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Download This PDF File ISSN: 1093-5398 PALARA Publication of the Afro-Latin/American Research Association 2009 FALL • Number 13 Publication of the Afro-Latin/American Research Association (PALARA) FOUNDERS Deborah Atwater Mary Jo Muratore David Covin Laurence E. Prescott Clelia Reis Geha Henry Richards Ana Beatriz Gonralves La Verne Seales Soley Marvin A. lewis Carlos Guillermo Wilson Alice Mills Caroll Mills Young* Edward J. Mullen *Deceased EDITORS Antonio D. Tillis, African and African-American Studies, Dartmouth College Laurence E. Prescott, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, Pennsylvania State University EDITORIAL BOARD Jerome Branche - University of Pittsburg Milagros Carazas - National University of Peru, San Marcos Digna Castaneda - University of Havana Christine Clark-Evans - Pennsylvania State University Joseph Dorsey - Purdue University Leslie Feracho - University of Georgia, Athens Ana Beatriz Gon~alves - Federal University of Brazil, Juiz de Fora Conrad James - University of Birmingham, UK John Lipski - Pennsylvania State University M'Bare N'Gom - Morgan State University Moses Panford - Virginia Technical University Paulette Ramsay - University of the West Indies - Mona, Jamaica Flore Zephir - University of Missouri, Columbia International Scholars/Writers Blas Jimenez - Dominican Republic Juan Tomas Avila - Equatorial Guinea The Publication of the Afro-Latin/American Research Association (PALARA). A multi­ lingual journal devoted to African Diaspora studies, is published annually by African and African-American Studies and the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at Dartmouth College. PALARA is multidisciplinary and publishes research and creativity relevant to Diaspora studies in the Americas. Manuscripts should conform to the latest style manual of the individual discipline and may not exceed twenty-five pages in length. The original and an electronic copy must be submitted, accompanied by a self-addressed envelope, along with return postage. It is our policy to have all manuscripts anonymously refereed; therefore; please omit any identification of authorship from the typescript. Neither the editors nor the sponsoring universities can be responsible for damage to or loss of such manuscripts. Opinions expressed in the journals are those of the individual writers and do not necessarily represent the views of the editors, staff or financial supporters. All correspondence regarding subscriptions as well as manuscripts for submission should be addressed to : Antonio D. Tillis, PALARA,Dartmouth College, AAAS, HB 6134, 34 North Main Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 . Please forward electronic submissions to the managing editor at: [email protected]. Phone and fax inquiries should be forwarded to (603) 646-3397 and (603) 646-1680, fax. Subscription rates are: $15 .00 per year for individuals $25.00 per year for institutions. Checks made payable to : PALARA © ALA RA PALARA TABLE OF CONTENTS Fall 2009 Number 13 ARTICLES •Los deslumbramientos de America por William Mina •La articulaci6n de la identidad afro-chocoana en la poesia de Hugo Salazar Valdes por Alain Lawo-Sukam 8 •Of Cocks and Boxers: [Black] Masculinity and National Belonging in Manuel Zapata Olivella's Chambacu, corral de negros by Ligia S. Aldana 20 •Undressing Cecilia Valdes from Exile: Reinaldo Arenas's La Loma def Angel by Patricia Catoira 36 •Negocia9ao e conflito na constru9ao das poeticas brasileiras contemporaneas por Edimilson de Almeida Pereira 46 •Word vs. Image in Afro-Hispanic Pedagogy: Ambiguity and the Racial Identity of the Mayoral in Tomas Gutierrez Alea's La ultima cena by Rudyard Alcocer 63 •Paratextes et pre-textes: Traduction de la literature francophone anti liaise en anglais par Nadege Veldwachter 75 •Costefio, an Afro-Hispanic Variety on the Brink of Extinction Spoken in the Costa Chica Region of Oaxaca in Mexica by Norma Rosas Mayen 88 •The Voice ofOxum: A mu/her no espelho (I 983) by Vanessa K. Valdes 102 CREATIVE WRITING Poesia - Edelma Zapata Perez 114 Poesia - Naida Baez 119 LOS DESLUMBRAMIENTOS DE AMERICA* Por William Mina En este laberinto de cegueras, DESLUMBRAMIENTOS y alienaciones, hijos de/ pasado sangriento de America y poseedores de la mirada prodigiosa que penetra las oraculos. debemos recobrar el tim6n perdido de las Argonautas. La realidad puede o no ser mitificada. siempre para salvar al hombre (Don Quijote) nunca perderlo (Mefisto/es). Manuel Zapata Olivella Bajo el titulo Los Deslumbramientos de America pretendo presentar una serie de articulos y ensayos, unos ineditos y otros publicados, escritos por Manuel Zapata Olivella en el itinerario de su vida literaria. Los hemos seleccionado en tres partes diferenciadas y articuladas al mismo tiempo: El Arte de la Novela, la Critica literaria y Arte Poetica. Al auscultar parte del archivo de documentos de MZO, me di cuenta que Deslumbramientos de America era el titulo original de un extenso libro sobre "America Mestiza" que incluiria un componente interdisciplinario: Antropologia, literatura, arte, politica. Parte de este proyecto qued6 plasmado en el texto La Rebe/ion de los Genes: El Mestizaje Americana en la Sociedad Futura (1997), publicado parcialmente por Ediciones Altamir. Ellos decidieron excluir la parte politica y social que estaban dedicadas al estudio de la obra cumbre del medico y psiquiatra afromartiniquefio, nos referimos a Frantz Fanon: Los Condenados de la Tierra (1962). Significativa obra sociol6gica afro, escrita en un contexto marxista y prolongada por "el gran intelectual" frances Jean Paul Sartre. La otra parte que integraria el megaproyecto ensayistico Los Deslumbramientos de America, eran parte de un memorial genea16gico, artistico­ literario de la "Vision de Europa" que Zapata se form6, cuando el estuvo recorriendo el continente europeo. Este apartado del proyecto se titulaba Tambores de America para despertar al Viejo Mundo (inedito ). La parte que qued6 inconclusa de La Rebe/ion de los Genes ( I 997), donde se abordan la tematica de la identidad multicultural de la "America Mestiza" en sus tres troncos fundamentales de hibridez biol6gica y social­ hist6rica (Africa- Europa- America. Intentando ser fie! a la personalidad de MZO como novelista, medico y Antrop6logo, decidi el sugestivo titulo de Los Deslumbramientos de America, pues, aqui, estan condensadas las grandes ideas y valores que siempre apasionaran, asombraran, deslumbraran al escritor americanista: El Arte, la literatura, la critica, el lenguaje y el compromiso del escritor frente al mundo socio-politico; todo con miras a reva1orar la autenticidad, la imaginaci6n y la creatividad del artista, propiamente americano frente al canon impositor europeo. Procedamos pues a elucidar las tres partes que componen Los Deslumbramientos de America. EL ARTE DE LA NO VELA "La virtud de/ novelista y en general de todo artista, de trascender mas al/a de la observaci6n de! soci6/ogo, se debe a que el autor, par un acto voluntario e inconsciente a la vez trasfunde en la fabula de sus personajes gran parte de su vivencia ". M. Zapata "El novelista, con mas puntualidad que el historiador. nos dice siempre que el pasado no ha concluido, que el pasado ha de ser inventado a cada hara para PALARA que el presente no se nos muera entre las manos. La novela dice lo que la historia no dijo, olvid6 o deja de imaginar " C. Fuentes Segun Manuel Zapata, la aculturaci6n colonial marc6 la senda de los patrones literarios que asumiran nuestros novelistas y escritores, desde el siglo XVI hasta la epoca contemporanea. Era el modelo paradigmatico europeo de sus narradores al unico estilo y patron legitimo de ser seguido, bien mediante la tecnica de la "imitaci6n" o la "repetici6n a secas". El canon europeo obnubil6 la imaginaci6n creadora de] fabulador de la "America Mestiza", ya que ellos decidian los temas, el lenguaje, el espacio, el tiempo; los recursos literarios tenian que parecerse al referente discursivo de "Occidente" para ser considerado novela propiamente dicha. Primero intentabamos ser Iberos, luego britanicos, posteriormente galos y por ultimo norteamericanos. A este arte de simular ser lo que no somos, es a lo que MZO denomina: La Colonizaci6n de la Novela, veamos lo que dice: "El mundo de la novela permite reflejar con mas libertad las vivencias del mestizo. Para ello es condici6n sustancial la autenticidad. En la medida en que el escritor pierde conciencia de su propio mestizaje y se abstraiga en una posici6n de cientifico o critico extrafio, surge la literatura colonizada". No comprenderiamos la esencia de] arte de novelar en nuestros dominios si no la entendemos como un proceso ligado a la enajenaci6n y alienaci6n psiquica de la mentalidad de! escritor en America Mestiza. No debemos negar que la novela como genero literario adviene e irrumpe en la modemidad europea. Pero el hecho que Europa "invente" dicha forma imaginaria no significa que sean los depositarios absolutos para decir lo que debemos escribir y hacer. Sin negar la originalidad e invenci6n de los maestros de occidente, se puede innovar y recrear nuevos modelos y esquemas imaginarios (epicos - liricos - romanticos) de] ser - novela- sin que sea una copia o imitaci6n o repetici6n a secas; y ello lo puedo fabricar en Africa, en America o en planeta X; estamos frente al escollo de la creatividad, de! descubrimiento de! genio, de la obra de arte nueva, mas alla de las estupideces de! "Best Seller". Estos casi siempre son moda "Made in U.S.A. , pues, se cuantifica la obra por los ejemplares vendidos y no por la calidad literaria de! libro. Los grandes
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