Sovyet Dönemi Rus Edebiyatı

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Sovyet Dönemi Rus Edebiyatı SOVYET DÖNEMİ RUS EDEBİYATI (1953-1991) Dr. Yasemn GÜRSOY Sovyet Dönemi Rus Edebiyatı (1953-1991) Yasemin Gürsoy Copyright © 2018 by iksad publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other non commercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development And Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E posta: [email protected] www.iksad.net www.iksad.org www.iksadkongre.org It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications - 2018© ISBN: 978-605-7923-27-1 Cover Design: İbrahim Kaya November / 2018 Size = 148x210 cm İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ _________________________________________ 1 GİRİŞ __________________________________________ 3 SOVYETLERDE GENEL DURUM _ 9 Sovyet Dönemi Rusya Tarihi _____________________ 9 Sovyet Dönemi Rus Edebiyatı ___________________ 42 SOVYET DÖNEMİ RUS EDEBİYATINDA SAVAŞ NESRİ _ 121 Konstantin Dmitriyeviç Vorobyov _______________ 141 Viktor Petroviç Astafyev _______________________ 156 Vasil Vladimiroviç Bıkov ______________________ 171 Boris Lvoviç Vasilyev _________________________ 187 SOVYET DÖNEMİ RUS EDEBİYATINDA KÖY NESRİ _ 201 Fyodor Aleksandroviç Abramov ________________ 224 Vasili Makaroviç Şukşin _______________________ 251 Vasili İvanoviç Belov __________________________ 274 Valentin Grigoryeviç Rasputin _________________ 288 SOVYET DÖNEMİ RUS EDEBİYATINDA ŞEHİR NESRİ _ 313 Vladimir Dmitriyeviç Dudintsev ________________ 331 Daniil Aleksandroviç Granin __________________ 351 Yuri Valentinoviç Trifonov ____________________ 367 Vladimir Semenoviç Makanin __________________ 383 SOVYET DÖNEMİ RUS EDEBİYATINDA KAMP NESRİ _ 397 Yevgeniya Solomonovna Ginzburg ______________ 415 Vasili Semyonoviç Grossman __________________ 436 Varlam Tihonoviç Şalamov ____________________ 460 Sergey Donatoviç Dovlatov ____________________ 481 KAYNAKÇA __________________________________ 495 Sovyet Dönemi Rus Edebiyatı (1953-1991) - 1 ÖNSÖZ Sovyet Dönemi boyunca Rus edebiyatı gelişimini yönetime karşı bir duruş olarak sürdürür. Öyle ki bir yandan yönetimin baskılarına direnirken diğer taraftan yaptığı politik hatalardan beslenmiş, bu hataların ardından ortaya çıkan sonuçları kendine konu edinmiştir. Özellikle Stalin’in ölümünden yani 1953 yılından sonra yaşanan rahatlama süreci yazarlara yeni konuları dile getirme imkânı sunar. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nde doktora tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışmada dört ana tema ve on altı yazar ekseninde Sovyet Dönemi Rus edebiyatı incelenmektedir. Çalışma konumun belirlenmesi ve yazım sürecinde verdiği fikirlerle bana yol gösteren kıymetli danışmanım Prof. Dr. Ayla KAŞOĞLU’na teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Gazi Üniversitesi Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı bölümünden değerli hocalarım Prof. Dr. Zeynep Bağlan ÖZER’e ve Prof. Dr. Zeynep GÜNAL’a; hayatımın en güzel yolculuğunda bana eşlik eden yol arkadaşım sevgili hocam Doç. Dr. Gamze ÖKSÜZ’e; kısa bir süre önce tanışmış olmamıza rağmen sonsuz şefkatiyle her zaman yanımda olan hocam Prof. Dr. Nejla GÜNAY’a şükranlarımı sunarım. 2 - Yasemin Gürsoy Hayatımın her döneminde olduğu gibi bu zorlu süreçte de beni yalnız bırakmayan, sadece yanımda olmakla yetinmeyip aynı zamanda çalışmamı okuyan ve bana fikir veren, hem annem hem arkadaşım hem can yoldaşım Seher GÜRSOY’a, bu günlere gelmemde maddi manevi desteğini benden esirgemeyen, sırtımı güvenle yasladığım ulu çınarım babam Karip GÜRSOY’a, mutluluğum, neşe kaynağım, dert ortağım kardeşim Yeliz GÜRSOY’a hayatımda oldukları için sonsuz teşekkür ederim. Edirne, 2018 Dr. Yasemin GÜRSOY Sovyet Dönemi Rus Edebiyatı (1953-1991) - 3 GİRİŞ Rusya, klasikler arasına girmiş eserleriyle dünya edebiyatını besleyen aynı zamanda ortaya çıkardığı yeni akım ve yönelimlerle ona yön veren, edebiyat camiasına her gün bir yenisini eklediği güçlü yazarlarla bu özelliklerini daimi hale getiren köklü bir edebiyata sahiptir. Yüzyıllardır devam eden bu süreç, XX. yüzyılda önceki dönemlerden çok daha farklı gelişmiştir. İdeojik kaygılarla baskı altına alınmaya çalışılan Rus edebiyatı, kopan bir kolyeden etrafa saçılan inciler gibi farklı yönlere dağılmıştır. Yüzyıl başlarında çok yönlü bir gelişim gösteren Rus edebiyatında sembolizm, akmeizm ve fütürizmin etkileri görünmekte; birbirleriyle hem karşıt hem benzer özelliklere sahip yazarlar, belirtilen akımların etkisiyle sayısız eser vermektedir. Çarlık Rusyası’nın yıkılması ve ardından ortaya çıkan sosyalist devlet sadece yönetim biçimini değil, edebiyat da olmak üzere hayatın her alanını değiştirme yoluna gider. Bu değişim edebiyat alanı için beklenmedik bir yıkım, bir hayal kırıklığı yaratır. 20’li yıllardan itibaren başta Lenin ve Stalin olmak üzere liderler ve yönetim kadrosu edebiyata yön vermeye, onu kendi arzu ve istekleri doğrultusunda kullanmaya 4 - Yasemin Gürsoy çalışırlar. Kimi yazarlar yönetimin etkisi altına girmeyi kabul ederken kimileri ona karşı bir tutum takınırlar. Karşıt yazarlar içinse farklı uygulamalarla yıldırma politikası izlenir. Eserlerin sansüre takılması; kimi zaman düzenlenip basılması; kimi zamansa basılmak bir yana polis tarafından el konulup bir mahkûm gibi tutuklanması ve yazara geri verilmemesi; yazarın eser vermesini engellemek amacıyla tutuklanması ya da kamplara gönderilmesi, sınır dışı edilmesi ya da ülkesini terk etmek zorunda bırakılması bunlardan başlıcalarıdır. Edebiyat camiasında oluşturulan bu baskı ortamının ilk temelleri edebiyat gruplarının kapatılması ve ardından Yazarlar Birliği’nin kurulmasıyla atılır. Yazarları tek bir çatı altında toplayan yönetim, onlara tek sesli olmalarını da öğütler ve Yazarlar Birliği’nin 1934 yılında yapılan ilk toplantısında sosyalist realizm Sovyet edebiyatının temel metodu olarak ilan edilir. Sosyalist realizmde yazarların günün gerçeklerini değil, gelmesi ümit edilen mutlu yarınları anlatmaları ve halkı motive etmeleri beklenmekte, edebiyat bir sanat olmaktan çok bir propaganda aracına dönüştürülmektedir. “Sanat sanat içindir”, “Sanat toplum içindir” önermelerine bir yenisi de bu yıllar da eklenir: “Sanat propaganda içindir”. Sovyet Dönemi Rus Edebiyatı (1953-1991) - 5 Edebiyat dünyasında yaşanan bu depremin ardından yazarlar kutuplaşmaya başlar. Kimi yazarlar inandıkları davaları, güvendikleri partileri ve sosyalist devlet hayallerinin yolunda ilerlemek adına belirlenen edebi tarzda eser vermeye, ideolojinin gerektirdiği konuları işlemeye, yönetimin yanında yer almaya çalışırlar. Kimileri ise sanatın yönlendirilemeyeceğini, yazarların yetenekleri ve istekleri doğrultusunda yazması gerektiğini savunurlar. Yazarları yönetimin tutumu kadar, tarihsel süreç de etkilemiştir. Özellikle 20’li yıllarda başlayıp 50’li yılların sonuna kadarki dönemde yaşanan sırasıyla kolektifleştirme, kentleşme, Büyük Terör, II. Dünya Savaşı gibi olaylara yazarların sessiz kalması mümkün değildir. Bu tarihler her ne kadar Stalin dönemine denk gelse de olayların daha gerçekçi ve tarafsız bir şekilde dile getirilebilmesi, liderin ölümden sonra gerçekleşir. Stalin’in ölümünün ardından yazarların ve toplumun üzerindeki perde az da olsa aralanır ve yaşanan olaylar tekrar gözden geçirilip dile getirilmek istenir. Sovyetler dağılana kadar ardı ardına farklı temalar ortaya çıkar ve Rus edebiyatının gelişimi hızlanır. 6 - Yasemin Gürsoy Sovyet Dönemi Rus edebiyatı hakkında Rusya’da her gün yeni bir çalışma yapılırken, ülkemizde bu dönemle ilgili yapılmış ve konuyu tek başlık altında toplamış bir eser bulunmamaktadır. Sovyet Dönemi Rus edebiyatını ele alan temel bir kaynağın olmayışı, özellikle üniversitelerimizdeki Rus Dili ve Edebiyatı bölümlerinde okuyan öğrenciler aynı zamanda Rus edebiyatıyla ilgilenen her kesimden insan için dönemi anlamaya çalışırken karşılaştıkları büyük bir engeldir. Çalışmamızın çıkış noktasını bu husus oluşturmaktadır. Sovyet Dönemi Rus edebiyatının ele alınması ve incelenmesi açısından çalışmamıza, konunun çerçevesi çizilerek başlanmıştır. Öncelikle 1953-1991 tarihleri arasına yoğunlaşılarak tarihsel boyutta sınırlandırma yapılmıştır. Araştırmalarımız sonucunda, yaklaşık kırk yıllık süreçteki edebi hayatı daha iyi aktarabilmek adına tematik bir çerçeve gerektiği anlaşılmış ve döneme hâkim olan temalar belirlenmiştir. Özellikle 50’li 60’lı yıllardan sonra yazarların tarihi olaylar ışığında sırasıyla savaş, köy, şehir ve kamp temasına yöneldiği saptanmıştır. Belirlenen temaya ait konu, motif, karakter çeşitliği ile yazarların üslup ve anlatım özellikleri incelenirken bir bütünlük sağlamak adına son bir sınırlama daha yapılmış ve incelenecek eserler için edebi tür olarak nesir belirlenmiştir. Dört farklı tema ve nesir türü Sovyet Dönemi Rus Edebiyatı (1953-1991) - 7 üzerinden ilerleyeceğimiz çalışmamızda yapısal bütünlüğü sağlamak amacıyla her temadan dört temsilci seçilmiştir. Bu noktada bazı yazarların, farklı tema ve türlerde eser verdiğini – örneğin köy ve asker kökenli Astafyev hem köy hem de savaş nesrinde eser vermektedir; Şalamov nesir sanatında olduğu kadar şiirde de çok başarılıdır - belirtmek gerekir. Ayrıca savaş nesri ustalarından Bondorev ya da kamp nesrinin en iyi örneklerini vermiş olan Soljenıtsın gibi yazarların belirlediğimiz yönleri detaylı olarak çalışıldığı için çalışmaya dâhil edilmemişlerdir. Çalışmamızın temel
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