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Theory and Practice of Police Research in Europe Contributions and Presentations from CEPOL Police Research & Science Conferences 2003 – 2005

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Theory and Practice of Police Research in Europe Contributions and Presentations from CEPOL Police Research & Science Conferences 2003 – 2005 _____________________________________ János Fehérváry, Gerhard Hanak, Veronika Hofinger, Günter Stummvoll (Ed.) Theory and Practice of Police Research in Europe Contributions and Presentations from CEPOL Police Research & Science Conferences 2003 – 2005 CEPOL Series No. 1 2 Publisher: CEPOL - European Police College CEPOL House Bramshill Hook Hampshire RG27 0JW United Kingdom secretariat@cepol org www.cepol.org Editors: János Fehérváry: Sicherheitsakademie Federal Ministry of the Interior A-1014 Vienna, Herrengasse 7 Gerhard Hanak, Veronika Hofinger, Günter Stummvoll: Institute for the Sociology of Law and Criminology in Vienna A-1070 Vienna, Museumstrasse 5 Copies: Printing Unit Federal Ministry for the Interior A-1014 Vienna, Herrengasse 7 Austria Bramshill / Vienna, May 2006 No part of this booklet may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publisher. 3 Contents János Fehérváry, Gerhard Hanak, Veronika Hofinger, Günter Stummvoll: Introduction 6 Section I: Conceptual and Social Foundations of Police Science & Research 15 Viktor Porada, Jaroslav Erneker, KvČtoĖ Holcr, Jaroslav Holomek: Theoretical Foundations of Police Sciences 17 Viktor Porada, Jaroslav Erneker, KvČtoĖ Holcr, Jaroslav Holomek: Social Determinants of Police Sciences 33 Cees Kwanten: Police and Science 41 Gerhard Hanak, Veronika Hofinger: Police Science and Research in the European Union 51 Detlef Nogala: CEPOL-eDoc - European Police Research & Science Database: A new source for police research and police science in Europe 67 Section II: Aspects of Police Education and Training 79 Iris Sofia Almeida, Cristina Matos Soeiro: Gender Differences in Personality, Emotional Intelligence and Moral Conduct as Performance Predictors of Job Applicants in Police Work 81 Clemens Arzt: Rule of Law and Education of Police Officers 93 Eduardo Ferriera, João Cabaço: Police Learning and Training Assessment Practices in Portugal and in the European Union - a Survey 105 Risto Honkonen: The Roles of Formal Education and Work Based Learning in the Process of Becoming a Senior Police Officer 110 4 Section III: The Police and their Social Surrounding 123 Thomas Feltes: Immigration, Integration and Insecurity - the Role of Police Ethics and Police Training 125 Otto M.J. Adang: Public Order Management: Theory, Practice and Education 132 Kostas M. Veis: Police Domestic Violence Training Programs: Evaluation of the Practical Effectiveness 141 Gunnar Thomassen: Police Research in Norway: The Impact on Police Accountability 159 The Authors/Editors 168 The in the CEPOL Booklet published article Johannes Knutsson, Jan Strype “Police Use of Firearms in Norway and Sweden: The Significance of Gun Availability” was originally published in the Journal “Policing & Society”, Vol 13, No 4, 2003, pp 429-439. Taylor & Francis Ltd. (web site: www.tandf.co.uk) The publisher gave CEPOL the permission for the reprint of this article in the printed version of the CEPOL Booklet but not in the electronic version. Please note: paging differs partially from the printed version. 5 Introduction János Fehérváry, Gerhard Hanak, Veronika Hofinger, Günter Stummvoll Historical Background During the international seminar “Science on policing – police science” (“Polizeiliche Handlungslehre – Polizeiwissenschaft”) at the German Police Staff College from May 31st till June 2nd, 1999 the idea came up to organize annual police research conferences on a European level. In the introduction of the report to this conference written by Klaus Neidhardt and Rainer Schulte you can find the following statement: “The planned European Police College could be a great challenge for police science.” In September 2000 the Police Academy of the Slovak Republic organized the (1. Tagung der dauernden internationalen Konferenz) “First Conference of constantly planned conferences” in Liptovsky Jan. The central topic of this conference was “actual problems in the development of the police sciences and of police practice”. At the end of this conference a resolution was presented, stating that for the development of a European approach of Police Science an ongoing discussion on a European level would be necessary. Therefore an annual conference concerning the “actual development of police science and research and the transfer of research findings to the police practice” should be organized, where the following items were to be discussed: 1basic theoretical questions; 2influence of research on training; 3transfer of the scientific knowledge to police practice; 4setting up a platform for specialized publications by using new media; 5the establishment of international working groups to specific topics (results should be presented at the annual conferences). In 2001 in Stockholm a seminar (under the auspices of CEPOL) showed that there is a general agreement for an ongoing debate on three particular issues: 1The need for a recognised academic classification of “Police Science”; 2The need for increased co-operation in policing science at a European level; 3The recognition of the problem of translating police science into operational police work. In November 2002 the LSOP (Dutch Police Education and Knowledge Centre), in co-operation with CEPOL Research and Science Committee, organised the next conference in Apeldoorn/NL. Central topic of this conference was the question whether contemporary developments in policing justify the establishment of a “European policing science”, as an autonomous but interdisciplinary field of science and applied research. In other words, is there a general theory on policing science embracing both the academic and scientific study of the police, and the use the police makes or could make of science and academic research, to improve operational policing? 6 The underlying aim of this conference was to build a network of professionals and co-ordinators and develop common standards and understanding in respect of basic concepts and definitions, objectives, contents, methods and theories of police science and continue to work on topical problems related to the development of police science and the transfer of scientific and academic knowledge into police training and operational police work. During this conference the proposal was made to organise an annual “European Police Research Conference” in the future. Annual CEPOL Police Research and Science Conferences The idea regarding an annual “Police Research and Science Conference” was taken up by the former “CEPOL Research and Science Committee”. It was proposed by this committee and decided by the CEPOL Governing Board to include this kind of conferences in the annual programmes of CEPOL. CEPOL has been organising an annual “CEPOL Police Research and Science Conference” since 2003 – each year in close co-operation with a national police college. The following conferences took place between 2003 and 2005 – each of them with a main theme: 1-3 December 2003 in Solna, together with the Swedish National Police Academy; “Interplay between Research – Education – Practice” 9–12 November 2004 in Prague, together with the Police Academy of the Czech Republic; “Development of Police Sciences and Transfer of Knowledge into Police Education, Training and Practice – Interconnections: Science – Training – Practice” 15-17 June 2005 in Loures, together with the Instituto Superior de Policia Judiciária e Ciências Criminais; “Scientific Research and Assessment of Police Recruiting, Training, Learning and Evaluation Methodologies and Techniques”. An average of 75 experts from nearly all Member States of the European Union took part in each of the three conferences. They were researchers from police academies or colleges, from universities and research institutions as well as senior police officers engaged in police science, research, training and transfer of scientific knowledge into police practice The main aims of the conferences for CEPOL were: 1to exchange knowledge and experience between researchers or academics from the different police colleges and police research institutes in Europe and police practitioners from police forces of different European countries; 2to find ideas for an improved co-operation between police training institutions and researchers and trainers in the field of police research; 3to strengthen the mutual relation between police research and training and police practice; 4to help to overcome mutual reservations or to outgrow the prejudice between police researchers and police practitioners; 5to present actual research findings and discuss how to make use of them in police training 7 and police practice, 6to inform the participants about the activities and future plans of CEPOL in the field of police science and research; 7to discuss ideas how to continue and improve the work of CEPOL in this field next year and in the future. At present, the relationship between police practice and police research/science is still characterized by certain mutual reservations and distrust – at least in some countries. Police practitioners still fear, that their practical experience could lose the important role for policing by concentrating on scientific and academic aspects in the police work. They think that practical police problems can’t be solved by theories. On the other hand, some scientists see a danger in the intention of the police officers and politicians for the scientific liberty and the progress if they may provide only such results which fit in the official police and political strategies.
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