : with Remarks on Mr. Birkbe ck's survivi ng- Friends , and other authentic Notes an d Letters. By Henry Bra dsha w Sour ces of Info rmat io n • moist of it entire l y Fear on. 8vo. 10s. 6cL ori ginal. By Jam es Baldwin Brown , Esq. The Conversion of the World 5 or th e of the Inner Tem ple, Barrister at Law . Claims of Six Hundred Millions of Hea - 4U> . Portr aits . £2. 5s. then , and the A bility and Duty of the A Selection of Psalms and H ymns for Church es respecting- them . By Gordon Pu blic Worshi p. Pu blished by a Society Hall and Samuel Newel l, Americ an Mis- of Unitarian Christ ians. Liver pool. 12mo . sionaries at Bombay . 12mo. Is. 6d. 6(1. Life of James Sharp , Archb ishop of St. A neat Ed i tion of . the Septua gf int, with A n d rews , with an Account of his Death. the Apocry pha , in one volume. The Text By an Eye-witness. is taken from the Oxford Edition of Bos : Hem ing' s Scri pture Geog ra phy. Illus- same size as the G ree k Testa ment. This trate d hy a Set of Ma ps and a Chart of edition is printe d in one volume , for use the World. Royal 4to. £3. 10s. *« Churc h es and Cha pels, as well as t he The Acts of the Gener al Assembl y of Lib rar y . 8vo. £1. 8s. the Church of Scotland , for the year 18*8. The Gree k Testament ; a new edition : 2s. contai ning copious Notes from Hard y, A Dissertation upon the Distinctions 111 Ra phael, K yp ke, Schleusner , Rosenmiiller , Society , and Ranks of the People &c. und er , in familiar Latin : tog-ether with pa- the Anglo-Saxon Govern ment * . By Samue l ra llel Pas sages from the Classics- and with Hey wood . 8vo* 18s, 79& New Publications. •^-'Correspondence.—Errata.

Expostula tions on the Ini quity of the Sermons , by the late E. Hobson , A .M Vicar ton JLeeture r ' Spy System * By Jacob Bray . 2s. 6cL of Ors * and of St. Mary A Journal of a Visit to Sou th Africa , in Whitec hapel : selected and published under the Years 1815 and 1816 ; with some Ac- the Patronage of H. R. H, the Princ e Re- count of the Missiona ry Settlements of the gent , for the Benefit of the A citho r 's Famil v y ' United Breth re n uear the Cap e of Good By H. C. O Donno g bue , A . M . 2 vols. Hope. By the Rev. 0, J. Lath ro be. 4to . 8vo. £1.16. Sixteen Eng ravin gs aud a large Map . (Single.) £2. 2s. The Present Slate of Pa rties in England Faith in the Holy Trinity the Doctrine Repre sented and Improved ; deli ver ed in of the Gospel , and Sabellian Unitarian ism Essex Street ClsapeJ , and Re nshaw Stre et, shewn to be " the God-den3? ing A posfcacy." Liverpool . By Thom as Belsbantt . 8vo In a con nee ted Series of Letters . By Wil- Is. 6d. liam Hales, D. D. Recto r of Kiilesandra , Pr inciples of Unita ria n Christ ians : &c. 2 vols. 8vo. £1. Is. Second edition, prea ched before an Association at Hu ll corrected &ud e«larg «tf* Septemb er 29, 181$. By Joka Platt s^. Hymns selected f mm variou s Autho rs, 12rao . Is. suid chiefly inteaded for the l ast ruction oi Faith , its Val ue, Natu re , and pro per Young Personsc 12mo, 4s. 6d. Fruits , accordin g to the Scri ptu res, and Winter Evetiing's, or Tales of Travellers . the good old Princi ples of the Church of By Mari a Hack. 4 vols. IStno. 10s. England. By Richard Warner , late Cu- half-hewnd . rate of St , J ames's Pa rish , Bath . 6d. Sermons, flu Volumes.) Peace and Edification the objects of the On the Fi rst Lessons of the Suiaday Society for Promoting 1 Cfiristian Know- Mii rnin g Service , fro m the First to the ledge : preached in the Par ish Churc h of Thirteenth Sued ay after Trini ty, together St. Ph ilip, Birm ingham , Juae 30, 1818. with Four Serma n s ow other Suhjects * Bj By R. Nares , M. A . A r elide a con of Staf- B. Burtowes , D. D. 8vo. 10s . 6d. ford , &c. Is. 6d. Serwo3 *s, in whi«h the Connexion is Barth olomew Day Commemorate d $ ]>e- traced fefetwee n tl>e Belief and the Cha - liveered at the Meetin g House m Dean rac ter , Comfort and P«>spe«ts of Chris • Street , South wark , August 24, 1818. By tia«s. By Mil^es Jackson , M inister of St, J . M . Cramp. Is. PauTs , Leeds . 8vo. 12s. The Christian Ministry an Office of La* . Sermo ns, fr ^ai the ' Maniiscri pts of the hour : Preached at Broadmead , Br isto l, at late C Moore,, JV1. A. 2 v®h. 8ve. £1. Is. the Annual Meeti n g* of the Bristol Ed uca- The Church Catechism and Rite of Con- tion Society , August 6, 1818. By Thomas firmation explained in a Course of Lec- Ste fFe Cr isp. tu res . ]Jy Thomas Ttmstall , B. D. 13s* CORRESPONDENC E.

Communi cations have heen recei ved from Messrs . R, Awbrey ; G. Kenric k ; H. Taylor } J. Jevons ; Josep h Cornish ; Jarnes Manni ng- ; W # Johnsto n 5 J. II. Bransby ; R. Fry ; Joseph Hunter , andDrs . Carpente r and T. S. Smith ; R . F. ; It. S.; Inquir er ; a Friend to Truth ; An O ccasional Reader ; A New Subsc riber ; A .; P.; I . A.; E. T . ; J. J. ., T . M , and Pam philus. The Th ree Essays on Prede stination ," mentioned by Philalet he$ hare not yet " ^ Been received . Several packets sent fro m the Country , by pri vate hand , hare , we understan d, bee n lost. Various Articles of Review, Obituary and Intelli gence, which have been some time rea dy for the pre ss, are unavoidab ly postponed . Our Corres pondents will bear in min d , that Articles belong ing to the Present Volume must , as far as is practicable , be broug ht into the nex t Number , which , on accoun t of the In dexes, wil l be pr inted earlier in the month than usual .

ERRATA.

In the last Number , p. 649, the Poe m, entitled Heaven , should have been qiiof rcl as from Moore 's u Sacred Songs. "" There are two erro rs in the copy from which w^ printed , viz. Second Stanza , fourth line, for " fro m," read for. Thir d $touz&, second line;, for u are ," read we * re.