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Reflections of Urban Poor in Social Realist Films in Turkey

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Reflections of Urban Poor in Social Realist Films in Turkey REFLECTIONS OF URBAN POOR IN SOCIAL REALIST FILMS IN TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY YILDIRIM UYSAL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY OCTOBER 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ecevit Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Kurtuluş Kayalı (AÜ, DTCF) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ecevit (METU, SOC) Prof. Dr. Tayfun Atay (OKAN Ü., SOC) Assoc.Prof.Dr. Erdoğan Yıldırım (METU, SOC) Prof.Dr. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç (METU, SOC) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Yıldırım Uysal Signature : v ABSTRACT THE REFLECTIONS OF URBAN POOR IN SOCIAL REALIST FILMS OF TURKEY Uysal, Yıldırım Ph.D., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ecevit October 2015, 362 pages This dissertation is analyzing the reflections of urban poor in social realist films in Turkey, within a perspective that begins at the beginning of 1960s and finishes at the end of 1980s. The study is examinig this phase with three different dimensions: the change of urban poor since 1960s to 1980s, the change of social realist films since 1960s to 1980s, and mutual interaction of urban poor and social realist films. Besides, thesis is also focusing on the phase since the end of 1980s to today, to understand why social realist films were finished at the end of 1980s. Thesis realizes the examination of the journey of urban poor and social realist films with sociological, political, economical and artistic dimensions. Along this examination, thesis is taking help from the notions such as migration, gecekondu (slums), class, class struggle, class consciousness; which make easier to understand the concepts that fulfill the poor people’s world and are descriptive about the transformation of poor people and Turkish society. Keywords: Urban Poor, Social Realism, Turkish Cinema, Class Consciousness and Struggle, Transformation of Turkish Society vi ÖZ KENTTEKİ YOKSULLARIN TÜRKİYE’DEKİ TOPLUMSAL GERÇEKÇİ FİLMLERDE YANSIMASI Uysal, Yıldırım Doktora, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ecevit Ekim 2015, 362 sayfa Bu tez çalışması, Türkiye’deki toplumsal gerçekçi filmlerde kentteki yoksulun yansımalarını, 1960’ların başında başlayıp 1980’lerin sonunda biten bir perspektifle incelemektedir. Çalışma, bu zaman dilimini üç farklı boyutla incelemektedir: 1960’lardan 1980’lere kentteki yoksulun değişimi, 1960’lardan 1980’lere toplumsal gerçekçi filmlerin değişimi, ve kentteki yoksulun ve toplumsal gerçekçi filmlerin karşılıklı etkileşimi. Bunun yanında, toplumsal gerçekçi filmlerin neden 1980’lerin sonunda bittiğini anlamak için, tez 1980’lerin sonundan bugüne kadar olan zaman dilimine de odaklanmaktadır. Tez, toplumsal gerçekçi filmlerin ve kentteki yoksulun yolculuğunun incelenmesini sosyolojik, politik, ekonomik ve sanatsal boyutlarla gerçekleştirmektedir. İnceleme boyunca, tez, yoksul insanlar ile Türkiye toplumunun dönüşümü hakkında tanımlayıcı ve yoksul insanların dünyasını dolduran kavramları anlamamızı kolaylaştıracak göç, gecekondu, sınıf, sınıf mücadelesi, sınıf bilinci, toplumsal gerçekçilik, yoksulluk gibi nosyonlardan yardım almaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kentteki Yoksul, Toplumsal Gerçekçilik, Türk Sineması, Sınıf Bilinci ve Mücadelesi, Türkiye Toplumunun Dönüşümü vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my many thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Smita Tewari Jassal, for her precious guidance with her perfect academic experience and helpful personality. My another thankfulness is for Prof. Dr. Kurtuluş Kayalı, Prof. Dr. Tayfun Atay and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdoğan Yıldırım; for their valuable advices, moderate criticism and friendly encouragements. I would like to thank also to Dr. Ali Karadoğan, to share his personal film archive with me bountifully. I wish to underline my thanks to kind research assistants of Cinema-TV department of Ankara University, Bahar Şimşek and Pınar Yıldız, for their polite support about the archive of Cinema-TV department. Lastly, my deepest gratitude is to all people who have demonstrated their support generously to my intellectual journey. The lovely people in my family who encourage me and are proud of me, and my marvellous friends who fortify my baby steps in academic life; I would like to let you know that my Ph.D degree actually belongs to you, and admittedly, you deserve to be celebrated for this degree. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ............................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vi ÖZ .............................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ix CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction to the Study .................................................................................. 1 1.2. Outline of the Thesis ...................................................................................... 12 1.3. Poverty and Urban Poor ................................................................................. 13 1.4. The Features of Urban Poor ........................................................................... 15 1.5. Gecekondu (Slums) ........................................................................................ 18 1.6. Class and Its Definition .................................................................................. 23 1.7. Class Consciousness and Class Struggle ....................................................... 25 1.8. Class and Politics Relations ........................................................................... 30 1.9. Transformation of the Turkish Society .......................................................... 37 1.10. Art, Cinema, Film, Turkish Cinema .............................................................. 49 1.11. Cinema ........................................................................................................... 51 1.12. Social Realism ................................................................................................ 57 1.13. Social Realism in Turkish Cinema ................................................................. 63 1.14. The Goal of the Study and Assumptions........................................................ 69 1.15. Method of the Study and Research Techniques ............................................. 74 CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................. 87 2. SOCIAL REALISM AND URBAN POOR IN 1960s ....................................... 87 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 87 2.2. Change in Turkish Cinema, 1960s ................................................................. 88 ix 2.3. Transition in Production Relations ................................................................. 89 2.4. Societal Conversion in Turkey in 1960s ........................................................ 92 2.5. Formation of Class Awareness ....................................................................... 94 2.6. CHP and TİP .................................................................................................. 96 2.7. 1960s Films .................................................................................................. 100 2.7.1. Weariness from Capitalist Relations ......................................................... 100 2.7.1.1. Gecelerin Ötesi (Beyond the Nights), 1960 ........................................... 100 2.7.1.2. Acı Hayat (Bitter Life), 1962 ................................................................. 104 2.7.2. On the Way of Class Conscioussness ........................................................ 111 2.7.2.1. Otobüs Yolcuları (The Bus Passengers), 1961 ...................................... 111 2.7.2.2. Karanlıkta Uyananlar (Those Awakening In The Dark), 1964 .............. 115 2.7.3. Migration in 1960s..................................................................................... 123 2.7.3.1. Gurbet Kuşları (Birds of Exile), 1964 .................................................... 123 2.7.3.2. Bitmeyen Yol (The Unending Road), 1965 ........................................... 132 2.8. Conclusion ...................................................................................................
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