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1 Dissertation Stephanie Suon-Szabo Emotionen in Kambodscha in der Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung der Khmer Rouge Zeit Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades einer Doktorin der Philosophie dem Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Stephanie Suon-Szabo aus Frankenberg/ Eder 2020 Vom Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie an der Philipps-Universität Marburg (Hochschulkennziffer 1180) als Dissertation angenommen am 17.12.2020 Tag der Disputation / mündlichen Prüfung 17.12.2020 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ernst Halbmayer 2. Gutachter: Prof Dr. Thorsten Bonacker Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Publikationsserver der Philipps-Universität Marburg http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de Dieses Werk bzw. Inhalt steht unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung Keine kommerzielle Nutzung Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 3.0 Deutschland Lizenz. Die vollständige Lizenz finden Sie unter: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/ Kurzzusammenfassung Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es Emotionen in Kambodscha in der Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung der Khmer Rouge Zeit (1975-1979) zu untersuchen. Dafür wurden in zwei Feldaufenthalten in Kambodscha (2016, 2018) Interviews mit Überlebenden der Khmer Rouge Zeit in dem ländlich gelegenen Dorf Phum1 aufgenommen, deren thematischer Schwerpunkt auf den Erlebnissen der Interviewpartner*innen zur Zeit der Khmer Rouge lag. Durch die Methode der teilnehmenden Beobachtung konnte nicht nur eine Vertrauensbasis zu dem Forschungsfeld aufgebaut werden, sondern auch Mimik und Gestik, welche in Zusammenhang mit Emotionen steht, beobachtet werden. Die aufgenommen Interviews wurden nach der Transkription in Hinblick auf Emotionen analysiert. Die während der Forschung festgestellten Emotionen werden in dieser Arbeit beschrieben, kontextualisiert und analysiert, wodurch ein Beitrag zu der Forschung in Kambodscha und insbesondere zu Emotionen geliefert wurde. Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen den Charakter und die Dimensionen von Emotionen in Kambodscha in Zusammenhang mit der Khmer Rouge Zeit. Außerdem geben sie Aufschluss darüber, wie weit die Khmer Rouge Zeit von den Forschungsteilnehmer*innen emotional aufgearbeitet wurde. Drittens stellen sie heraus wie wichtig die Temporalität von Emotionen in dem Forschungskontext ist und zeigen, dass die gesellschaftliche Aufarbeitung der Khmer Rouge Vergangenheit in starkem Gegensatz zu der rechtlichen Aufarbeitung in den Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) steht. Des Weiteren heben sie die Wichtigkeit der Einbeziehung von buddhistischen (u.a. Karma) und kambodschanischen (u.a. mien muk, mien moat; sangsoek) Konzepten für die Analyse von Emotionen hervor. Die Ergebnisse liefern somit einen Beitrag zu der international geprägten Debatte rund um die Institution der ECCC, welche kambodschanische Normen, Werte und Konzepte der Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung nicht mit einbezieht. Schließlich werden neue Ansätze zum Umgang mit Überlebenden der Khmer Rouge Zeit ebenso vorgeschlagen, wie die Optimierung bestehender Therapieformen von lokalen Anbietern von psychischer Gesundheit. Stichworte: Emotionen, Kambodscha, Transitional Justice, ECCC, Khmer Rouge 1 Um die Identität und Privatsphäre der beteiligten Personen zu wahren und weil es sich bei der Thematik Khmer Rouge in Kambodscha um ein sensibles Thema handelt, wurden dem Forschungsort und Forschungsteilnehmenden Pseudonyme gegeben. Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to investigate emotions in Cambodia using participants’ reflections of the Khmer Rouge period (1975-1979). For this purpose, interviews with survivors of the Khmer Rouge period in the rural village of Phum2 were recorded in two field visits to Cambodia (2016, 2018). The participant observation method was used to build a basis of trust, which also made available the observation of facial expressions and gestures for analysis. The recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed for emotional content. The emotions identified during the research are described, contextualized and analyzed in this work, which contributes to research on Cambodia – particularly to the emic expression of emotions. The research results show the character and dimensions of emotions by Cambodians against the backdrop of the Khmer Rouge period. Next, the results provide information about how far the Khmer Rouge period has been emotionally processed by the research participants. Third, the results highlight the temporality of emotions in the research context and demonstrate that the incidence of personal and social recollection of the Khmer Rouge period contrasts sharply with the investigation of legal recollection by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). The results also highlight the importance of Buddhist (i.a. karma) and Cambodian (e.g. mien muk, mien moat; sangsoek) concepts for the analysis of emotions. In conclusion, the results thus contribute to the internationally framed debate surrounding the institution of the ECCC, which is often criticized for excluding Cambodian norms and values for dealing with the past. Finally, novel approaches to treating survivors of the Khmer Rouge are presented as well as suggestions for the optimization of existing forms of therapy by local mental health providers. Keywords: Emotions, Cambodia, Transitional Justice, ECCC, Khmer Rouge 2 In order to protect the identity and privacy of the persons involved and because the Khmer Rouge is a sensitive topic in Cambodia, pseudonyms are used to refer to the research location and participants. Danksagung Bei der Erstellung dieser Dissertation waren viele Personen beteiligt, die mich während der Forschung in Kambodscha (2016, 2018), aber auch vor Ort in Deutschland unterstützten und ohne die diese Dissertation nicht möglich geworden wäre. Den für mich wichtigsten Personen möchte ich an dieser Stelle meinen Dank aussprechen und mich ausdrücklich auch bei jenen Personen bedanken, welche an dieser Stelle nicht namentlich erwähnt werden. Danken möchte ich in erster Linie meinen beiden Betreuern Prof. Dr. Ernst Halbmayer und Prof. Dr. Thorsten Bonacker, die mir nicht nur die Chance gaben mich mit dem Thema der Dissertation "Emotionen in Kambodscha in der Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung der Khmer Rouge Zeit" auseinander zu setzen, sondern mich auch auf meinem Weg betreuten und insbesondere bei der methodischen Durchführung und bei Fragen halfen. Dank aussprechen möchte ich besonders Leangsrun Chea für die unermüdliche Beantwortung und Diskussion von Fragen, für die Geduld bei den Korrekturen der Khmer Schrift und Hilfe bei der Erstellung von Graphiken. Weiterer Dank geht an Senghour Khim und Sokcheng Phay für das Beantworten von Fragen, Diskussionen und Erstellen von Zusammenfassungen. Für das Erstellen der Khmer-Transkriptionen der aufgenommenen Interviews möchte ich Pov Suon und Sochea Seng danken. Weiterer Dank geht an Dr. Paul Christensen, Jess Reidies (besonders für die Hilfe bei der Englischen Übersetzung der Kurzzusammenfassung), Song Heng, You Y, Dr. Bunlong Yim und Cheanita Khun für das Beantworten und Diskutieren meiner Fragen. Ganz besonders danken möchte ich Claudius Noltensmeier für das Lesen, Korrigieren und Diskutieren meiner Kapitel. Weiterer Dank geht an die Teilnehmer*innen der Kolloquien von Prof. Dr. Ernst Halbmayer und Prof. Dr. Thorsten Bonacker für das Lesen, Kommentieren und Diskutieren von Kapitelausschnitten der Arbeit. Auch meinen Gesprächs- und Interviewpartnern*innen möchte ich an dieser Stelle meinen Dank für ihr Vertrauen in Interviews, ihre Offenheit gegenüber meinen Fragen und für das Interesse an meiner Forschungsarbeit zu Emotionen und der Zeit der Khmer Rouge danken. Besonders meiner Familie in Kambodscha möchte ich meinen Dank für ihre Unterstützung während der Feldforschung ausrichten. Hervorheben möchte ich hier meine Schwiegermutter Eam Lot, die mir nicht nur viele Türen im Feld öffnete, sondern auch stets offen meine Fragen beantwortete und diskutierte. Für das Ermöglichen eines Interviews und Gesprächs über die Thematik Emotionen in Kambodscha und die Arbeit von TPO geht Dank an Sun Solida und Dr. Chhim Sotheara von TPO. Meinem Bruder Marvin Szabo möchte ich für sein offenes Ohr, Korrekturen, Anmerkungen und dem Ausleihen von Büchern danken. Nicht zuletzt gilt meinen Eltern Frank Szabo und Kerstin Szabo Dank dafür, dass sie mich während meinem Studium und Auslandsaufenthalten stets unterstützten, mich dazu ermutigten weiter zu machen, und nicht davor zurück schreckten meine Texte zu lesen, diese zu diskutieren und zu korrigieren. Ganz besonderer Dank geht an meinen Ehemann Bony Suon der mich sowohl bei der Organisation der Forschung in Kambodscha, bei der späteren Auswertung durch das Erstellen von Transkriptionen, aber auch durch das Diskutieren und Beantworten von Fragen unterstützte. Auch danken möchte ich ihm dafür, dass er mich bei meinen Vorhaben stets bekräftigte und mir durch die Betreuung unserer Kinder den Rücken für die Arbeit an der Dissertation frei hielt. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung.....................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Aufbau der Arbeit...................................................................................................................4 2. Stand der Forschung und Theorie......................................................................................7 2.1. Forschungsstand und Relevanz der Forschung ...................................................................7
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